scholarly journals Does Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infection in Goats Predispose to Bacterial Infection of the Mammary Gland? A Preliminary Study

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1851
Author(s):  
Daria Urbańska ◽  
Ryszard Puchała ◽  
Justyna Jarczak ◽  
Michał Czopowicz ◽  
Jarosław Kaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Preliminary Study

The aim of this study was to determine whether asymptomatic small ruminant lentivirus seropositive (SRLV-SP) goats were more susceptible to bacterial infection of the udder when lactating by comparing the presence and species of pathogenic bacteria in their milk with the values for seronegative goats (SRLV-SN). Milk samples were collected during morning milking on days 20, 40, 60, 150, and 210 of lactation for three consecutive years and subjected to bacteriological examination. Staphylococcus caprae and S. xylosus were the most frequent strains identified in both SRLV-SP and SRLV-SN goats. The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria was the highest in the 1st lactation, regardless of SRLV status. Moreover, the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria was significantly higher in SRLV-SP goats, but only those in the 5th or further lactation (p = 0.010). This suggests a relationship between long-lasting SRLV infection and susceptibility to bacterial infections of the udder.

scholarly journals MicroRNA-30e-5p Regulates SOCS1 and SOCS3 During Bacterial Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richa Mishra ◽  
Pandikannan Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Himanshu Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Major Player

Host innate immunity is the major player against continuous microbial infection. Various pathogenic bacteria adopt the strategies to evade the immunity and show resistance toward the various established therapies. Despite the advent of many antibiotics for bacterial infections, there is a substantial need for the host-directed therapies (HDTs) to combat the infection. HDTs are recently being adopted to be useful in eradicating intracellular bacterial infection. Changing the innate immune responses of the host cells alters pathogen’s ability to reside inside the cell. MicroRNAs are the small non-coding endogenous molecules and post-transcriptional regulators to target the 3’UTR of the messenger RNA. They are reported to modulate the host’s immune responses during bacterial infections. Exploiting microRNAs as a therapeutic candidate in HDTs upon bacterial infection is still in its infancy. Here, initially, we re-analyzed the publicly available transcriptomic dataset of macrophages, infected with different pathogenic bacteria and identified significant genes and microRNAs common to the differential infections. We thus identified and miR-30e-5p, to be upregulated in different bacterial infections which enhances innate immunity to combat bacterial replication by targeting key negative regulators such as SOCS1 and SOCS3 of innate immune signaling pathways. Therefore, we propose miR-30e-5p as one of the potential candidates to be considered for additional clinical validation toward HDTs.

scholarly journals Effect of bacterial infection on sperm quality and DNA fragmentation in subfertile men with Leukocytospermia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Eini ◽  
Maryam Azizi Kutenaei ◽  
Fayegheh Zareei ◽  
Zeinolabedin Sharifian Dastjerdi ◽  
Maryam Hosseinzadeh Shirzeyli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Sperm Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Sperm Dna

Abstract Background Although bacterial infections have been recognized as a possible cause of male infertility, the effect of bacterial infections on sperm quality and sperm DNA fragmentation remains controversial. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of bacterial infection in subfertile men and its effect on semen quality. Seminal fluid was collected from 172 male members of infertile couples attending the andrology infertility center and a group of 35 fertile subjects as a control. Sperm parameters and DNA fragmentation were evaluated based on the type of bacteria in all ejaculates. Results From the 172 patients investigated for infertility, 60 (34.88%) patients had a positive culture for pathogenic bacteria of different species. Leukocytospermia was significantly higher in infected samples in comparison with non-infected samples (p < 0.05). Sperm concentration and motility and morphology were significantly lower in infected than non-infected samples. Moreover, sperm DNA fragmentation was significantly higher in infected than non-infected samples. Besides, our results showed that sperm DNA fragmentation was correlated significantly with leukocytospermia (R: 0.22, p < 0.01). Conclusion The present study suggested that bacterial infection significantly correlated with leukocytospermia could impair male fertility potential through decreasing sperm motility, morphology, and DNA integrity.

scholarly journals Levofloxacin prophylaxis to prevent bacterial infection in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in acute leukemia

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Mohiuddin Ahmed Khan
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Neutropenic Patients ◽  
Chemotherapy Induced Neutropenia ◽  
Levofloxacin Prophylaxis

Infection in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (neutrophils <500/mm3) is the main cause of death during the treatment of acute leukemia. Antibiotic prophylaxis is a controversial issue to prevent or delay this infection. This study assessed the efficacy of prophylaxis with oral levofloxacin in chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenic patients. Eighty patients of acute leukemia was randomly assigned to had levofoxacin (500 mg/daily) or placebo from the starting of chemotherapy. Out of 80 patients 53 developed neutropenia and fever. The number of patients with fever (78% vs. 68%), isolation of the pathogenic bacteria (30.43% vs. 16%) was higher and mean starting day of the fever (11.1 vs. 13.2) was shorter in the placebo group than the levofloxacin group. Levofloxacin reduced the bacterial infections and delays the onset of fever in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia especially in short duration (<7 days). Keywords: Chemotherapy; Leukemia; Levofloxacin; NeutropeniaOnline: 8 Feb 2010DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v35i3.4130 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2009; 35: 91-94

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Study of Clinical Mastitic Milk Samples of Cows in and Around Bikaner

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 74-75
Author(s):  
Sandhya Morwal ◽  
AP Singh ◽  
SK Sharma ◽  
Deepika Goklaney
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Mastitic Milk ◽  
Major Alteration

Mastitis, an inflammatory condition of the mammary gland, is one of the most economically important diseases of dairy herds. This disease is more prevalent in high yielding dairy cattle. It is caused due to colonization of pathogenic bacteria causing series of events that lead to major alteration in the mammary tissues and composition of milk secreted from the tissue cells (Batavani et al., 2007; Goel et al., 2008). Clinical mastitis is recognized by abnormal milk, varying degree of mammary gland inflammation (redness, heat, swelling and pain) with or without illness of the cow. Mastitis in dairy animals leads to heavy economic losses due to reduction in milk production, altered composition, and cost of treatment of affected animals. The clinical mastitis in different cases can be identified by external symptoms such as udder swelling, touch, pain, redness and hardness of the udder. The objective of the present study was to assess the sensitivity of bacterial isolates from mastitic milk samples of cows to some selected antibiotics.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on Bacterial Pathogenic in Grouper Culture and Its Inhibitor Bacteria in Lampung Bay

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
A. Hatmanti ◽  
R. Nuchsin ◽  
Y. Darmayati
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Inhibition Test ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Microbiology Laboratory ◽  
Marine Microbiology ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Bacteria Inhibition

<p>Investigation of pathogenic bacteria and its inhibitor on grouper culture in some places of Lampung Bay had been carried out. Six strains of pathogenic bacteria and 28 strains of inhibitior bacteria were found in grouper and its habitat.  By inhibition test, 4 strains inhibited pathogenic bacteria were obtained. Inhibition test for <em>Vibrio harveyi </em>had also been performed using a bacterial collection of Marine Microbiology Laboratory of Research Center of Oceanography-LIPI.  The result showed that 3 strains could be used against bacterial infection. This study offers a positive prospect to prevent outbreak of bacterial diseases in grouper culture.</p> <p>Keywords: grouper culture, Lampung, inhibitor bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, inhibition test</p> <p> </p> <h1>ABSTRAK</h1> <p>Penelitian penyakit bakterial dan bakteri penghambatnya pada budidaya ikan kerapu di beberapa tempat di perairan Teluk Lampung telah dilakukan. Enam strain bakteri patogen dan 28 strain bakteri penghambat telah berhasil diisolasi dari ikan kerapu dan habitat tempat hidupnya.  Dari hasil uji tantang (<em>inhibition test</em>) yang dilakukan, diperoleh 4 strain bakteri penghambat yang mampu menekan pertumbuhan bakteri patogen. Selain itu, uji tantang terhadap bakteri patogen <em>Vibrio harveyi</em>, menggunakan bakteri penghambat koleksi Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Laut Puslit Oseanografi LIPI juga telah dilakukan.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 3 strain bakteri mampu memberikan hambatan terhadap pertumbuhan <em>Vibrio harveyi.  </em>Studi ini memberikan prospek positif terhadap penanggulangan penyakit bakterial pada budidaya ikan kerapu.</p> <p>Kata kunci: budidaya kerapu, Lampung, bakteri penghambat, bakteri patogen, uji tantang</p>

Procalcitonin Testingreduce Unnecessary Antibiotic Use in Bacterial Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Attabak Toofani Milani ◽  
Mahshid Mohammadian ◽  
Sadegh Rostaminasab ◽  
Roghayeh Paribananaem ◽  
Zohre Ahmadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Clinical Suspicion ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarker ◽  
Clinical Routine ◽  
Initial Rise

Conventional diagnostic test have limitations to deferential diagnosis in clinical suspicion ofbacterial infection cases, that in some cases lead to inappropriate antibiotic therapy and increases antibiotic resistance. A new diagnostic insight is procalcitonin (PCT) test to improve diagnosis of bacterial infections and to guide antibiotic therapy. Serum PCT levels are of useful test as a biomarker in patients with bacterial infections for several reasons. Initial rise of PCT levels due to bacterial infection, subsequent sequential PCT levels can be used to assess the effectiveness and duration of antibiotic therapy. Based on clinical researches results, in bacterial infections, promising good results obtained when use of PCT used as differential diagnostic test. But further intervention studies are needed before use of PCT in clinical routine tests. The goal of this review is to study the PCT reliability as infections diagnostic biomarker.

Probiotics Slow the Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowles H. L.
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Controlled Delivery ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Multiple Strains ◽  
Commercial Probiotics

Probiotics are live microorganisms, which when ingested in sufficient amounts, confer health benefits to the host by improving the gut microflora balance. The purpose of this research was to determine whether commercial probiotic products containing multitude of commensal bacteria would reduce the growth rate of pathogenic bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Growth curves were established, and the growth rates were compared for samples of E. coli, S. typhimurium, Nature’s Bounty Controlled Delivery probiotic, Sundown Naturals Probiotic Balance probiotic, and cocultures of the pathogenic bacteria mixed with the probiotics. The findings of this research were that the commercial probiotics significantly reduced the growth rate of E. coli and S. typhimurium when combined in cocultures. Probiotics containing multiple strains may be taken prophylactically to reduce the risk of bacterial infections caused by E. coli and S. typhimurium. Probiotics could be used to reduce the high global morbidity and mortality rates of diarrheal disease.

scholarly journals AMPK activates Parkin independent autophagy and improves post sepsis immune defense against secondary bacterial lung infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel B. Bone ◽  
Eugene J. Becker ◽  
Maroof Husain ◽  
Shaoning Jiang ◽  
Anna A. Zmijewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Abdominal Sepsis ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Bacterial Killing ◽  
Lung Infections ◽  
Sepsis Survivors ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMetabolic and bioenergetic plasticity of immune cells is essential for optimal responses to bacterial infections. AMPK and Parkin ubiquitin ligase are known to regulate mitochondrial quality control mitophagy that prevents unwanted inflammatory responses. However, it is not known if this evolutionarily conserved mechanism has been coopted by the host immune defense to eradicate bacterial pathogens and influence post-sepsis immunosuppression. Parkin, AMPK levels, and the effects of AMPK activators were investigated in human leukocytes from sepsis survivors as well as wild type and Park2−/− murine macrophages. In vivo, the impact of AMPK and Parkin was determined in mice subjected to polymicrobial intra-abdominal sepsis and secondary lung bacterial infections. Mice were treated with metformin during established immunosuppression. We showed that bacteria and mitochondria share mechanisms of autophagic killing/clearance triggered by sentinel events that involve depolarization of mitochondria and recruitment of Parkin in macrophages. Parkin-deficient mice/macrophages fail to form phagolysosomes and kill bacteria. This impairment of host defense is seen in the context of sepsis-induced immunosuppression with decreased levels of Parkin. AMPK activators, including metformin, stimulate Parkin-independent autophagy and bacterial killing in leukocytes from post-shock patients and in lungs of sepsis-immunosuppressed mice. Our results support a dual role of Parkin and AMPK in the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria and killing of pathogenic bacteria, and explain the immunosuppressive phenotype associated Parkin and AMPK deficiency. AMPK activation appeared to be a crucial therapeutic target for the macrophage immunosuppressive phenotype and to reduce severity of secondary bacterial lung infections and respiratory failure.

scholarly journals Mammary gland 3D cell culture systems in farm animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Finot ◽  
Eric Chanat ◽  
Frederic Dessauge
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Cell Culture ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Culture Systems ◽  
Cell Culture Systems

AbstractIn vivo study of tissue or organ biology in mammals is very complex and progress is slowed by poor accessibility of samples and ethical concerns. Fortunately, however, advances in stem cell identification and culture have made it possible to derive in vitro 3D “tissues” called organoids, these three-dimensional structures partly or fully mimicking the in vivo functioning of organs. The mammary gland produces milk, the source of nutrition for newborn mammals. Milk is synthesized and secreted by the differentiated polarized mammary epithelial cells of the gland. Reconstructing in vitro a mammary-like structure mimicking the functional tissue represents a major challenge in mammary gland biology, especially for farm animals for which specific agronomic questions arise. This would greatly facilitate the study of mammary gland development, milk secretion processes and pathological effects of viral or bacterial infections at the cellular level, all with the objective of improving milk production at the animal level. With this aim, various 3D cell culture models have been developed such as mammospheres and, more recently, efforts to develop organoids in vitro have been considerable. Researchers are now starting to draw inspiration from other fields, such as bioengineering, to generate organoids that would be more physiologically relevant. In this chapter, we will discuss 3D cell culture systems as organoids and their relevance for agronomic research.

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