scholarly journals NEFA, BHBa, UREA and Liver Enzyme Variation in the Bloodstream of Weaned Foals up to 18 Months of Age

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1746
Author(s):  
Maria Grazia Cappai ◽  
Andrea Taras ◽  
Giovanni Paolo Biggio ◽  
Corrado Dimauro ◽  
Domenico Gatta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Liver Enzyme ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Balance State ◽  
Liver Health ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

The pattern of selected metabolites for interpreting homeostasis during the growth of foals can be used as an indicator of energy balance state and liver health. Against this background, the literature on circulating parameters of foals across growth stages is scanty. We hypothesized that circulating metabolites indicating energy distribution such as non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxy-butyric acid (BHBa), UREA and liver enzyme-like γ-glutamyl-transferase (γ-GT) [interpreted in the light of circulating total bilirubin (TBIL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] may be used to monitor the energy balance of growing foals. A total of 12 Anglo-Arab (AA) foals from the same stable were enrolled in this trial. All foals were serially weighed on a digital scale and sampled for total blood at weaning, at 12 and 18 months of age. Feeding and keeping conditions were similar for all the foals involved. Animals appeared healthy and no signs of poor growth performance were pointed out. The peak of circulating NEFA mobilized from body depots was reached at one year of age but markedly dropped at 18 months, when BHBa increased (p < 0.001) alongside with liver enzyme. BHBa and γ-GT levels turned out to positively correlate (p = 0.051). However, at 6, 12 and 18 months, γ-GT dropped in the physiological reference range for the horse, thus showing no prognostic value. ALT and UREA significantly increased (p = 0.008 and p = 0.006, respectively) when NEFA also increased (p = 0.001). Liver enzyme increase could be associated with fat mobilization and ketone bodies production meanwhile amino acid transamination for energy purposes led to the increase of UREA in the bloodstream. However, no prognostic value to liver enzyme could be attributed in this trial.

Prognostic value of gamma-glutamyl transferase in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (15) ◽  
pp. 1127-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gjin Ndrepepa ◽  
Roisin Colleran ◽  
Anke Luttert ◽  
Siegmund Braun ◽  
Salvatore Cassese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Estimation of Evapotranspiration using Remote Sensing and Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) in Canal Command

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (03) ◽  
pp. 274-285
Author(s):  
H. V. Parmar ◽  
N. K. Gontia
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Surface Energy Balance ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Canal Command

Remote sensing based various land surface and bio-physical variables like Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), surface albedo, transmittance and surface emissivity are useful for the estimation of spatio-temporal variations in evapotranspiration (ET) using Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) method. These variables were estimated under the present study for Ozat-II canal command in Junagadh district, Gujarat, India, using Landsat-7 and Landsat-8 images of summer season of years 2014 and 2015. The derived parameters were used in SEBAL to estimate the Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) of groundnut and sesame crops. The lower values NDVI observed during initial (March) and end (May) stages of crop growth indicated low vegetation cover during these periods. With full canopy coverage of the crops, higher value of NDVI (0.90) was observed during the mid-crop growth stage. The remote sensing-based LST was lower for agricultural areas and the area near banks of the canal and Ozat River, while higher surface temperatures were observed for rural settlements, road and areas with exposed dry soil. The maximum surface temperatures in the cropland were observed as 311.0 K during March 25, 2014 and 315.8 K during May 31, 2015. The AET of summer groundnut increased from 3.75 to 7.38 mm.day-1, and then decreased to 3.99 mm.day-1 towards the end stage of crop growth. The daily AET of summer sesame ranged from 1.06 to 7.72 mm.day-1 over different crop growth stages. The seasonal AET of groundnut and sesame worked out to 358.19 mm and 346.31 mm, respectively. The estimated AET would be helpful to schedule irrigation in the large canal command.

scholarly journals Effects of Oral Vitamin C Supplementation on Liver Health and Associated Parameters in Patients With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhangya He ◽  
Xiaomin Li ◽  
Hexiang Yang ◽  
Pei Wu ◽  
Shanshan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Hmw Adiponectin ◽  
Liver Health ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now recognized as the most prevalent hepatic disorder worldwide, and an unhealthy lifestyle is the leading risk factor for its occurrence. Vitamin C (VC) has been suggested to protect NAFLD, whereas evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is sparse. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential benefits of VC supplementation daily on liver health and associated parameters in patients with NAFLD. In this double-blind, RCT, 84 patients with NAFLD, aged 18–60 years old, were assigned to 12 weeks of oral treatment with either low (250 mg/day, n = 26), medium (1,000 mg/day, n = 30), or high (2,000 mg/day, n = 28) doses of VC supplements. After the intervention, the Medium group had a more significant decrease in aspartate aminotransferase [Medium, −5.00 (−10.25, −1.75) vs. High, −2.50 (−7.75, 0.00), P = 0.02] and alanine aminotransferase [Medium, −8.00 (−18.00, −1.75) vs. High, −3.50 (−13.75, 4.25), P = 0.05; Medium vs. Low, −3.00 (−9.00, 5.50), P = 0.031]. The levels of other indicators of liver health, such as gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin were decreased after the intervention but comparable among the three groups and so did the parameters of glucose metabolism, such as fasting insulin, fasting glucose, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance. The plasma level of VC in patients and total adiponectin and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin levels were also elevated but not in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, analysis of fecal microbiota composition showed an increase in the alpha diversity (Abundance-based Coverage Estimator (ACE), Shannon, chao1, and Simpson) both in the Low and the Medium groups. A total of 12 weeks of VC supplementation, especially 1,000 mg/day, improved liver health and glucose metabolism in patients with NAFLD. The elevated plasma levels of VC, total and HMW adiponectin, and the improvement of intestinal microbiota may have made some contributions.

Mineral nitrogen in soils undergoing irrigated rice-upland crop rotations

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (107) ◽  
pp. 731 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Willett ◽  
ML Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Crop Uptake ◽  
Upland Crop

Surface soil (0-150 mm) mineral nitrogen levels were monitored in field plots undergoing rice-wheat-wheat and rice-fallow rotations to study the effects of rice growing on the mineral nitrogen content of soils for subsequent crops. Ammonium nitrogen accumulated in the soils during the first 3 weeks of flooding of the rice crop, reaching 54 mg N kg-1 in a grey clay, and 23 mg N kg-1 in a transitional red-brown earth. Thereafter, ammonium nitrogen decreased so that at the time of drainage the soils contained between 2 and 6 mg N kg-1. Nitrate levels during the flooding period fluctuated between 1 and 7 mg N kg-1. In each subsequent fallowing period, nitrate levels increased so that there was approximately 20 mg N kg-1 as nitrate present during the early growth stages of the post-rice crops. However, at the harvests of each post-rice crop, nitrate nitrogen levels had decreased to between 1 and 7 mg N kg-'. Fluctuations in nitrate levels were interpreted in terms of gains from mineralization and nitrification and losses by crop uptake, although leaching and denitrification during periods of heavy rainfall or irrigations could not be assessed. Ammonium levels in the post-rice period increased in the months of October and November when fallowed, but other fluctuations showed no consistent trends. Nitrite levels were low (< 0.6 mg N kg-1) throughout the experiments. Total mineral nitrogen levels during the early growth stages of the crops grown after the rice corresponded to between 31 and 95 kg N ha-1 in the surface 0-150 mm of soil. It was concluded that in the rotations studied, lowland rice cropping did not lead to depletion of mineral nitrogen to such an extent that it could be implicated as a factor in the poor growth of upland crops grown in rotation with lowland rice.

scholarly journals COVID-19 associated variations in liver function parameters: a retrospective study

2020 ◽  
pp. postgradmedj-2020-138930
Author(s):  
Ram Krishan Saini ◽  
Neha Saini ◽  
Sant Ram ◽  
Shiv Lal Soni ◽  
Vikas Suri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Liver Enzyme ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Abnormal Liver Function ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

BackgroundCharacteristics of laboratory findings of COVID-19 patients are of great significance for diagnosis and treatment. Studies that have analysed the variations in hepatic profile in correlation with the inflammatory markers in SARS-CoV-2 are limited.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed liver function tests and inflammatory markers of 170 admitted patients with confirmed COVID-19 in the tertiary care centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), India, using Roche Cobas Autoanalyzer.ResultsNumber of patients with normal liver enzyme levels were 63 (41.5%), while with raised levels of any of the liver enzymes were 89 (58.5%), out of which 43 (48.31%) had liver injury which manifested as increased severity in terms of intensive care unit (ICU) requirement (p=0.0005). Significantly raised levels of liver enzymes and liver injury were observed with age (p<0.0001) and in males (p=0.004). Significantly decreased levels of albumin and total proteins and increased levels of total bilirubin (p<0.0001) were seen in patients with abnormal liver enzyme levels and liver injury as compared to patients with normal levels. Significant increase in the levels of alanine transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transferase was seen on the 7th day, CRP and ferritin (p<0.0001) peaks were observed on 2nd and 3rd day respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the levels of these inflammatory markers and liver function parameters.ConclusionsMore than half of patients admitted to the hospital with SARS-CoV-2 infection had an abnormal liver function which was found to be associated with raised levels of inflammatory markers. Significantly higher proportions of patients with abnormal liver function were elderly and males and were at higher risk of progressing to severe disease.

Cellular mechanisms of the antiammoniagenic effect of ketone bodies in the dog

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (5) ◽  
pp. F420-F426 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lemieux ◽  
C. Pichette ◽  
P. Vinay ◽  
A. Gougoux
Keyword(s):  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Glutamate Release ◽  
Metabolite Profile ◽  
Redox Potentials ◽  
Glutamine Concentration ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate ◽  
Proportional Decrease

To investigate the mechanisms of the antiammoniagenic effect of ketone bodies, acidotic dogs (NH4Cl) were infused with either beta-hydroxybutyrate or acetoacetate. Total blood ketones ranged from 2 to 4 mM. Renal ammoniagenesis fell by a mean of 53%, with a proportional decrease in glutamine extraction. Glutamate release in the renal vein rose, renal extraction of lactate fell, and aspartate and alanine production decreased. Study of the metabolite profile of the renal cortex by the freeze-clamp technique before and after ketone infusion showed that tissue glutamine concentration was unchanged, whereas glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, and citrate rose. The intermediates of the gluconeogenic pathway, such as phosphoenolypyruvate, 2-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate, and glucose-6-phosphate, fell significantly. The redox state as calculated from the free NAD+/NADH ratios in the cytosolic (lactate dehydrogenase) and the mitochondrial (glutamate dehydrogenase and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase) compartments was reduced. The present study suggests that ketone bodies inhibit renal ammoniagenesis through increased generation of alpha-ketoglutarate (metabolic or bicarbonate effect) and a decrease in the mitochondrial and cytosolic redox potentials in the kidney.

scholarly journals Ketone-body metabolism in tumour-bearing rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Rofe ◽  
R Bais ◽  
R A Conyers
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Tumour Bearing ◽  
And Control

During starvation for 72 h, tumour-bearing rats showed accelerated ketonaemia and marked ketonuria. Total blood [ketone bodies] were 8.53 mM and 3.34 mM in tumour-bearing and control (non-tumour-bearing) rats respectively (P less than 0.001). The [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio was 1.3 in the tumour-bearing rats, compared with 3.2 in the controls at 72 h (P less than 0.001). Blood [glucose] and hepatic [glycogen] were lower at the start of starvation in tumour-bearing rats, whereas plasma [non-esterified fatty acids] were not increased above those in the control rats during starvation. After functional hepatectomy, blood [acetoacetate], but not [3-hydroxybutyrate], decreased rapidly in tumour-bearing rats, whereas both ketone bodies decreased, and at a slower rate, in the control rats. Blood [glucose] decreased more rapidly in the hepatectomized control rats. Hepatocytes prepared from 72 h-starved tumour-bearing and control rats showed similar rates of ketogenesis from palmitate, and the distribution of [1-14C] palmitate between oxidation (ketone bodies and CO2) and esterification was also unaffected by tumour-bearing, as was the rate of gluconeogenesis from lactate. The carcinoma itself showed rapid rates of glycolysis and a poor ability to metabolize ketone bodies in vitro. The results are consistent with the peripheral, normal, tissues in tumour-bearing rats having increased ketone-body and decreased glucose metabolic turnover rates.

scholarly journals Regulation of glucose and ketone-body metabolism in brain of anaesthetized rats

1974 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil B. Ruderman ◽  
Peter S. Ross ◽  
Michael Berger ◽  
Michael N. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Diabetic Ketosis ◽  
Pyruvate Oxidation ◽  
Ketone Body Metabolism ◽  
Arteriovenous Difference ◽  
The Brain

1. The effects of starvation and diabetes on brain fuel metabolism were examined by measuring arteriovenous differences for glucose, lactate, acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate across the brains of anaesthetized fed, starved and diabetic rats. 2. In fed animals glucose represented the sole oxidative fuel of the brain. 3. After 48h of starvation, ketone-body concentrations were about 2mm and ketone-body uptake accounted for 25% of the calculated O2 consumption: the arteriovenous difference for glucose was not diminished, but lactate release was increased, suggesting inhibition of pyruvate oxidation. 4. In severe diabetic ketosis, induced by either streptozotocin or phlorrhizin (total blood ketone bodies >7mm), the uptake of ketone bodies was further increased and accounted for 45% of the brain 's oxidative metabolism, and the arteriovenous difference for glucose was decreased by one-third. The arteriovenous difference for lactate was increased significantly in the phlorrhizin-treated rats. 5. Infusion of 3-hydroxybutyrate into starved rats caused marked increases in the arteriovenous differences for lactate and both ketone bodies. 6. To study the mechanisms of these changes, steady-state concentrations of intermediates and co-factors of the glycolytic pathway were determined in freeze-blown brain. 7. Starved rats had increased concentrations of acetyl-CoA. 8. Rats with diabetic ketosis had increased concentrations of fructose 6-phosphate and decreased concentrations of fructose 1,6-diphosphate, indicating an inhibition of phosphofructokinase. 9. The concentrations of acetyl-CoA, glycogen and citrate, a potent inhibitor of phosphofructokinase, were increased in the streptozotocin-treated rats. 10. The data suggest that cerebral glucose uptake is decreased in diabetic ketoacidosis owing to inhibition of phosphofructokinase as a result of the increase in brain citrate. 11. The inhibition of brain pyruvate oxidation in starvation and diabetes can be related to the accelerated rate of ketone-body metabolism; however, we found no correlation between the decrease in glucose uptake in the diabetic state and the arteriovenous difference for ketone bodies. 12. The data also suggest that the rates of acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate utilization by brain are governed by their concentrations in plasma. 13. The finding of very low concentrations of acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate in brain compared with plasma suggests that diffusion across the blood –brain barrier may be the rate-limiting step in their metabolism.

scholarly journals Hipocalcemia e cetose - principais doenças metabólicas da vaca leiteira durante o período de transição - uma revisão de literatura

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 130-141
Author(s):  
Mylena Garcia Proto ◽  
◽  
Milena Cristina Bernardo de Barros ◽  
Bruna Stanigher Barbosa ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Balance State ◽  
Production Demand

With the increased production demand in the dairy industry comes the need to keep animals healthier, thus avoiding large economic losses due to low productivity. During the transition period, dairy cows are susceptible to the onset of infectious diseases and metabolic imbalances due to the big change in their diet, it could be poor in needed nutrients to maintain the animal's body score, with this, the dry matter intake decreases up to 40% while energy expenditure increases due to milk and colostrum production, getting into a negative energy balance state.

scholarly journals Study of energy balance components at different growth stages of green gram grown in new alluvial zone of West Bengal

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-320
Author(s):  
MONDAL SOUMEN ◽  
BANERJEE SAON ◽  
CHAKRABORTY SHAON ◽  
SAHA SALIL ◽  
MUKHERJEE ASIS
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Ground Heat Flux

An experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal to study the radiation pattern and its balance over green gram (Vignaradiata var. Samrat). The BREB method was used to determine the sensible heat flux and latent energy. The net radiation was measured through net radiometer and the ground heat flux was measured using Fourier's law. Both the diurnal and seasonal variation of net radiation were studied. Similarly, the energy balance components were studied regularly for different crop growth stages as well as on diurnal basis. It is observed that the net radiation varies from 6.32 Wm-2 to 606.43 Wm-2. The latent heat flux constitutes more than 50% of the net radiation for all growth stages as depicted by energy balance partitioning. The sensible heat flux is partitioned into 10% to 20% of total net radiation throughout the growth stages of green gram, which is the lowest in magnitude among all three energy fluxes. The relationship between Bowen ratio and Vapour pressure deficit (VPD), Bowen ratio and Canopy air temperature difference (CATD) was studied. It was found that Bowen ratio is negatively correlated with VPD but positively correlated with CATD. This study enables to monitor ET pattern through latent heat flux and microclimatic characteristics through sensible and ground heat flux.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document