scholarly journals Adrenal Gland Ultrasonographic Measurements and Plasma Hormone Concentrations in Clinically Healthy Newborn Thoroughbred and Standardbred Foals

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1832
Author(s):  
Eleonora Lauteri ◽  
Jole Mariella ◽  
Francesca Beccati ◽  
Ellen Roelfsema ◽  
Carolina Castagnetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Healthy Newborn ◽  
Environmental Stimulation ◽  
Individual Variables ◽  
Different Response ◽  
The Right

Adrenal hormones, ACTH plasma concentrations and the ultrasonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands are considered complementary in clinical evaluations of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function in several species. In dogs, age, size and weight have a significant effect on the ultrasonographic size of the adrenal glands. In neonatal foals, ultrasonographic evaluation and measurements of the adrenal glands have been demonstrated to be reliable; however, the effect of individual variables on ultrasonographic features has not been investigated, and the clinical usefulness of adrenal gland ultrasonography is still not known. The aims of this study were: (i) to provide and compare adrenal glands ultrasound measurements in healthy newborn Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals, and assess any effect of age, weight and sex on them; (ii) to assess and compare ACTH and steroid hormone concentrations in healthy neonatal foals of the two breeds. Venous blood samples and ultrasonographic images of the adrenal glands were collected from 10 healthy neonatal Thoroughbred and 10 healthy neonatal Standardbred foals. Ultrasonographic measurements of the adrenal glands were obtained and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), progesterone (P4) and aldosterone plasma concentrations were assessed. The ACTH/cortisol, ACTH/progesterone, ACTH/aldosterone, ACTH/DHEA and cortisol/DHEA ratios were calculated. A significant positive correlation was found between the height of the right adrenal gland and the foal’s weight; the width of the right and left adrenal gland and the medulla was significantly lower in Thoroughbreds than in Standardbreds. Cortisol and ACTH plasma concentrations were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in Thoroughbreds compared with Standardbreds. The cortisol/DHEA ratio was significantly higher in Thoroughbreds. This study provides reference ranges for neonatal Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals, and suggests the presence of breed-related differences in ultrasonographic adrenal gland measurements, plasmatic cortisol and ACTH concentrations. The higher cortisol/DHEA ratio detected in Thoroughbred foals could suggest a different response to environmental stimulation in the two breeds.

scholarly journals A postmortem study on the weight of the human adrenal glands

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilruba Siddiqua ◽  
Shamim Ara ◽  
Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi ◽  
Rukshana Ahmed ◽  
Ara Parven Hosne
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Right ◽  
Group D

Objective: A cross-sectional descriptive type of study was designed to find out the difference in weight of the right and left adrenal glands of Bangladeshi people in relation to age and to compare with the previous studies. Materials & Methods: The study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from July 2008 to June 2009 and performed on 140 post mortem human adrenal glands collected from 70 unclaimed dead bodies which were in the morgue under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into four age-groups including group A (11-20 years), group B (21-30 years), group C (31-40 years) & group D (41-60 years) and the weight of the adrenal glands were measured and recorded. Results: There was no difference found in weight in between the right and the left adrenal glands in any age group. For the right adrenal gland, the differences in weight between group A & group B and group A & group D were statistically significant (p<0.05). For the left adrenal gland, the differences in weight between group A & group D and group C & group D were statistically significant (p<0.05). Key words: Adrenal gland; weight of adrenal gland. DOI: 10.3329/bjms.v9i4.6686Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.09 No.4 July 2010 pp.204-207

HYDROXYLATION OF 11-DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE BY ADRENALS OF VARIOUS ANIMAL SPECIES

1963 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
K. GRIFFITHS
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Golden Hamster ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Venous Blood

SUMMARY The metabolism of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) in vitro by homogenates of adrenal glands from various species has been studied. Homogenates of 'non-fatty' adrenal glands, especially those prepared from golden hamster adrenals, were shown to possess an active 19-hydroxylating enzyme system. In the case of the golden hamster adrenal, approximately 30% of the added DOC was converted to 19-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (19-OH-DOC). Negligible transformation was observed using homogenates prepared from 'fatty' adrenal glands, similar to the type found in man. 19-OH-DOC was, however, formed from DOC by a homogenate of a human foetal adrenal gland. No relationship was observed between the 11β-hydroxylating activity of the adrenal homogenate, and the reported cortisol/corticosterone ratio found in the adrenal venous blood of various animals.

scholarly journals A postmortem study on the volume of the human adrenal glands

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-285
Author(s):  
Dilruba Siddiqua ◽  
Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi ◽  
Shamim Ara ◽  
Fatema Zohora ◽  
Hasna Hena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Right ◽  
Group D

Objective: A Cross-sectional descriptive type of study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from July 2008 to June 2009, to see the variation in the volume of the adrenal glands with age in Bangladeshi people. Materials & Methods: The study was performed on 140 post mortem human adrenal glands collected from 70 unclaimed dead bodies which were in the morgue under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into four age-groups including group A (11-20 years), group B (21-30 years), group C (31-40 years) & group D (41-60 years). The length, breadth and thickness of each adrenal gland were measured by using a slide calipers. Then the volume of each adrenal gland was determined by the product of its length, breadth and thickness multiplied by 0.52, according to the prolate ellipsoid formula. Results: The mean volume of the right adrenal glands were found 6.36±0.85 cm3 in group A (11-20 years), 6.49±0.76 cm3 in group B (21-30 years), 6.50±0.80 cm3 in group C (31-40 years), 6.76±0.79 cm3 in group D (41-60 years). The mean volume of the left adrenal glands were found 6.97±1.02 cm3 in group A (11-20 years),6.93 ±0.83 cm3 in group B (21-30 years), 6.65±0.79 cm3 in group C (31- 40 years), 7.09±0.81 cm3 in group D (41-60 years). The differences between the right and left adrenal glands and the difference between age groups were not statistically significant. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 03 July ’13 Page 282-285 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i3.15425

scholarly journals Ultrasonography of Normal Adrenal Glands in Adult Holstein–Friesian Cows: A Pilot Study

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1171
Author(s):  
J. Daniel Barreiro-Vázquez ◽  
Andrés Barreiro-Lois ◽  
Marta Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Transabdominal Ultrasound ◽  
Left Adrenal Gland ◽  
Sagittal Section ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ultrasonographic Appearance ◽  
Apparent Influence ◽  
Friesian Cows

Ultrasonographic reference values for the adrenal glands of cattle have not been reported to date. Adrenal glands can be affected by different pathologies, such as hyperplasia, neoplasia and atrophy (either primary or secondary). The present findings indicate that the right adrenal gland can be easily characterized by transabdominal ultrasound in adult Holstein–Friesian cows, with no apparent influence of age or weight. The right adrenal gland (mean length 3.86 ± 1.39 cm; and mean thickness 1.39 ± 0.26 cm) was consistently and mainly located in the 12th intercostal space. The left adrenal gland was more difficult to locate due to its more medial position, and to the presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract, so it could not be visualized in most animals (18/25). Its mean length was 3.72 ± 0.95 cm, and mean thickness was 1.36 ± 0.33 cm, in the sagittal section. This is the first report of the ultrasonographic appearance of the adrenal glands of cows and of the corresponding reference preliminary values.

Functional involvement of angiotensin AT2 receptor in adrenal catecholamine secretion in vivo

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 367-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Martineau ◽  
Stéphane Lamouche ◽  
Richard Briand ◽  
Nobuharu Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Catecholamine Secretion ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Venous Blood Flow ◽  
Functional Involvement ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs

The aim of the present study was to analyse modulations of adrenal catecholamine secretion from the adrenal gland of anesthetized dogs in response to locally administered angiotensin II (AngII) in the presence of either PD 123319 or CGP 42112, both of which are highly specific and selective ligands to angiotensin AT2 receptor. Plasma concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine in adrenal venous and aortic blood were quantified by a high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) method. Adrenal venous blood flow was measured by gravimetry. Local administration of AngII (0.05 µg, 0.1 µM) to the left adrenal gland increased adrenal gland catecholamine output more than 30 times that found in nonstimulated states. Administration of either PD 123319 (0.085 µg (0.23 µM) to 8.5 µg (23 µM)) or CGP 42112 (0.005 µg (0.01 µM) to 5 µg (10 µM)) did not affect the basal catecholamine output significantly. The increase in adrenal catecholamine output in response to AngII was inhibited by ~80% following the largest dose of PD 123319. CGP 42112 significantly attenuated the catecholamine response to AngII by ~70%. PD 123319 and CGP 42112 were devoid of any agonist actions with respect to catecholamine output by the adrenal gland in vivo. Furthermore, both PD 123319 and CGP 42112 inhibited the increase in adrenal catecholamine secretion induced by local administration of AngII. The present study suggests that AT2 receptors play a role in mediating catecholamine secretion by the adrenal medulla in response to AngII receptor agonist administration in vivo.Key words: AT1 and AT2 subtypes, PD 123319, CGP 42112, AT2 antagonist, anesthetized dog.

Effects of hypophysectomy and metyrapone on the catecholamine content and volumes of adrenaline- and noradrenaline-storing cells in the rat adrenal medulla

1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Coupland ◽  
A. Tomlinson ◽  
J. Crowe ◽  
D. N. Brindley
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Corticosterone Concentration ◽  
Catecholamine Content ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
The Right ◽  
Adrenal Volume

ABSTRACT Using morphometric analysis and high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection of catecholamines the volumes of adrenaline-storing (A) and noradrenaline-storing (NA) cells and the adrenaline and noradrenaline contents of adrenal glands of normal and age-matched hypophysectomized rats were determined and compared. Some hypophysectomized rats were also administered 150 mg metyrapone/kg daily for a 4-week period. Hypophysectomy resulted in an increase in noradrenaline storage in adrenal glands. This was more marked in hypophysectomized animals not treated with metyrapone even though the combination of metyrapone and hypophysectomy resulted in a reduction of blood corticosterone concentration to only ∼ 6% normal. There was no evidence of a change in proportion of A and NA cells in the adrenal medulla of hypophysectomized rats or hypophysectomized animals treated with metyrapone and it is concluded that the changes in amine concentrations and proportions observed reflect an increase in the storage of noradenaline in A cells as a consequence of less efficient methylation of noradrenaline after hypophysectomy. The findings also showed that the left adrenal gland and medulla was usually slightly larger and had a greater catecholamine content and slightly higher proportion of NA cells than the right adrenal gland. During the period of the experiment (animals aged 6–15 weeks) there was an increase in the concentration of both adrenaline and noradrenaline in the normal adrenal glands. In normal Sprague—Dawley rats weighing 140 and 400 g the adrenal medulla accounted for some 5% of adrenal volume; this increased to 13% after hypophysectomy; A and NA cells together accounted for 50–60% of the volume of adrenal medulla. J. Endocr. (1984) 101, 345–352

scholarly journals Biometry of Adrenal Glands of Mixed-Breed Dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Oliveira Trivilin ◽  
Francisco De Assis Pessoa Júnior ◽  
Maria Aparecida Da Silva ◽  
Leandro André Milholli ◽  
Felipe Martins Pastor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Zona Reticularis ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Mean Width ◽  
Length Width ◽  
The Right

Background: Differences of the size of the adrenal glands, in healthy dogs or in endocrinopathies, undermine correct diagnosis of endocrine disorders and evaluations of the adrenal cortex in relation to its size and possible correlation with endocrinopathies are rare. The aim of the present study was to perform measurements of the length, width, thickness and weight of the adrenal glands of young, adult and elderly mixed-breed dogs and correlate them with the age, sex and weight of animals. In addition, the areas occupied by the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex were measured in order to establish a microscopic biometric pattern.Material, Methods & Results: The right and left adrenal glands of 12 young (six females and six males), 12 adults (six females and six males), and 12 elderly (six females and six males), all mongrels, derived from routine and necropsied in the Animal Pathology Sector of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Espírito Santo (HOVET-UFES) were weighed and the length, width, and thickness were measured. For the microscopic measurement of the adrenal cortex, 10 randomly selected samples were submitted to routine histological processing and the microscope slides were observed under a light microscope at 5× and 10× objectives, photodocumented and measurements were obtained from a random portion of the adrenal cortex and the zones composing the cortex were measured in triplicate with the aid of the computerized image analysis software. The left adrenal showed a greater average length than the right adrenal in young, adult, and elderly dogs. The size of the glands in the young and adult dogs is not influenced by the sex of the animals, but in older dogs the females had a greater mean width than the males. The weight of the animals presented a positive correlation in relation to the length and weight of the right and left adrenal glands in all studied groups. The age did not influence the length and weight variables of the glands. However, some differences in thickness and width were observed in the elderly group compared to those in other groups. For the microscopic measurements in the right adrenal gland, the cortex was 1.53 mm, being 0.21 mm for the glomerular zone (14.6% of the total adrenal cortex), 1.04 mm for the zona fasciculata (66.9%), and 0.29 mm for the zona reticularis (18.5%). In the left adrenal gland, the cortex was 1.83 mm, being 0.23 mm for the glomerular zone (13.2% of the total adrenal cortex), 1.23 mm for the zona fasciculata (63.96%), and 0.37 for the zona reticularis (22.84%).Discussion: Studies on the size of the adrenal gland in dogs using macroscopic biometrics are scarce, and the current study presents results regarding mixed-breed (male and female) dogs of different ages, which presented variation in size and weight, which could also influence the size of the adrenal gland. Thus, it can be observed that a variation of measurements can be found, especially for dogs with no defined breed. These results demonstrate the importance of studies that perform the macroscopic analysis of such glands. It was concluded that there was a clear variation in the size of the adrenal glands in mixed-breed dogs of different ages and both sexes; the left adrenal showed greater lengths and weights than the right gland. The sex of the animals did not influence the size of the glands in young and adult dogs, but in elderly dogs, the females showed a greater mean width than the males. The right and left adrenal cortices are formed at a greater percentage by the zona fasciculata, followed by the zona reticularis and zona glomerulosa.

scholarly journals SUPRIMENTO ARTERIAL PARA AS GLÂNDULAS ADRENAIS NORATÃO-DO-BANHADO (Myocastor coypus Molina, 1782)

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. V. MACHADO ◽  
P. ROMAGNOLLI ◽  
J. R. SOUZA ◽  
V. S. TURQUETI ◽  
S. M. ULIANA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Renal Artery ◽  
Abdominal Aorta ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Left Renal Artery ◽  
Myocastor Coypus ◽  
Lumbar Artery ◽  
Phrenic Artery ◽  
The Right

Foram estudados os componentes vasculares arteriais destinados à irrigação sangüínea das glândulas adrenais de 10 exemplares adultos, machos e fêmeas, de ratãodo- banhado (Myocastor coypus). Esses animais foram injetados, após morte natural, através da artéria carótida comum, com solução corada de Neoprene látex, em seguida foram fixados em solução aquosa de formol a 10%, mantidos em recipientes contendo a mesma solução, por período mínimo de 72 horas, e dissecados. As dissecações permitiram observar que: a) a glândula adrenal direita foi atingida por ramos colaterais provenientes das artérias frênica caudal direita (50%), abdominal cranial direita (30%), renal direita (30%), primeira lombar (30%) e aorta abdominal (30%); b) para a glândula adrenal esquerda foram destinados colaterais provenientes das artérias renal esquerda (80%), aorta abdominal (50%), abdominal cranial esquerda (20%) e segunda lombar (10%). Arterial supply forto the adrenal glands of the nutria (Myocastor coypus Molina, 1782) Abstract An anatomical study has been carried out on the arterial branching system for nutria (Myocastor coypus Molina, 1782) adrenal glands blood supply. After natural death, a total of 10 male and female adult nutrias were injected through the carotid artery with a colored solution of Neoprene latex. Soon after this step they were maintained for a period of 72 hours of fixation in a 10% aqueous solution of formalin, being dissected right after this procedure. The following observations were then carried out: a) the right adrenal gland is supplied by branches of the right caudal phrenic artery (50%), right cranial abdominal artery (30%), right renal artery (30%), first lumbar artery (30%)_, and abdominal aorta (30%); b) the left adrenal gland is supplied by branches from the left renal artery (80%), abdominal aorta (50%), left cranial abdominal artery (20%) and the second lumbar artery (10%).

ADRENAL FUNCTION IN BREAST CANCER: BIOGENESIS OF ANDROGENS AND CORTISOL BY THE HUMAN ADRENAL GLAND IN VIVO

1970 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. DESHPANDE ◽  
VIBEKE JENSEN ◽  
PAMELA CARSON ◽  
R. D. BULBROOK ◽  
T. W. DOOUSS
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Minor Amount ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Pool Sizes

SUMMARY A variety of 14C and 3H-labelled steroids have been perfused through the human adrenal gland in situ and their metabolic products isolated from adrenal venous blood. Progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and cortisol were isolated after infusion of [3H]pregnenolone; 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and cortisol after infusion of [3H]17α-hydroxypregnenolone and [14C]progesterone; androstenedione and cortisol after infusion of [3H]17α-hydroxyprogesterone and [14C]dehydroepiandrosterone; and 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione after infusion of [3H]androstenedione and [14C]cortisol. From a consideration of the incorporation of radioactivity into the metabolic products, the3H: 14C ratios and the tissue pool sizes it was concluded that the major biosynthetic pathway to cortisol in the human adrenal glands was: pregnenolone→ 17α-hydroxypregnenolone → cortisol. Progesterone was not an important intermediary. Androstenedione was mainly formed by way of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone → 17α-hydroxyprogesterone → androstenedione. 11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione was formed mainly from cortisol and only a minor amount came from the hydroxylation of androstenedione.

Evidence for increased hepatic sympathetic nerve activity resulting in hyperglycemia in response to hemorrhage-induced reflex stimulation in anesthetized dogs

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1209-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuharu Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Venous Blood Flow ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Hepatic Venous Blood ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs

To investigate the role of the sympathoadrenal system in glucose mobilization by the liver during hemorrhage, catecholamine (CA) output from both adrenal glands was determined in anesthetized dogs. Venous blood draining from both adrenal glands was combined in a Y-tube that was connected to an electromagnetic flow probe to measure total adrenal venous blood flow. Plasma concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA), and glucose (GL) were determined in various vascular regions. Adrenal CA output (nanograms per minute) under basal conditions was 50.2 ± 13.6, 181.4 ± 41.9, and 13.7 ± 4.8 for NE, E, and DA, respectively. These values were found to increase significantly (P < 0.05) in response to 5 min of hemorrhage, reaching a maximum output (nanograms per minute) of 663.6 ± 160.6 (NE), 2503.4 ± 607.8 (E), and 141.7 ± 43.7 (DA). Aortic CAs (nanograms per millilitre) increased significantly with a predominant increase in E (0.33 ± 0.08 to 3.75 ± 1.03, P < 0.05). In contrast, increases in portal and hepatic venous CAs (nanograms per millilitre) were characterized by a predominant increase in NE (0.30 ± 0.06 to 0.64 ± 0.11 and 0.17 ± 0.02 to 0.31 ± 0.07, respectively, P < 0.05). Hepatic venous and aortic GL concentrations also increased significantly during hemorrhage. Among the various correlations between plasma CA and GL concentrations, the strongest correlation was found between hepatic venous NE and hepatic venous GL (r = 0.804, P < 0.001). Correlation coefficients obtained with aortic NE and E were weaker but significant (r = 0.603 and r = 0.608, respectively, P < 0.01). Both the predominant increase in NE observed in hepatic-venous blood and the marked correlation of hepatic venous NE with hepatic venous GL suggest that, in dogs with normal sympathoadrenal systems, hemorrhage-induced hyperglycemia results from increased hepatic glycogenosis, due in large measure to increased activation of hepatic sympathetic nerves.

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