scholarly journals Toxic and Microbiological Effects of Iron Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles as Additives on Extended Ram Semen

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1011
Author(s):  
Ioannis A. Tsakmakidis ◽  
Theodoros Samaras ◽  
Sofia Anastasiadou ◽  
Athina Basioura ◽  
Aikaterini Ntemka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Ag Nps ◽  
Sperm Analysis ◽  
Rapid Movement

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of iron oxide (Fe) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) on ram semen. A skim milk extender without antibiotics was used as a diluent of 21 ejaculates (8 rams; 2–3 ejaculates/ram). The groups of control (C; semen without NPs), Fe NPs (3.072 mg Fe3O4/mL semen), and Ag NPs (2.048 mg Ag-Fe/mL semen) were incubated (15 °C; 30 min), and then a magnetic field was used for NPs’ removal. Standard microbiological procedures were performed for all groups. Post-treated samples were stored (15 °C) for 24 h, and sperm variables (kinetics by computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA); viability; morphology; HOST; DNA integrity) were evaluated at 6 and 24 h. Semen data were analyzed by a mixed model for repeated measures and microbiological data with Student’s t-test for paired samples. At 6 h of storage, VCL and rapid movement-spermatozoa, and at 24 h, total/progressive motility and amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) were significantly decreased in group Ag compared to control. In group Fe, progressive/rapid movement-spermatozoa were significantly lower compared to control after 24 h of storage. Only in group Ag was a significant reduction of total bacterial count revealed. In conclusion, the examined Fe NPs demonstrated slight antibacterial effect, while the examined Ag NPs provided higher antibacterial properties accompanied by cytotoxicity.

21 EVALUATION OF SEMEN EXTENDERS FOR SHORT-TERM STORAGE OF RAM SEMEN AT 4°C

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
M. Acharya ◽  
J. M. Burke ◽  
C. Hansen ◽  
R. W. Rorie
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Dilution Factor ◽  
Sperm Analysis ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Ram Sperm ◽  
Over Time

Preliminary studies found that progressive motility of ram sperm declined ~75% when stored at 4°C for 24 h, and continued to decline over time when using extenders supplemented with 5% egg yolk. The current study evaluated the effects of different combinations of extenders, ethylene glycol (EG), egg yolk, and penicillamine, hypotaurine, and epinephrine on ram sperm progressive motility during storage. Semen collected from 3 Katahdin and 2 Suffolk rams by electroejaculation was distributed across treatment combinations consisting of either TRIS citrate or milk extender supplemented with 5 or 20% (v/v) egg yolk, ± 1% ethylene glycol (EG) and ± 20 µM penicillamine, 10 µM hypotaurine and 2 µM epinephrine (PHE). For each semen collection, TRIS citrate extender was prepared from a 4× solution so that the TRIS, citric acid and fructose concentration were constant at 300, 94.7, 27.8 mM, respectively, regardless of semen dilution factor. A 4× milk extender was also used so that the extender contained 10% (w/v) milk powder, regardless of semen dilution factor. Both extenders were supplemented with 50 µg mL−1 of gentamicin. Semen was diluted in extender to a final concentration of 300 million sperm/mL in 1.5-mL tubes, and cooled to 4°C over a 2- to 3-h period. Semen was evaluated initially and daily for 3 days, using computer-assisted sperm analysis. Repeated-measures data were analysed using the mixed model (JMP 12.0 software; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) for main effects of extender, supplements, and their interactions. Nonsignificant interactions were removed from the model before reanalysis. Data are presented as LSMeans ± standard errors. Initially, sperm progressive motility averaged 41 ± 6.2% across treatments. After an initial decline, overall progressive motility did not change (P > 0.05) significantly (mean of 22.3 ± 1.6 and 23.05 ± 1.3% at 48 and 72 h, respectively). Over time and across treatment combinations, mean progressive motility was maintained to a greater extent (P < 0.01) by milk than TRIS-based extender (28.2 ± 1.1 v. 18.9 ± 1.1%, respectively). Across extenders, progressive motility of sperm was similar (P = 0.50) for 5 and 20% egg yolk (22.2 ± 1.4 v. 24.4 ± 1.4). Addition of 1% EG increased (P < 0.01) progressive motility (25.8 ± 1.05 v. 21.3 ± 1.05). Addition of PHE also increased (P < 0.01) progressive motility from 20.9 ± 1.04 to 26.3 ± 1.04%. There was an interaction between EG and % egg yolk, primarily due to an effect on sperm stored in TRIS citrate extender. Addition of 1% EG to extender containing 5% egg yolk improved (P < 0.01) progressive motility from 18.5 ± 1.5 to 26.9 ± 1.5%). Addition of 1% EG to TRIS citrate extender also increased (P < 0.05) progressive motility, from 14.6 ± 1.5 to 23.2 ± 1.5%. Results indicate that milk extender supplemented with 1% EG, PHE, and either 5 or 20% egg yolk is capable of maintaining progressive motility of ram semen at ~60% of its initial value when stored at 4°C for up to 72 h. Additional studies are needed to evaluate pregnancy rate after insemination of ewes with stored semen.

scholarly journals Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as an Alternative to Antibiotics Additive on Extended Boar Semen

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis A. Tsakmakidis ◽  
Theodoros Samaras ◽  
Sofia Anastasiadou ◽  
Athina Basioura ◽  
Aikaterini Ntemka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fe3o4 Nanoparticles ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Boar Semen

This study examined the effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on boar semen. Beltsville thawing solution without antibiotics was used to extend ejaculates from 5 boars (4 ejaculates/boar). Semen samples of control group (C) and group with Fe3O4 (Fe; 0.192 mg/mL semen) were incubated under routine boar semen storage temperature (17 °C) for 0.5 h and nanoparticles were removed by a magnetic field. Before and after treatment, aliquots of all groups were cultured using standard microbiological methods. The samples after treatment were stored (17 °C) for 48 h and sperm parameters (computer-assisted sperm analyzer (CASA) variables; morphology; viability; hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST); DNA integrity) were evaluated at storage times 0, 24, 48 h. Semen data were analyzed by a repeated measures mixed model and microbial data with Student’s t-test for paired samples. Regarding CASA parameters, Fe group did not differ from C at any time point. In group C, total motility after 24 h and progressive motility after 48 h of storage decreased significantly compared to 0 h. In group Fe, linearity (LIN) after 48 h and head abnormalities after 24 h of storage increased significantly compared to 0 h. The microbiological results revealed a significant reduction of the bacterial load in group Fe compared to control at both 24 and 48 h. In conclusion, the use of Fe3O4 nanoparticles during semen processing provided a slight anti-microbiological effect with no adverse effects on sperm characteristics.

scholarly journals Effect of Trehalose and Sucrose in Post-thaw Quality of Crassostrea angulata Sperm

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Anjos ◽  
Ana Luísa Santos ◽  
Daniel Duarte ◽  
Domitília Matias ◽  
Elsa Cabrita
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Artificial Seawater ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Sperm Cryopreservation ◽  
Sperm Analysis ◽  
Crassostrea Angulata ◽  
And Function

Sperm cryopreservation can be a helpful tool in reproductive management and preservation of biodiversity. However, the freezing methodologies lead to some damage in structure and function of cells that may compromise post-thaw sperm activity. Cryoprotectant supplementation with sugars proved to be a successful strategy to reduce cryodamage in sperm of several species, once allowing to stabilize the plasma membrane constituents. Therefore, this study intends to understand the effects of sugars in the plasma membrane, DNA integrity, and oxidative response during Portuguese oyster sperm cryopreservation. Three cryoprotectants solutions with an initial concentration of 20% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 20% DMSO complemented with 0.9 M trehalose or sucrose in artificial seawater were employed. Sperm samples of mature males were individually collected and diluted 1:10 (v/v) in artificial seawater followed by addition of cryoprotectants [1:1 (v/v)]. Thereafter, sperm was loaded into 0.5 ml straws, maintained at 4°C for 10 min, frozen in a programmable biofreezer at −6°C/min from 0 to −70°C, and stored in liquid nitrogen. Samples were thawed in a 37°C bath for 10 s. Several techniques were performed to evaluate post-thaw quality. Sperm motility and DNA integrity were analyzed by using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) software and comet assay. Flow cytometry was employed to determine membrane and acrosome integrity and to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis activity. Lipid peroxidation was determined by malondialdehyde (MDA) detection by using spectrophotometry. Sperm antioxidant capacity was evaluated through glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase. Motility was not affected by the extenders containing sugars; these compounds did not reduce the DNA damage. However, both the trehalose and sucrose protected plasma membrane of cells by increasing cell viability and significantly reducing MDA content. The same finding was observed for the ROS, where live cells registered significantly lower levels of ROS in samples cryopreserved with sugars. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was higher in treatments supplemented with sugars, although not significant. In conclusion, the addition of sugars seems to play an important role in protecting the Crassostrea angulata sperm membrane during cryopreservation, showing potential to improve the post-thaw sperm quality and protect the cells from cryoinjuries.

97 DIFFERENCES IN SPERM CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AMONG GOOD AND BAD BOAR SPERM FREEZERS

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
M. Hernández ◽  
J. Roca ◽  
J. Ballester ◽  
J. M. Vázquez ◽  
E. A. Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Sperm Chromatin ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Sperm Analysis ◽  
Fragmentation Index ◽  
Sperm Dna ◽  
Multivariate Pattern

Inter- and intra-boar differences in sperm freezability are observed independent of the sperm quality before freezing, the breed, or the genetic line. This study aimed to determine whether boars with different post-thaw sperm quality also show differences in sperm DNA integrity. Sperm-rich fractions (3 to 10 ejaculates per boar) from 19 fertile mature boars were extended in Beltsville thawing solution (BTS) and cooled to 17�C for 16 h. Then, samples were centrifuged at 2400g for 3 min, extended in freezing extender (lactose/egg yolk/glycerol/Equex STM; Nova Chemical Sales, Inc., Scituate, MA, USA) to a final concentration of 1 � 109 spermatozoa/mL, dispensed into 0.5 mL straws, and frozen in a programmable cell freezer at a rate of -20�C min. Thawing was carried out in a water bath at 37�C for 20 s. Frozen-thawed spermatozoa were evaluated for progressive sperm motility (PSM) using a computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system, and sperm viability (PMI) using flow cytometry. All data generated were used for a multivariate pattern analysis (PATN; CSIRO, Canberra, Australia) which objectively classified all boars into two groups, categorized as good (n = 10; >60% PSM and PMI) or bad (n = 9; <40% PSM and PMI) based on their sperm freezability. Post-thaw sperm quality was consistent for different ejaculates within boars (P < 0.05). The DNA-integrity of frozen-thawed spermatozoa was evaluated according to the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA; Evenson et al. 1980 Science 210, 1131-1133). All SCSA variables (X mean, DNA fragmentation index (DFI), and the standard deviation of the DFI), were significantly higher for bad freezers (P < 0.001). The percentage of spermatozoa with abnormal chromatin structure ranged from 1.06 to 3.42% for good and 3.06 to 6.04% for bad freezers. Although these differences exist between good and bad sperm freezers, and can only to some extent be the product of cryopreservation, the levels of affected spermatozoa can not explain the differences on post-thaw sperm survival seen in the two categories of sires. This work was supported by CICYT, AGL05-0471 (Spain), SLF and Formas (Sweden).

scholarly journals Tropical summer induces DNA fragmentation in boar spermatozoa: implications for evaluating seasonal infertility

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago T. Peña Jr. ◽  
Felicity Stone ◽  
Bruce Gummow ◽  
Anthony J. Parker ◽  
Damien B. B. P. Paris
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Large White ◽  
Sperm Analysis ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Boar Spermatozoa

Summer infertility continues to undermine pig productivity, costing the pig industry millions in annual losses. The boar’s inefficient capacity to sweat, non-pendulous scrotum and the extensive use of European breeds in tropical conditions, can make the boar particularly vulnerable to the effects of heat stress; however, the link between summer heat stress and boar sperm DNA damage has not yet been demonstrated. Semen from five Large White boars was collected and evaluated during the early dry, late dry and peak wet seasons to determine the effect of seasonal heat stress on the quality and DNA integrity of boar spermatozoa. DNA damage in spermatozoa during the peak wet was 16-fold greater than during the early dry and nearly 9-fold greater than during the late dry season. Sperm concentration was 1.6-fold lower in the peak wet than early dry whereas no difference was found across several motility parameters as determined by computer-assisted sperm analysis. These results demonstrate that tropical summer (peak wet season) induces DNA damage and reduces concentration without depressing motility in boar spermatozoa, suggesting that traditional methods of evaluating sperm motility may not detect inherently compromised spermatozoa. Boar management strategies (such as antioxidant supplementation) need to be developed to specifically mitigate this problem.

scholarly journals Effect of iron oxide and silver nanoparticles on boar semen CASA motility and kinetics

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 2331
Author(s):  
A. BASIOURA ◽  
I. MICHOS ◽  
A. NTEMKA ◽  
I. KARAGIANNIS ◽  
C.M. BOSCOS
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Fe3o4 Nps ◽  
Treatment Data ◽  
Boar Semen

The objective of the study was to investigate the potential toxic effect of iron oxide (Fe3O4) and silver (Ag/Fe) spherical nanoparticles (NPs) as alternative antimicrobial compounds on boar semen. The NPs’ minimum inhibitory concentration was determined applying the in vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation test and included in the experiment. Totally, 9 ejaculates (3 boars; 3 ejaculates/boar) were extended in BTS without antibiotics at 30×106 spermatozoa/mL and divided in 3 aliquots corresponding to the following groups: 1) Control group (C): extended semen without treatment; 2) Iron oxide group (Fe): extended semen with Fe3O4 NPs of diameter 40 nm (0.192 mg/mL semen); and 3) Silver group (Ag): extended semen with Ag/Fe NPs of diameter 30 nm, consisted of Ag and a 5% of zero-valent Fe (0.128 mg/mL semen). Semen samples of all groups were incubated at 17o C for 30 min following NPs’ removal through a magnetic field. All post treated samples were stored at 17o C for 48 h. Total motility (TM) and kinetics (progressive motility PM; rapid/medium/slow movement spermatozoa; static spermatozoa; VCL; VSL; VAP; LIN; STR; WOB; ALH; BCF; hyperactive spermatozoa) were evaluated by CASA system at 0, 24 and 48 h post treatment. Data were analyzed with a repeated measures mixed model. Group Fe did not differ from group C at any time point. TM and PM were lower at 24 h of storage in group Ag compared to groups C and Fe (all P<0.001). By 48 h of storage spermatozoa of group Ag were totally immotile and thus excluded from analysis. The comparison within groups and between storage time points showed that the values of TM, PM, VCL, VAP, ALH and BCF decreased after 24 h of storage in group Ag (all P<0.05), but not in groups C and Fe, while no significant differences were observed for the remaining parameters between successive time points within any group (P>0.05). In conclusion, Ag/Fe NPs demonstrated a harmful effect on boar spermatozoa, while the used concentration of the examined Fe3O4 NPs did not affect boar sperm CASA motility parameters enhancing further research about their application on semen handling.

scholarly journals Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Mouse Sperm Parameters and Testicular Tissue

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Sepideh Mirzaei Varzeghani ◽  
◽  
Kazem Parivar ◽  
Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar ◽  
Amin Karamian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Sperm Parameters ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Sperm Analysis

Background: Iron oxide nanoparticles are commonly used for various purposes, such as biomedical, medical, and cosmetic services and research. However, there is a little information about the effects of the nanoparticles on human health. The current investigation was conducted to evaluate the adverse effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNP) on the reproductive organs of mice, such as the testicular tissue and sperm cells. Methods: Twenty-eight male NMRI mice were randomly divided in four groups (N=7). The control group received only a regular diet. The experimental groups were administered FeNP in doses of 50, 150 and 300 mg/Kg intraperitoneally (IP), over four days. Epididymal sperm parameters, such as sperm number and motility were assessed by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Stereological analysis was also conducted on the histological sections. Results: The results demonstrated that FeNP (300 mg/Kg/day) caused a significant decrease in the sperm parameters, such as motility, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, spermatid, Sertoli, Leydig cells, total length of seminiferous tubules, and testicular interstitial tissue volumes. Conclusion: In summary, FeNP affected several reproductive tissue and cellular parameters at the administered dosage. Further research is required to examine the mechanism of action of FeNP the mice reproductive system.

Effects of Aging on the Subcortical Encoding of Stop Consonants

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-403
Author(s):  
Dania Rishiq ◽  
Ashley Harkrider ◽  
Cary Springer ◽  
Mark Hedrick
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Auditory Brainstem Responses ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Second Formant ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Purpose The main purpose of this study was to evaluate aging effects on the predominantly subcortical (brainstem) encoding of the second-formant frequency transition, an essential acoustic cue for perceiving place of articulation. Method Synthetic consonant–vowel syllables varying in second-formant onset frequency (i.e., /ba/, /da/, and /ga/ stimuli) were used to elicit speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses (speech-ABRs) in 16 young adults ( M age = 21 years) and 11 older adults ( M age = 59 years). Repeated-measures mixed-model analyses of variance were performed on the latencies and amplitudes of the speech-ABR peaks. Fixed factors were phoneme (repeated measures on three levels: /b/ vs. /d/ vs. /g/) and age (two levels: young vs. older). Results Speech-ABR differences were observed between the two groups (young vs. older adults). Specifically, older listeners showed generalized amplitude reductions for onset and major peaks. Significant Phoneme × Group interactions were not observed. Conclusions Results showed aging effects in speech-ABR amplitudes that may reflect diminished subcortical encoding of consonants in older listeners. These aging effects were not phoneme dependent as observed using the statistical methods of this study.

Power of Modified Brown-Forsythe and Mixed-Model Approaches in Split-Plot Designs

Methodology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Livacic-Rojas ◽  
Guillermo Vallejo ◽  
Paula Fernández ◽  
Ellián Tuero-Herrero
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Covariance Structure ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Fixed And Random Effects ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
High Level

Abstract. Low precision of the inferences of data analyzed with univariate or multivariate models of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in repeated-measures design is associated to the absence of normality distribution of data, nonspherical covariance structures and free variation of the variance and covariance, the lack of knowledge of the error structure underlying the data, and the wrong choice of covariance structure from different selectors. In this study, levels of statistical power presented the Modified Brown Forsythe (MBF) and two procedures with the Mixed-Model Approaches (the Akaike’s Criterion, the Correctly Identified Model [CIM]) are compared. The data were analyzed using Monte Carlo simulation method with the statistical package SAS 9.2, a split-plot design, and considering six manipulated variables. The results show that the procedures exhibit high statistical power levels for within and interactional effects, and moderate and low levels for the between-groups effects under the different conditions analyzed. For the latter, only the Modified Brown Forsythe shows high level of power mainly for groups with 30 cases and Unstructured (UN) and Autoregressive Heterogeneity (ARH) matrices. For this reason, we recommend using this procedure since it exhibits higher levels of power for all effects and does not require a matrix type that underlies the structure of the data. Future research needs to be done in order to compare the power with corrected selectors using single-level and multilevel designs for fixed and random effects.

Сравнительная оценка спермопродукции чистопородных и гибридных хряков-производителей

2017 ◽  
pp. 2-6
Author(s):  
Байлар Садраддинович Иолчиев ◽  
Анна Валиевна Таджиева ◽  
Павел Михайлович Кленовицкий ◽  
Вугар Алиевич Багиров ◽  
Александр Алексеевич Никишов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Sperm Analysis ◽  
Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis

Практической частью репродуктивной технологии является прогноз и оценка фертильности самцов. Существующие методы оценки семени не дают достаточно корректного прогноза результатов осеменения и, следовательно, репродуктивного потенциала того или иного производителя. В работе приведены данные комплексной оценки биологической полноценности семени чистопородных и гибридных хряков-производителей с использованием компьютерной технологии CASA (computer-assisted sperm analysis). Оценивали активность сперматозоидов в образцах классическим способом (микроскопирование) и с помощью компьютерной технологии, программа «Зоосперм 1.0». Исследования проводили в 2014 – 2015 гг. в Лаборатории репродуктивной криобиологии животных (Россия). Объектом исследования служила сперма чистопородных и гибридных хряков-производителей, разводимых в разных регионах Российской Федерации: крупная белая (n = 24), дюрок (n = 28), ландрас (n = 18), пьетрен (n = 8), гибридные (n = 6). Установлено, что высокими репродуктивными качествами отличаются хряки-производители породы ландрас и гибридов, от них в среднем за эякулят получено 290,2 и 290,6 мл спермы соответственно; наименьшими — хряки-производители породы пьетрен (270 мл). Частота встречаемости сперматозоидов с аномальной морфологией высокая у хряков-производителей породы дюрок (12 %) и пьетрен (15 %). Частота встречаемости аномалии в разных сегментах сперматозоидов зависит от индивидуальной особенности хряков-производителей. У одних производителей наиболее часто встречаются морфологические отклонения головки, например, у хряка породы ландрас оно составило 58,60 %, у других часто встречались отклонения от нормы в строении жгутика (12,1 – 29,3 %). Использование компьютерной технологии при оценке биологической полноценности сперматозоидов хряков-производителей является наиболее точным и информативным.

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