scholarly journals Bovine Intelectin 2 Expression as a Biomarker of Paratuberculosis Disease Progression

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1370
Author(s):  
Cristina Blanco Vázquez ◽  
Ana Balseiro ◽  
Marta Alonso-Hearn ◽  
Ramón A. Juste ◽  
Natalia Iglesias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Ileocecal Valve ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Log2 Fold Change ◽  
Associated Lesions ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
And Control

Paratuberculosis (PTB), a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is responsible for important economic losses in the dairy industry. Our previous RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis showed that bovine intelectin 2 (ITLN2) precursor gene was overexpressed in ileocecal valve (ICV) samples of animals with focal (log2 fold-change = 10.6) and diffuse (log2 fold-change = 6.8) PTB-associated lesions compared to animals without lesions. This study analyzes the potential use of ITLN2, a protein that has been described as fundamental in the innate immune response to infections, as a biomarker of MAP infection. The presence of ITLN2 was investigated by quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of ICV samples of 20 Holstein Friesian cows showing focal (n = 5), multifocal (n = 5), diffuse (n = 5) and no histological lesions (n = 5). Significant differences were observed in the mean number of ITLN2 immunostained goblet and Paneth cells between the three histopathological types and the control. The number of immunolabelled cells was higher in the focal histopathological type (116.9 ± 113.9) followed by the multifocal (108.7 ± 140.5), diffuse (76.5 ± 97.8) and control types (41.0 ± 81.3). These results validate ITLN2 as a post-mortem biomarker of disease progression.

scholarly journals Metabolomic Changes in Naturally MAP-Infected Holstein–Friesian Heifers Indicate Immunologically Related Biochemical Reprogramming

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 727
Author(s):  
Emma N. Taylor ◽  
Manfred Beckmann ◽  
Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos ◽  
Hans-Martin Vordermeier ◽  
Glyn Hewinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Leukotriene B4 ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
And Control

Johne’s disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), causes weight loss, diarrhoea, and reduced milk yields in clinically infected cattle. Asymptomatic, subclinically infected cattle shed MAP bacteria but are frequently not detected by diagnostic tests. Herein, we compare the metabolite profiles of sera from subclinically infected Holstein–Friesian heifers and antibody binding to selected MAP antigens. The study used biobanked serum samples from 10 naturally MAP-infected and 10 control heifers, sampled monthly from ~ 1 to 19 months of age. Sera were assessed using flow infusion electrospray–high-resolution mass spectrometry (FIE–HRMS) on a Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole–Orbitrap mass spectrometer for high-throughput, sensitive, non-targeted metabolite fingerprinting. Partial least-squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of the data discriminated between naturally MAP-infected and control heifers. In total, 33 metabolites that differentially accumulated in naturally MAP-infected heifers compared to controls were identified. Five were significantly elevated within MAP-infected heifers throughout the study, i.e., leukotriene B4, bicyclo prostaglandin E2 (bicyclo PGE2), itaconic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid and N6-acetyl-L-lysine. These findings highlight the potential of metabolomics in the identification of novel MAP diagnostic markers and particular biochemical pathways, which may provide insights into the bovine immune response to MAP.

scholarly journals Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Sanaa M. Idris ◽  
Kamal H. Eltom ◽  
Julius B. Okuni ◽  
Lonzy Ojok ◽  
Wisal A. Elmagzoub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
And Control

Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious and chronic enteric disease of ruminants and many non-ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and is characterised by diarrhoea and progressive emaciation with consequent serious economic losses due to death, early culling, and reduced productivity. In addition, indirect economic losses may arise from trade restrictions. Besides being a production limiting disease, PTB is a potential zoonosis; MAP has been isolated from Crohn’s disease patients and was associated with other human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats may be globally distributed though information on the prevalence and economic impact in many developing countries seem to be scanty. Goats are more susceptible to infection than sheep and both species are likely to develop the clinical disease. Ingestion of feed and water contaminated with faeces of MAP-positive animals is the common route of infection, which then spreads horizontally and vertically. In African countries, PTB has been described as a “neglected disease”, and in small ruminants, which support the livelihood of people in rural areas and poor communities, the disease was rarely reported. Prevention and control of small ruminants’ PTB is difficult because diagnostic assays demonstrate poor sensitivity early in the disease process, in addition to the difficulties in identifying subclinically infected animals. Further studies are needed to provide more insight on molecular epidemiology, transmission, and impact on other animals or humans, socio-economic aspects, prevention and control of small ruminant PTB.

scholarly journals PSVI-4 Modulation of galectin gene expression and secretion in cow blood stimulated with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 195-196
Author(s):  
Kingsley Ekwemalor ◽  
Mulumebet Worku
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
And Control ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Cellular Secretion ◽  
Friesian Cows

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the expression and secretion of galectin gene in cow blood stimulated with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is a phorbol diester that activates the enzyme protein kinase C (PKC). Activated PKC is associated with regulation of inflammation. Galectins (Gal) are β-galactoside binding proteins that modulate inflammation following intra and extra-cellular secretion. Blood was collected from the jugular vein of clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian cows (n = 3) from North Carolina A&T diary unit. Individual samples were treated with either 10ng/ml of PMA or Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 30 minutes at 370 C. Total RNA was isolated from blood, pooled and transcribed to cDNA, for real-time PCR. Cow specific primers LGALS -1, -2, -3, -4, -7, -8, -9, -12 were designed using the NCBI Primer 3 tool. Housekeeping genes RPLP0 and UCHL5 were used for normalization. Fold change was calculated using the Livak method (Fold change >2 were considered as significant). Secretion of GAL -1, -2, -3, -4, -8, -9 was assessed using bovine GAL specific ELISA kits. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SAS version 9.4. Treatment with PMA up regulated the transcription of LGALS -2, -4, -8, (2.28, 2.36, 2.39 folds respectively) and down regulated the transcription of LGALS -9 (-5.04 fold). Transcription of LGALS -1, -3, -7, 12 remained unchanged. All tested GAL were secreted. Treatment with PMA increased the secretion level of GAL -1, -3, -4 and decreased the secretion level of GAL -2, -4, -9 (P > 0.05). Thus, activation of PKC differentially modulates galectin gene expression and secretion in cow blood. The observed differences in treatment and control groups warrant further studies.

scholarly journals DNA Methylation Profiling for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Patients with Nontuberculous Mycobacterium Lung Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-512
Author(s):  
Jee Youn Oh ◽  
Young Kyung Ko ◽  
Jeong-An Gim
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacterium ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Log2 Fold Change ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Ntm Lung Disease

The incidence of nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) lung disease is rapidly increasing; however, its diagnosis and prognosis remain unclear while selecting patients who will respond to appropriate treatment. Differences in DNA methylation patterns between NTM patients with good or poor prognosis could provide important therapeutic targets. We used the Illumina MethylationEPIC (850k) DNA methylation microarray to determine the pattern between differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in NTM patients with good or poor prognosis (n = 4/group). Moreover, we merged and compared 20 healthy controls from previous Illumina Methylation450k DNA methylation microarray data. We selected and visualized the DMRs in the form of heatmaps, and enriched terms associated with these DMRs were identified by functional annotation with the “pathfinder” package. In total, 461 and 293 DMRs (|Log2 fold change| > 0.1 and p < 0.03) were more methylated in patients with four poor and four good prognoses, respectively. Furthermore, 337 and 771 DMRs (|Log2 fold change| > 0.08 and p < 0.001) were more methylated in eight NTM patients and 20 healthy controls, respectively. TGFBr1 was significantly less methylated, whereas HLA-DR1 and HLA-DR5 were more methylated in patients with poor prognosis (compared to those with good prognosis). LRP5, E2F1, and ADCY3 were the top three less-methylated genes in NTM patients (compared with the controls). The mTOR and Wnt signaling pathway-related genes were less methylated in patients with NTM. Collectively, genes related to Th1-cell differentiation, such as TGFBr1 and HLA-DR, may be used as biomarkers for predicting the treatment response in patients with NTM lung disease.

scholarly journals Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome in Turkey Poults: Causes, Diagnosis and Preventive Measures

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2063
Author(s):  
Awad A. Shehata ◽  
Shereen Basiouni ◽  
Reinhard Sting ◽  
Valerij Akimkin ◽  
Marc Hoferer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Turkey Poults ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Enteric Disorders ◽  
And Control ◽  
Enteropathogenic Viruses ◽  
Poult Enteritis

Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) is one of the most significant problem affecting turkeys and continues to cause severe economic losses worldwide. Although the specific causes of PEMS remains unknown, this syndrome might involve an interaction between several causative agents such as enteropathogenic viruses (coronaviruses, rotavirus, astroviruses and adenoviruses) and bacteria and protozoa. Non-infectious causes such as feed and management are also interconnected factors. However, it is difficult to determine the specific cause of enteric disorders under field conditions. Additionally, similarities of clinical signs and lesions hamper the accurate diagnosis. The purpose of the present review is to discuss in detail the main viral possible causative agents of PEMS and challenges in diagnosis and control.

Targeting unfolded protein response: a new horizon for disease control

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhu Khanna ◽  
Nishtha Agrawal ◽  
Ramesh Chandra ◽  
Gagan Dhawan
Keyword(s):  
Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Diseased State ◽  
Protein Response ◽  
And Control ◽  
Er Homeostasis ◽  
Signalling Cascade

Abstract Unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved pathway triggered during perturbation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in response to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins under various stress conditions like viral infection, diseased states etc. It is an adaptive signalling cascade with the main purpose of relieving the stress from the ER, which may otherwise lead to the initiation of cell death via apoptosis. ER stress if prolonged, contribute to the aetiology of various diseases like cancer, type II diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections etc. Understanding the role of UPR in disease progression will help design pharmacological drugs targeting the sensors of signalling cascade acting as potential therapeutic agents against various diseases. The current review aims at highlighting the relevance of different pathways of UPR in disease progression and control, including the available pharmaceutical interventions responsible for ameliorating diseased state via modulating UPR pathways.

scholarly journals Identification of SNPs Associated with Somatic Cell Score in Candidate Genes in Italian Holstein Friesian Bulls

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 366
Author(s):  
Riccardo Moretti ◽  
Dominga Soglia ◽  
Stefania Chessa ◽  
Stefano Sartore ◽  
Raffaella Finocchiaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Significant Snps ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Technology ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Holstein Bulls

Mastitis is an infectious disease affecting the mammary gland, leading to inflammatory reactions and to heavy economic losses due to milk production decrease. One possible way to tackle the antimicrobial resistance issue stemming from antimicrobial therapy is to select animals with a genetic resistance to this disease. Therefore, aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability of the SNPs found in candidate genes related to mastitis resistance in Holstein Friesian bulls. Target regions were amplified, sequenced by Next-Generation Sequencing technology on the Illumina® MiSeq, and then analyzed to find correlation with mastitis related phenotypes in 95 Italian Holstein bulls chosen with the aid of a selective genotyping approach. On a total of 557 detected mutations, 61 showed different genotype distribution in the tails of the deregressed EBVs for SCS and 15 were identified as significantly associated with the phenotype using two different approaches. The significant SNPs were identified in intergenic or intronic regions of six genes, known to be key components in the immune system (namely CXCR1, DCK, NOD2, MBL2, MBL1 and M-SAA3.2). These SNPs could be considered as candidates for a future genetic selection for mastitis resistance, although further studies are required to assess their presence in other dairy cattle breeds and their possible negative correlation with other traits.

scholarly journals In Vivo Assessment of Metabolic Abnormality in Alport Syndrome Using Hyperpolarized [1-13C] Pyruvate MR Spectroscopic Imaging

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Nguyen-Trong Nguyen ◽  
Eun-Hui Bae ◽  
Luu-Ngoc Do ◽  
Tien-Anh Nguyen ◽  
Ilwoo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Alport Syndrome ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Metabolic Imaging ◽  
Renal Metabolism ◽  
Hyperpolarized 13C ◽  
And Control

Alport Syndrome (AS) is a genetic disorder characterized by impaired kidney function. The development of a noninvasive tool for early diagnosis and monitoring of renal function during disease progression is of clinical importance. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI is an emerging technique that enables non-invasive, real-time measurement of in vivo metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using this technique for assessing changes in renal metabolism in the mouse model of AS. Mice with AS demonstrated a significant reduction in the level of lactate from 4- to 7-week-old, while the levels of lactate were unchanged in the control mice over time. This reduction in lactate production in the AS group accompanied a significant increase of PEPCK expression levels, indicating that the disease progression in AS triggered the gluconeogenic pathway and might have resulted in a decreased lactate pool size and a subsequent reduction in pyruvate-to-lactate conversion. Additional metabolic imaging parameters, including the level of lactate and pyruvate, were found to be different between the AS and control groups. These preliminary results suggest that hyperpolarized 13C MRI might provide a potential noninvasive tool for the characterization of disease progression in AS.

Swine influenza vaccines: current status and future perspectives

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjun Ma ◽  
Jürgen A. Richt
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Swine Disease ◽  
And Control

AbstractSwine influenza is an important contagious disease in pigs caused by influenza A viruses. Although only three subtypes of influenza A viruses, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2, predominantly infect pigs worldwide, it is still a big challenge for vaccine manufacturers to produce efficacious vaccines for the prevention and control of swine influenza. Swine influenza viruses not only cause significant economic losses for the swine industry, but are also important zoonotic pathogens. Vaccination is still one of the most important and effective strategies to prevent and control influenza for both the animal and human population. In this review, we will discuss the current status of swine influenza worldwide as well as current and future options to control this economically important swine disease.

ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL LOSSES CAUSED BY ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY ISSUES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.G. Shifrin ◽  
◽  
N.V. Limarenko ◽  
D.V. Trinz ◽  
D.S. Inozemtsev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact ◽  
And Control

This article discusses the problems of the influence of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) violations of electrical and electronic devices on the surrounding ecosystems. The analysis is carried out and the classification of EMC violations is given, the causes of the compatibility violation are examined, and the economic losses and the negative environmental impact, as a consequence of the considered violations, are analyzed. A classification and generalization of methods to minimize the negative consequences of EMC violations was carried out, criteria for reducing economic losses were considered, methods for preventing and preventing EMC violations of various power and electronic devices were classified. The methods of monitoring the compatibility of devices are considered and recommendations are given for observing the necessary safety and control requirements.

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