scholarly journals Milk Lactose as a Biomarker of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1736
Author(s):  
Ramūnas Antanaitis ◽  
Vida Juozaitienė ◽  
Vesta Jonike ◽  
Walter Baumgartner ◽  
Algimantas Paulauskas
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Cow Health ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

Bovine subclinical mastitis can cause great harm to dairy herds because of its negative impact on milk production and quality and cow health. Improved diagnostic tools are needed to maximise the control of subclinical mastitis distribution and ensure the high quality of milk as an industrial product. Between 2015 and 2020, seventy-two dairy herds were screened for bovine subclinical mastitis causative agents to identify the relationship between seasons, lactose levels and subclinical mastitis infection. The predominant species found in the milk samples were mixed microbiota, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. Yeasts were found exclusively in autumn, while Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli were only found in summer and autumn. A negative correlation was detected between milk lactose and number of somatic cells in milk (−0.471; p < 0.001). The lactose levels in milk were closely associated with the prevalence (%) of subclinical mastitis pathogens, such as Streptococcus agalactiae (y = −1.8011x + 10.867, R2 = 0.9298), Staph. aureus (y = −3.5216x + 25.957, R2 = 0.8604) and other Streptococci (y = −0.5956x + 7.6179, R2 = 0.6656). These findings suggest that milk lactose may be used as a biomarker of suspected udder inflammation in modern health prevention programmes for cows to reduce the prevalence of subclinical mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle herds.

scholarly journals Etiological agents of bovine mastitis in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (01) ◽  
pp. 6339-2020
Author(s):  
HENRYK KRUKOWSKI ◽  
HENRYKA LASSA ◽  
EWA ZASTEMPOWSKA ◽  
SEBASTIAN SMULSKI ◽  
HANNA BIS-WENCEL
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Regional Location ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

This research paper addresses the hypothesis that the incidence of various bovine mastitis pathogens is subject to change over time and across regions. The aim of the research was to determine the pathogen species that are currently the etiological agents of mastitis in Polish dairy herds. This comprehensive study was conducted in the period 2009-2017 and included all the Polish provinces, distinguishing between those with high and low numbers of dairy cattle. Over eight years 38,852 quarter milk samples were obtained from 22,587 cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis from herds located in all 16 provinces in Poland. Milk samples were cultured using standard microbiological methods. Most of them were positive for microorganisms but there was also part of bacteriologically negative and contaminated samples. Gram-positive catalase-negative cocci and staphylococci were the most prevalent pathogens. The growth of other microorganisms such as Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacilli, yeasts and algae was observed at lower frequencies. There were differences in the prevalence of microorganisms depending on the region. In the eastern part of the country a higher number of Streptococcus agalactiae infections than in other regions was observed. This paper provides the latest data on microbial species, frequency of their occurrence and regional location within Poland. The knowledge of mastitis pathogens enables appropriate treatment and to make prevention recommendations for the herds.

Efficacy of a Low Concentration Iodine Postmilking Teat Disinfectant Against Contagious and Environmental Mastitis Pathogens in Two Dairy Herds

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 737-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. OLIVER ◽  
M. J. LEWIS ◽  
S. H. KING ◽  
B. E. GILLESPIE ◽  
T. INGLE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Natural Exposure ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Environmental Pathogens ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

Two natural exposure herd studies were conducted at separate geographic locations to evaluate efficacy of a postmilking teat disinfectant that contained 0.25% available iodine. One study was conducted for 11 months in a commercial dairy with a high prevalence of contagious mastitis pathogens. Postdipping was compared with a negative control using a split-herd experimental design. The other study was conducted for 12 months in a research herd with a high prevalence of environmental mastitis pathogens. Postdipping was compared with a negative control using a split-udder experimental design. New intramammary infections by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae were reduced significantly in quarters with teats dipped in iodine compared to undipped teats in the herd with a high prevalence of contagious mastitis pathogens. However, the experimental teat dip was not effective against environmental pathogens in either herd. New infections by minor mastitis pathogens (coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species and Corynebacterium bovis) were significantly lower in quarters of dipped teats compared to undipped teats in both herds. No irritation or chapping of teats was detected and no adverse effects were observed. These data suggest that the low concentration iodine teat dip is effective against contagious pathogens and minor mastitis pathogens, but ineffective against environmental mastitis pathogens.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococci Most Frequently Isolated from Czech Dairy Cows with Mastitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-694
Author(s):  
Soňa Šlosárková ◽  
Kateřina Nedbalcová ◽  
Jaroslav Bzdil ◽  
Petr Fleischer ◽  
Monika Zouharová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Multiple Resistance ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

AbstractThe aim was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of most frequently isolated streptococci from Czech dairy herds. A total of 3,719 quarter milk samples were collected and cultivated between January 2017 and June 2018 from cows with clinical or subclinical mastitis from 112 farms. Only one isolate of each species, collected from the same farm per six-month period, was included in the susceptibility testing. The susceptibilities of Streptococcus uberis (163 isolates) and S. dysgalactiae (25 isolates) to 10 antimicrobials (penicillin – PEN, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – AMC, ceftiofur – EFT, clindamycin – CLI, gentamicin – GEN, streptomycin – STR, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole – SXT, enrofloxacin – ENR, tetracycline – TET, rifampicin – RIF) from 9 groups were determined by measuring their minimum inhibitory concentrations. The percentages of resistant S. uberis isolates to the antimicrobials were as follows: TET (63.2%), STR (52.1%), CLI (30.1%), and RIF (2.5%). Intermediate susceptibility was found to RIF (63.2%), PEN (35%), ENR (2.5%), EFT (1.8%), and AMC (1.2%). All the S. uberis isolates were susceptible to GEN and SXT (100%). However, only 6.7% of S. uberis isolates were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials, and 38.7% of isolates were multidrug resistant (≥ 3 groups of antimicrobials). All the S. dysgalactiae isolates were susceptible to PEN, AMC, EFT, GEN, SXT, and ENR (100%). Resistant S. dysgalactiae isolates were found to TET (60%), STR (28%), CLI (12%), and intermediate to TET (24%) and RIF (20%). Sixteen percent of S. dysgalactiae isolates were multidrug resistant. The relatively high occurrence of (multiple) resistance, relative to mastitis pathogens, highlights the importance of monitoring this condition in dairy herds.

scholarly journals Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and pattern of antimicrobial resistance in mastitis milk of cattle in Chitwan, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmita Shrestha ◽  
Rebanta Kumar Bhattarai ◽  
Himal Luitel ◽  
Surendra Karki ◽  
Hom Bahadur Basnet
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Milk Samples

Abstract Background The threat of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) exists globally and has been listed as a priority pathogen by the World Health Organization. One of the sources of MRSA emergence is livestock and its products, often raised in poor husbandry conditions. There are limited studies in Nepal to understand the prevalence of MRSA in dairy animals and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Chitwan, one of the major milk-producing districts of Nepal, from February 2018 to September 2019 to estimate the prevalence of MRSA in milk samples and its AMR profile. The collected milk samples (n = 460) were screened using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and positive samples were subjected to microbiological analysis to isolate and identify S. aureus. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to identify the presence of the mecA gene and screen for MRSA. Results In total, 41.5% (191/460) of milk samples were positive in the CMT test. Out of 191 CMT positive milk samples, the biochemical tests showed that the prevalence of S. aureus was 15.2% (29/191). Among the 29 S. aureus isolates, 6.9% (2/29) were identified as MRSA based on the detection of a mecA gene. This indicates that that 1.05% (2/191) of mastitis milk samples had MRSA. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed that 75.9% (22/29) and 48.3% (14/29) S. aureus isolates were found to be sensitive to Cefazolin and Tetracycline respectively (48.3%), whereas 100% of the isolates were resistant to Ampicillin. In total 96.6% (28/29) of S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Conclusions This study revealed a high prevalence of S. aureus-mediated subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in Chitwan, Nepal, with a small proportion of it being MRSA carrying a mecA gene. This S. aureus, CoNS, and MRSA contaminated milk poses a public health risk due to the presence of a phenotype that is resistant to very commonly used antibiotics. It is suggested that dairy herds be screened for subclinical mastitis and treatments for the animals be based on antibiotic susceptibility tests to reduce the prevalence of AMR. Furthermore, future studies should focus on the Staphylococcus spp. to explore the antibiotic resistance genes in addition to the mecA gene to ensure public health.

scholarly journals Incidence and Etiology of Postharvest Fungal Diseases Associated with Bulb Rot in Garlic (Alllium sativum) in Spain

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1063
Author(s):  
Laura Gálvez ◽  
Daniel Palmero
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Fusarium Dry Rot ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Bulb Rot

In recent years, different postharvest alterations have been detected in garlic. In many cases, the symptoms are not well defined, or the etiology is unknown, which further complicates the selection of bulbs during postharvest handling. To characterize the different symptoms of bulb rot caused by fungi, garlic bulb samples were collected from six Spanish provinces in two consecutive years. Eight different fungal species were identified. The most prevalent postharvest disease was Fusarium dry rot (56.1%), which was associated with six Fusarium species. Fusarium proliferatum was detected in more than 85% of symptomatic cloves, followed by F. oxysporum and F. solani. Pathogenicity tests did not show a significant correlation between virulence and mycotoxin production (fumonisins, beauvericin, and moniliformin) or the mycelial growth rate. Penicillium allii was detected in 12.2% of the samples; it was greatly influenced by the harvest season and garlic cultivar, and three different morphotypes were identified. Stemphylium vesicarium and Embellisia allii were pathogenic to wounded cloves. Some of the isolated fungal species produce highly toxic mycotoxins, which may have a negative impact on human health. This work is the first to determine the quantitative importance, pathogenicity, and virulence of the causative agents of postharvest garlic rot in Spain.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the oncologic care continuum: urgent need to restore patients care to pre-COVID-19 era

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ernest Osei ◽  
Ruth Francis ◽  
Ayan Mohamed ◽  
Lyba Sheraz ◽  
Fariba Soltani-Mayvan
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Care ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
System Level ◽  
Care Continuum ◽  
Cancer Services ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Screening And Prevention ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Globally, cancer is the second leading cause of death, and it is estimated that over 18·1 million new cases are diagnosed annually. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted almost every aspect of the provision and management of cancer care worldwide. The time-critical nature of COVID-19 diagnosis and the large number of patients requiring hospitalisation necessitated the rerouting of already limited resources available for cancer services and programmes to the care of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, the stringent social distancing, restricted in-hospital visits and lockdown measures instituted by various governments resulted in the disruption of the oncologic continuum including screening, diagnostic and prevention programmes, treatments and follow-up services as well as research and clinical trial programmes. Materials and Methods: We searched several databases from October 2020 to January 2021 for relevant studies published in English between 2020 and 2021 and reporting on the impact of COVID-19 on the cancer care continuum. This narrative review paper describes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cancer patient care continuum from screening and prevention to treatments and ongoing management of patients. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted cancer care and the management of cancer services and patients. Nevertheless, the oncology healthcare communities worldwide have done phenomenal work with joint and collaborative efforts, utilising best available evidence-based guidelines to continue to give safe and effective treatments for cancer patients while maintaining the safety of patients, healthcare professionals and the general population. Nevertheless, several healthcare centres are now faced with significant challenges with the management of the backlog of screening, diagnosis and treatment cases. It is imperative that governments, leaders of healthcare centres and healthcare professionals take all necessary actions and policies focused on minimising further system-level delays to cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment initiation and clearing of all backlogs cases from the COVID-19 pandemic in order to mitigate the negative impact on cancer outcomes.

scholarly journals Characterization of Escherichia coli Strains Derived from Cow Milk of Subclinical and Clinical Cases of Mastitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 541
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda ◽  
Krzysztof Skowron ◽  
Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska ◽  
Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke ◽  
Jarosław Bystroń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
P Value ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bonferroni Test

Mastitis is a major economic problem in dairy herds, as it might decrease fertility, and negatively affect milk quality and milk yield. Out of over 150 bacterial species responsible for the udder inflammation, Escherichia coli is one of the most notable. This study aimed to assess antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance to dipping agents and biofilm formation of 150 E. coli strains isolated from milk of cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis. The strains came from three dairy herds located in Northern and Central Poland. The statistical analyses were performed with post-hoc Bonferroni test and chi-square test (including Yates correction). The data with a p value of <0.05 were considered significant. We found that the tested strains were mostly sensitive to antimicrobials and dipping agents. It was shown that 37.33% and 4.67% of strains were resistant and moderately resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, respectively. No extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing E. coli were detected. The majority of strains did not possess the ability to form biofilm or formed a weak biofilm. The strong biofilm formers were found only among strains derived from cows with subclinical mastitis. The lowest bacteria number was noted for subclinical mastitis cows’ strains, after stabilization with iodine (3.77 log CFU × cm−2) and chlorhexidine (3.96 log CFU × cm−2) treatment. In the present study, no statistically significant differences in susceptibility to antibiotics and the ability to form biofilm were found among the strains isolated from cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis. Despite this, infections in dairy herds should be monitored. Limiting the spread of bacteria and characterizing the most common etiological factors would allow proper treatment.

scholarly journals Finding of coagulase negative staphylococci in the herd with an increased number of somatic cells in milk and their antimicrobial susceptibility

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 175-185
Author(s):  
Vera Katic ◽  
Natasa Rajic-Savic
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are generally considered to be opportunistic pathogens. Controlling CNS mastitis is difficult because the epidemiology is not clear, and the CNS group consists of about 40 different Staphylococcus species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of coagulasenegative staphylococci in milk of the cows with subclinical mastitis, as well as to determine different CNS species isolated from quarter milk samples for their susceptibility to antimicrobials used commonly for mastitis therapy. On the farm where there was found an increase of somatic cells in bulk milk, 112 dairy cows were examined by mastitis test. From 52 udder quarters where mastitis test showed an increase of somatic cells, milk samples were taken for bacteriological examination. For isolating the causes of mastitis there was used blood agar. Identification of the causative agents of mastitis was carried out on the basis of colony appearance on blood agar and their physiological characteristics. Coagulasepositive staphylococci sensitivity which cause mastitis was tested by Kirby Bauer method. For susceptibility testing there were used commercially produced discs containing: 10 IU penicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20 +10 ?g), cloxacillin 25 ?g, 30 ?g amoxicillin, cephalexin 30 ?g, ceftiofur 30 ?g, 15 ?g lincomycin, gentamicin and tetracycline 30 ?g. The sensitivity of microorganisms was evaluated on the basis of inhibition zone diameter recommended by the manufacturer and was labeled as sensitive (S) moderately sensitive (I) or resistant (R). Coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated from 61.53% of samples from cows with subclinical mastitis, making them the most common cause of subclinical mastitis. The highest resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci was found to penicillin G (58.33% of isolates). Full sensitivity of coagulase-negative staphylococci was found to amoxicillin / clavulanic acid (100% of isolates), a good sensitivity to ceftiofur (83.33% of isolates), cefalexin (70.83% of isolates) and ceftriaxone (41.66% of isolates).

scholarly journals A Review of piggery manure management: generally, across western, Asian and African countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
James Buttie Machete ◽  
Ricks G Chabo
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
The World ◽  
Causative Agents

The aim of this paper was to review the piggery waste management aspects in several countries of the world. Intensive livestock production produces significant quantities of waste that must be managed to protect water, air, and crop quality. The high demand of modern animal production has been influenced by the rapid growing populations as a result of rapid economic growth and increase in community living standards which is associated with the accelerated generation rate of solid waste causing a serious worldwide challenge. Piggery waste is said to be one of the most important causative agents of environmental pollution in most parts of the world. A growing pig population is unavoidable because it is a convenient source of protein to the growing human population and at the same time this means increasing piggery waste. Animal manure can provide nutrients for crops and fish production and input for biogas production, but if not managed, then this can also have a negative impact on the environment. Nevertheless, there are few countries who are considering legislation in relation to manure management.

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