scholarly journals Recent Advances in Understanding the Influence of Zinc, Copper, and Manganese on the Gastrointestinal Environment of Pigs and Poultry

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1276
Author(s):  
Leon J. Broom ◽  
Alessandra Monteiro ◽  
Arturo Piñon
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Safety Margins ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Minimal Environmental Impact ◽  
Nutritional Benefits ◽  
Improve Health

Zinc, copper, and manganese are prominent essential trace (or micro) minerals, being required in small, but adequate, amounts by pigs and poultry for normal biological functioning. Feed is a source of trace minerals for pigs and poultry but variable bioavailability in typical feed ingredients means that supplementation with low-cost oxides and sulphates has become common practice. Such trace mineral supplementation often provides significant ‘safety margins’, while copper and zinc have been supplemented at supra-nutritional (or pharmacological) levels to improve health and/or growth performance. Regulatory mechanisms ensure that much of this oversupply is excreted by the host into the environment, which can be toxic to plants and microorganisms or promote antimicrobial resistance in microbes, and thus supplying trace minerals more precisely to pigs and poultry is necessary. The gastrointestinal tract is thus central to the maintenance of trace mineral homeostasis and the provision of supra-nutritional or pharmacological levels is associated with modification of the gut environment, such as the microbiome. This review, therefore, considers recent advances in understanding the influence of zinc, copper, and manganese on the gastrointestinal environment of pigs and poultry, including more novel, alternative sources seeking to maintain supra-nutritional benefits with minimal environmental impact.

The Effects of Varying Levels of Trace Mineral Supplementation on Feedlot Cattle Performance and Carcass Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 28-28
Author(s):  
Brittany A Lippy ◽  
Blake K Wilson ◽  
Colton A Robison
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Cattle Performance

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of 4 levels of trace mineral supplementation on feedlot cattle. Two hundred and forty Angus crossbred steers (n = 48, BW = 291 ± 27 kg) were stratified by arrival BW and source and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental treatments in a randomized complete block design (12 pens/ treatment; 5 steers/pen). Cattle went through a 35 d depletion period prior to the administration of treatments where cattle received a supplement that included zero trace minerals and was formulated to meet or exceed other nutrient requirements not met by the ration. Cattle were administered treatments after transition to the finishing ration. The treatments included a negative control (CON) which contained no added trace minerals, a requirement treatment (1X) in which cattle received added trace minerals at requirement levels indicated by NASEM (Co 0.15 mg/kg, Cu 10 mg/kg, Fe 50 mg/kg, I 0.5 mg/kg, Mn 20 mg/kg, Se 0.1 mg/kg, Zn 30 mg/kg; NASEM 2016), a 2 times requirement levels (2X) treatment, and a treatment at four times requirement (4X) levels recommended by the NASEM. Iron was kept constant at 50 mg/kg for 1X, 2X, and 4X treatments. Due to feeding laws, Selenium was included at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/kg for 1X, 2X, and 4X respectively. Treatment levels were chosen based on the 2015 Feedlot Consulting Nutritionist Survey. There was no difference in BW, ADG, overall DMI and G:F over the course of the experiment (Linear P ≥ 0.12; Quadratic P ≥ 0.17; CON vs Supplements P ≥ 0.47) There was no difference in marbling score, yield grade, back fat, REA, HCW, or dressing percentage between treatments (Linear P ≥ 0.23; Quadratic P ≥ 0.36; CON vs Supplements P ≥ 0.30). In conclusion, the lack of or addition of supplemented trace minerals at or above indicated requirement levels has no effect on cattle performance or carcass characteristics.

scholarly journals Inorganic and organic trace mineral supplementation in weanling pig diets

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 1071-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA C. THOMAZ ◽  
PEDRO H. WATANABE ◽  
LEONARDO A.F. PASCOAL ◽  
MURILO M. ASSIS ◽  
URBANO S. RUIZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Organic Trace ◽  
Inorganic And Organic

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inorganic and organic trace minerals in two levels of supplementation regarding performance, diarrhea occurrence, hematological parameters, fecal mineral excretion and mineral retention in metacarpals and liver of weanling pigs. Seventy piglets weaned at 21 days of age with an average initial body weight of 6.70 ± 0.38 kg were allotted in five treatments: control diet (no added trace mineral premix); 50% ITMP (control diet with inorganic trace mineral premix supplying only 50% of trace mineral requirements); 50% OTMP (control diet with organic trace mineral premix supplying only 50% of trace mineral requirements); 100% ITMP (control diet with inorganic trace mineral premix supplying 100% of trace mineral requirements); and 100% OTMP (control diet with organic trace mineral premix supplying 100% of trace mineral requirements). Feed intake and daily weight gain were not affected by treatments, however, piglets supplemented by trace minerals presented better gain:feed ratio. No differences were observed at calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sodium and sulfur excreted in feces per kilogram of feed intake. Treatments did not affect calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur and iron content in metacarpals. Trace mineral supplementation, regardless of level and source, improved the performance of piglets.

scholarly journals Methods of Trace Mineral Supplementation

EDIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Hersom ◽  
Todd A. Thrift
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Delivery Strategy ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Cattle Producer ◽  
Mineral Concentrations

Trace minerals supplementation is an integral component of the total diet for beef cattle. Trace minerals from the diet function in many of the metabolic processes associated with animal growth, health, and reproduction. It is essential that cattle have access to trace minerals in their diet. However, the forage cattle consume as the bulk of their diet is often deficient in trace mineral concentrations. Therefore, cattle need to be supplemented with trace minerals on a regular basis. Cattle producers can choose from a number of different methods to supplement trace minerals to cattle. Each method has characteristic advantages and disadvantages. The value of the characteristics should be evaluated against management activities of each cattle producer to determine the optimal trace mineral delivery strategy.

scholarly journals Trace Minerals and Livestock: Not Too Much Not Too Little

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta López-Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Intensively Managed

The new approaches of the animal production systems make managing the mineral nutrition a challenge. Versus the excessive, trace mineral supply in intensively managed livestock, well above the physiological requirements, is the no trace mineral supplementation of organic systems, which become highly dependent on trace minerals in the soil. Nowadays, in addition to the animal health perspective, trace mineral nutrition must be environment friendly and allow getting mineral-enriched animal products. We are in a new scenario, where a balance between animal trace mineral needs and limits is needed. This papers focuses on different aspects that will help us to enter a critical dialogue in relation to animal-human-environment.

scholarly journals Recent Advances of Photocatalytic Application in Water Treatment: A Review

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1804
Author(s):  
Guangmin Ren ◽  
Hongtao Han ◽  
Yixuan Wang ◽  
Sitong Liu ◽  
Jianyong Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Rapid Progress ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Photocatalytic Application ◽  
Oxidation Technology ◽  
Performance Challenges

Photocatalysis holds great promise as an efficient and sustainable oxidation technology for application in wastewater treatment. Rapid progress developing novel materials has propelled photocatalysis to the forefront of sustainable wastewater treatments. This review presents the latest progress on applications of photocatalytic wastewater treatment. Our focus is on strategies for improving performance. Challenges and outlooks in this promising field are also discussed. We hope this review will help researchers design low-cost and high-efficiency photocatalysts for water treatment.

PSIII-25 The effects of varying levels of trace mineral supplementation on mineral balance and antibody concentrations in feedlot cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 287-288
Author(s):  
Brittany A Lippy ◽  
Blake K Wilson ◽  
Colton A Robison
Keyword(s):  
Negative Control ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Herpesvirus Type ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Abstract Trace mineral (TM) supplementation is critical for optimal performance and health. The objective was to determine the effects of varying levels of TM supplementation on feedlot cattle TM status and antibody concentrations. Angus steers (n = 240; BW = 291 kg ± 27.4) were stratified by arrival BW and source and assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (12 pens/treatment; 5 steers/pen). Treatments included a negative control (CON) in which cattle received no TM supplementation, a requirement treatment (1X) in which cattle received added TM at 2016 Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle required levels, a 2 times requirements (2X), and a 4 times requirements (4X) treatment. Selenium was included at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/kg for 1X, 2X, and 4X respectively. Treatments were chosen based on reported TM supplementation levels from the 2015 Feedlot Consulting Nutritionist Survey. One steer was chosen at random from each pen to be evaluated for serum and liver TM status and antibody concentrations to respiratory viruses. There was treatment × day interaction for serum Co, and liver Cu and Se (P < 0.0001). Serum Co was greatest for the 4X treatment from d 28 through harvest. Liver Cu was greatest for the 2X and 4X treatments from d 56 through harvest. Liver Se was greatest for 2X and 4X from d 28 through harvest. There was an effect of day on liver Co, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn (P < 0.0001) and serum Cu, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn (P < 0.0019). Concentrations for individual TM had different trends over time, however, all reported values were within normal ranges. Serum Zn was greater at harvest (P = .02). There was an effect of time on Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 1A, Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1, Bovine Parainfluenza 3 virus antibody titer concentrations (P < 0.0001).

scholarly journals A Review of Self-Coherent Optical Transceivers: Fundamental Issues, Recent Advances, and Research Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7554
Author(s):  
Isiaka Alimi ◽  
Romil Patel ◽  
Nuno Silva ◽  
Chuanbowen Sun ◽  
Honglin Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
Signal Processing Algorithms ◽  
Processing Algorithms

This paper reviews recent progress on different high-speed optical short- and medium-reach transmission systems. Furthermore, a comprehensive tutorial on high-performance, low-cost, and advanced optical transceiver (TRx) paradigms is presented. In this context, recent advances in high-performance digital signal processing algorithms and innovative optoelectronic components are extensively discussed. Moreover, based on the growing increase in the dynamic environment and the heterogeneous nature of different applications and services to be supported by the systems, we discuss the reconfigurable and sliceable TRxs that can be employed. The associated technical challenges of various system algorithms are reviewed, and we proffer viable solutions to address them.

scholarly journals Effects of inorganic minerals replaced by complexed glycinates on growth, blood profiles, immune responses, intestinal morphology, and mineral excretion in piglets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xun Pei ◽  
Geng Wang ◽  
Lujie Liu ◽  
Wanjing Sun ◽  
Zhiping Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Mineral Excretion ◽  
Blood Profiles

Abstract BACKGROUND: The effects of inorganic trace minerals (ITM) replaced by low-dose glycine-complexed trace minerals (GCM) on growth, serum parameters, immunity, intestinal morphology, and mineral excretion in piglets were investigated. One hundred and twenty-eight weaned piglets (14.18 ± 0.33kg body weight (BW)) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 4 replicates, 8 piglets per replicate. Treatments consist of: (T1) basal diet + 100% inorganic trace mineral (ITM) as the control group (20 ppm Cu, 150 ppm Fe, 150 ppm Zn, and 30 ppm Mn from sulfates); (T2) basal diet + 50% ITM (Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn from sulfates, 50% of control) + 50% organic trace minerals (OTM, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn from glycine complexed trace minerals (GCM), 50% of control); (T3) basis diet + 50% OTM from GCM; (T4) basal diet + 70% OTM from GCM. The feeding period lasted 28 d and was divided into 2 stages (0 to 14 d and 15 to 28 d). After feeding trial , 6 pigs per treatment were randomly selected to slaughter for sampling. RESULTS: Average daily gain, feed intake, and G:F were not affected by dietary treatments during the overall period. During the second, and the overall feeding phases, the digestibility of Zn and Fe in T3 and T4 was higher than that of T1 ( P < 0.05). The concentration of serum ferritin in T2 was significantly higher than T3 and T4. Serum immunoglobulin A concentration in the ileal mucosa of T2 was higher than that of T1 ( P < 0.05), and the higher duodenum villus height was observed in T4 compared with the rest treatments ( P < 0.05). The lowest trace mineral excretion was overserved in T3 ( P < 0.01); in addition, the urinary concentrations of Zn and Fe in T2 were lower than that in T1 ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that GCM have higher bioavailability than ITM, and that supplementation of low-dose GCM to replace full dose ITM could reduce mineral excretion without affecting performance, blood profiles, immune responses, and intestinal morphology in piglets.

Strategies of inorganic and organic trace mineral supplementation in gestating hyperprolific sow diets: effects on the offspring performance and fetal programming

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Villagómez-Estrada ◽  
José F Pérez ◽  
Sandra van Kuijk ◽  
Diego Melo-Durán ◽  
Asal Forouzandeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Organic Mineral ◽  
Parity Number ◽  
Inorganic Mineral

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of trace mineral nutrition on sow performance, mineral content, and intestinal gene expression of neonate piglets when inorganic mineral sources (ITM) were partially replaced by their organic mineral (OTM) counterparts. At 35 d post-mating, under commercial conditions, a total of 240 hyperprolific multiparous sows were allocated into three experimental diets: 1) ITM: with Zn, Cu, and Mn at 80, 15, and 60 mg/kg, respectively; 2) Replace: with a 30 % replacement of ITM by OTM, resulting in ITM + OTM supplementation of Zn (56 + 24 mg/kg), Cu (10.5 + 4.5 mg/kg), and Mn (42 + 18 mg/kg); and 3) Reduce and replace (R&R): reducing a 50 % of the ITM source of Zn (40 + 24 mg/kg), Cu (7.5 + 4.5 mg/kg), and Mn (30 + 18 mg/kg). At farrowing, 40 piglets were selected, based on birth weight (light: &lt; 800 g, and average: &gt; 1,200 g), for sampling. Since the present study aimed to reflect results under commercial conditions, it was difficult to get an equal parity number between the experimental diets. Overall, no differences between experimental diets on sow reproductive performance were observed. Light piglets had a lower mineral content (P &lt; 0.05) and a downregulation of several genes (P &lt; 0.10) involved in physiological functions compared to their average littermates. Neonate piglets born from Replace sows had an upregulation of genes involved in functions like: Immunity and Gut barrier, compared to those born from ITM sows (P &lt; 0.10), particularly in light piglets. In conclusion, the partial replacement of ITM by their OTM counterparts represents an alternative to the totally inorganic supplementation with improvements on neonate piglet gene expression, particularly in the smallest piglets of the litter. The lower trace mineral storage together with the greater downregulation of gut health genes exposed the immaturity and vulnerability of small piglets.

scholarly journals 79 Effect of source and dietary concentration of trace minerals on serum mineral status, ruminal pH, and ruminal volatile fatty acids in lactating Holstein dairy cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 71-71
Author(s):  
Nicole T Briggs ◽  
Bayissa Hatew ◽  
Michael A Steele
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Mineral Status ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Dietary Concentration

Abstract Inorganic sources of trace minerals are commonly supplemented in dairy cow diets; however, there has been an increase in the supplementation of minerals complexed with organic compounds. These organic trace minerals are thought to have greater bioavailability which may enhance rumen fermentation and absorption. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary concentration and source of supplemental trace minerals on serum trace mineral status and rumen fermentation. Six lactating Holstein cows were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square design with a 23-day adaptation and 5-day experimental period. Cows were fed the same basal diet daily except for the difference in source [organic (ORG) versus inorganic (INO)] and concentration (50%, 100%, and 200% based on NRC recommendations) of trace mineral supplemented. During the experimental period feed intake and blood were collected daily. Rumen fluid was collected on the final two days of the experimental period. Data was analyzed with PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Dry matter intake (18.1 ± 0.70 kg), serum mineral concentrations (Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn), and rumen pH (6.5 ± 0.64) did not differ among the treatments. However, serum concentration of Co was higher in 200% ORG compared to 50% and 100% INO and 50% ORG. Ruminal concentration of acetate was higher in 50% and 100% ORG compared to 200% ORG. Butyrate ruminal concentration was higher at 50% ORG compared to 200% ORG. Ruminal propionate concentration was higher in 50% INO and 50% ORG compared to 100% INO and 200% ORG. These findings demonstrate serum trace mineral status and ruminal pH are not tightly controlled by the source of trace minerals when supplemented at 50%, 100% and 200% of the NRC recommendations, however rumen fermentation may be affected by the dietary concentration of trace minerals in the diet.

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