scholarly journals Speed and Blood Parameters Differ between Arabian and Žemaitukai Horses during Endurance Racing

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 995
Author(s):  
Indrė Poškienė ◽  
Renata Gruodytė ◽  
Jurgita Autukaitė ◽  
Vida Juozaitienė ◽  
Ramūnas Antanaitis
Keyword(s):  
Performance Optimization ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Type I ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Horse Breed ◽  
The World ◽  
Arabian Horse

Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) has described equine endurance racing as the second largest discipline in the world, above which is only show jumping. The Žemaitukai is an ancient indigenous Lithuanian horse breed known since the 6th or 7th century. The Arabian horse breed is one of the oldest human-developed horse breeds in the world. Compared with other race horse breeds, the muscle tissue of Arabian horses is characterized by significant differences in structure—a predominance of oxidative fiber type I is observed in Arabians, making them the prevailing breed in endurance racing. The Arabian horses are recognized as the leading breed in endurance competitions. Speed, pace, and total time in the race strategy have been extensively studied in human sports, and in contrast, this strategy appears to have been virtually ignored in equestrian sport, despite the potential for contributing to performance optimization. In relation to speed and total time in the race, there are limited data on postrace physical, biochemical, and blood gas parameters of endurance horses. Thus, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of speed on the blood parameters of the Arabian and Žemaitukai horses during an endurance race. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after the exercise. Biochemical and blood gas indicators were analyzed. The study showed significant increases in mean blood gasometrical indicators, such as partial carbon dioxide pressure (8.09–15.18%, p < 0.001); base excess in the extracellular fluid (14.01%, p < 0.001 in the Arabian horses and 172.01% in the Žemaitukai breed, p = 0.006); decreases of the blood electrolyte ionized calcium (4.38–8.72%, p < 0.001) and the hematocrit and hemoglobin values (20.05–20.12%, p < 0.001 in the Arabian horses and 6.22–6.23% in the Žemaitukai breed, p = 0.003–0.004); and decreases in the base excess in the blood values (29.24–39.38%, p < 0.001) and lactate (13.45–31.97%, p < 0.001) in the blood of both breeds in the post-competition horses. Significant increases after competition were determined for the values of creatinine (21.34–30.82%, p = 0.001–0.004), total bilirubin (50.84–56.24%, PH < 0.001), and albumin (2.63–4.48%, p = 0.048–0.001) for both breeds. For the faster Arabian horse breed, recovering after racing took half the time that the local Žemaitukai breed did.

scholarly journals Arterial Blood Gas Analysis: Selecting the Clinically Appropriate Option for Calculating Base Excess

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 614-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Peake ◽  
Graham H White
Keyword(s):  
Base Excess ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Blood Gas Analysis ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas Analysis ◽  
Acid Base Disturbance

As part of arterial blood gas analysis, base excess is often reported as a measure of non-respiratory acid-base disturbance. Most blood gas analysers offer the option of calculating either the base excess of the blood sample or the base excess of the extracellular fluid (ECF). We report a case that illustrates that selecting the physiologically appropriate parameter avoids the potential for misinterpretation of acid-base data. We recommend that the base excess of the ECF is the appropriate metabolic blood gas parameter for clinical use.

scholarly journals Muscle Changes in Lambs with Surgically Created Scoliosis Produced in Utero

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.M. Kent ◽  
W. Zingg ◽  
D. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Spinal Curvature ◽  
Surgical Trauma ◽  
Developmental Defect ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Muscle Changes ◽  
Type Ii Fibers

SUMMARY:Spinal curves may be produced in fetal lambs with three surgical techniques. These procedures vary from mere exposure of the costo-vertebral junction of three ribs through a paravertebral incision, to resection of the head and part of the adjacent shaft of three ribs. The fetal age varies from forty-nine to seventy-three days. The degree of curvature present at birth seems to increase in severity with decreasing fetal age at the time of surgery, but the type of surgical procedure does not appear to influence the severity of the curve, suggesting that the mechanical presence of the ribs does not prevent the development of scoliosis in these animals.Histological studies of the m. longissimus dorsi at the apices of the curves reveal two main types of abnormality in the muscle fibers. Both Type I and Type II fibers were significantly reduced in size in the biopsies taken from the side on which the surgery was performed, and there was marked alteration in the proportion of one fiber type to the other in most biopsies taken from both operated sides when compared with biopsies from unoperated twin animals.The fetal age and amount of surgical trauma appeared to play no role in the degree of muscle alteration, suggesting that even minimal surgical trauma to the paraspinal region at any fetal age between 49–73 days is sufficient to produce significant muscle fiber abnormality and spinal curvature.A parallel is drawn between these muscle findings and those in a number of human musculoskeletal diseases, and suggests the possibility of a developmental defect in the pathogenesis of these diseases.

The impact of fibropapillomatosis on clinical characteristics, blood gas, plasma biochemistry, and hematological profiles in juvenile green turtles ( Chelonia mydas)

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-734
Author(s):  
Tsung-Hsien Li ◽  
Chao-Chin Chang
Keyword(s):  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Chelonia Mydas ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Green Turtles ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a tumor- forming disease that afflicts all marine turtles and is the most common in green turtles (Chelonia mydas). In this study, the morphometric characteristics, blood gas, biochemistry, and hematological profiles of 28 (6 FP-positive and 22 FP-negative) green turtles from the coast of Taiwan were investigated. The results indicated that body weight ( P < 0.001) and curved carapace length (CCL; P < 0.001) in green turtles with FP were significantly higher than in turtles without FP. Furthermore, green turtles with FP had a significantly lower value of hemoglobin (HB; P = 0.010) and packed cell volume (PCV; P = 0.005) than turtles without FP. Blood cell counts of white blood cells (WBC; P = 0.008) and lymphocytes ( P = 0.022) were observed with significant difference; green turtles with FP had lower counts than turtles without FP. In addition, turtles with FP had significantly higher pH ( P = 0.036), base excess in extracellular fluid (BEecf; P = 0.012), bicarbonate (HCO3– ; P = 0.008), and total carbon dioxide (TCO2 ; P = 0.025) values than turtles without FP. The findings of this study provide valuable clinical parameters for the medical care of the species in sea turtle rehabilitation centers and help us to understand the physiological response of green turtles to different tumor-forming conditions.

Myostatin regulates fiber-type composition of skeletal muscle by regulating MEF2 and MyoD gene expression

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (3) ◽  
pp. C525-C534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Hennebry ◽  
Carole Berry ◽  
Victoria Siriett ◽  
Paul O'Callaghan ◽  
Linda Chau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Fiber Formation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Enhancer Activity ◽  
Fiber Type Composition ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Type Composition

Myostatin (Mstn) is a secreted growth factor belonging to the tranforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily. Inactivation of murine Mstn by gene targeting, or natural mutation of bovine or human Mstn, induces the double muscling (DM) phenotype. In DM cattle, Mstn deficiency increases fast glycolytic (type IIB) fiber formation in the biceps femoris (BF) muscle. Using Mstn null (−/−) mice, we suggest a possible mechanism behind Mstn-mediated fiber-type diversity. Histological analysis revealed increased type IIB fibers with a concomitant decrease in type IIA and type I fibers in the Mstn−/−tibialis anterior and BF muscle. Functional electrical stimulation of Mstn−/−BF revealed increased fatigue susceptibility, supporting increased type IIB fiber content. Given the role of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) in oxidative type I fiber formation, MEF2 levels in Mstn−/−tissue were quantified. Results revealed reduced MEF2C protein in Mstn−/−muscle and myoblast nuclear extracts. Reduced MEF2-DNA complex was also observed in electrophoretic mobility-shift assay using Mstn−/−nuclear extracts. Furthermore, reduced expression of MEF2 downstream target genes MLC1F and calcineurin were found in Mstn−/−muscle. Conversely, Mstn addition was sufficient to directly upregulate MLC promoter-enhancer activity in cultured myoblasts. Since high MyoD levels are seen in fast fibers, we analyzed MyoD levels in the muscle. In contrast to MEF2C, MyoD levels were increased in Mstn−/−muscle. Together, these results suggest that while Mstn positively regulates MEF2C levels, it negatively regulates MyoD expression in muscle. We propose that Mstn could regulate fiber-type composition by regulating the expression of MEF2C and MyoD during myogenesis.

Rostrocaudal pattern of fiber-type changes in an overloaded rat ankle extensor

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 558-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Gardiner ◽  
B. J. Jasmin ◽  
P. Corriveau
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Type ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hypertrophic Response ◽  
Type I Fibers

Our aim was to quantify the overload-induced hypertrophy and conversion of fiber types (type II to I) occurring in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle (MG). Overload of MG was induced by a bilateral tenotomy/retraction of synergists, followed by 12–18 wk of regular treadmill locomotion (2 h of walking/running per day on 3 of 4 days). We counted all type I fibers and determined type I and II mean fiber areas in eight equidistant sections taken along the length of control and overloaded MG. Increase in muscle weights (31%), as well as in total muscle cross-sectional areas (37%) and fiber areas (type I, 57%; type II, 34%), attested to a significant hypertrophic response in overloaded MG. An increase in type I fiber composition of MG from 7.0 to 11.5% occurred as a result of overload, with the greatest and only statistically significant changes (approximately 70–100%) being found in sections taken from the most rostral 45% of the muscle length. Results of analysis of sections taken from the largest muscle girth showed that it significantly underestimated the extent of fiber conversion that occurred throughout the muscle as a whole. These data obtained on the MG, which possesses a compartmentalization of fiber types, support the notion that all fiber types respond to this model with a similar degree of hypertrophy. Also, they emphasize the complex nature of the adaptive changes that occur in these types of muscles as a result of overload.

Kinetics of muscle deoxygenation and microvascular Po2 during contractions in rat: comparison of optical spectroscopy and phosphorescence-quenching techniques

2012 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunsaku Koga ◽  
Yutaka Kano ◽  
Thomas J. Barstow ◽  
Leonardo F. Ferreira ◽  
Etsuko Ohmae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Phosphorescence Quenching ◽  
Mean Response Time ◽  
Muscle Deoxygenation ◽  
Visible Light Spectroscopy

The overarching presumption with near-infrared spectroscopy measurement of muscle deoxygenation is that the signal reflects predominantly the intramuscular microcirculatory compartment rather than intramyocyte myoglobin (Mb). To test this hypothesis, we compared the kinetics profile of muscle deoxygenation using visible light spectroscopy (suitable for the superficial fiber layers) with that for microvascular O2 partial pressure (i.e., PmvO2, phosphorescence quenching) within the same muscle region (0.5∼1 mm depth) during transitions from rest to electrically stimulated contractions in the gastrocnemius of male Wistar rats ( n = 14). Both responses could be modeled by a time delay (TD), followed by a close-to-exponential change to the new steady level. However, the TD for the muscle deoxygenation profile was significantly longer compared with that for the phosphorescence-quenching PmvO2 [8.6 ± 1.4 and 2.7 ± 0.6 s (means ± SE) for the deoxygenation and PmvO2, respectively; P < 0.05]. The time constants (τ) of the responses were not different (8.8 ± 4.7 and 11.2 ± 1.8 s for the deoxygenation and PmvO2, respectively). These disparate (TD) responses suggest that the deoxygenation characteristics of Mb extend the TD, thereby increasing the duration (number of contractions) before the onset of muscle deoxygenation. However, this effect was insufficient to increase the mean response time. Somewhat differently, the muscle deoxygenation response measured using near-infrared spectroscopy in the deeper regions (∼5 mm depth) (∼50% type I Mb-rich, highly oxidative fibers) was slower (τ = 42.3 ± 6.6 s; P < 0.05) than the corresponding value for superficial muscle measured using visible light spectroscopy or PmvO2 and can be explained on the basis of known fiber-type differences in PmvO2 kinetics. These data suggest that, within the superficial and also deeper muscle regions, the τ of the deoxygenation signal may represent a useful index of local O2 extraction kinetics during exercise transients.

scholarly journals Analysis of blood gas beyond bicarbonate in outpatients with stage 3–5 chronic kidney disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilter Bozaci ◽  
Ali Nazmi Can Doğan ◽  
Merve Aktar ◽  
Alev Mahşer ◽  
Gizem Yıldırım ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Mixed Type ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Ckd Progression ◽  
Group 1

AbstractObjectivesMetabolic acidosis is a common disorder seen in course of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of Base excess (BE), Anion gap (AG) and Delta Ratio with progression of CKD, renal replacement therapy (RRT) requirement and mortality in patients with stage 3–5 CKD.MethodsA total of 212 patients with stage 3–5 CKD were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the baseline BE level. Patients were also grouped according to the delta ratio such as non- AG, High AG and mixed type.ResultsMean BE level was significantly lower (−4.7 ± 4.0 vs. −3.3 ± 4.3; p=0.02) in patients with CKD progression. The patients in group 1 (n: 130) (Be<−2.5) revealed more CKD progression (%53 vs. %32; p=0.002), and RRT requirement (%35 vs. %15; p=0.001). Baseline BE <−2.5 (odds ratio, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.91; p<0.05) and baseline GFR (odds ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90 to 0.97; p<0.001) were independently related to RRT requirement. Delta BE was independently associated with mortality (odds ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85–0.96; p<0.01).ConclusionsLow BE levels were associated with CKD progression and RRT requirement. BE change is associated with mortality during the follow-up of those patients.

Genetic and other determinants of AMP deaminase activity in healthy adult skeletal muscle

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1273-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Norman ◽  
Donna K. Mahnke-Zizelman ◽  
Amy Vallis ◽  
Richard L. Sabina
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Mutant Allele ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Training Status ◽  
Amp Deaminase ◽  
Normal Allele ◽  
Relative Percentage ◽  
Type I Fibers

AMPD1 genotype, relative fiber type composition, training status, and gender were evaluated as contributing factors to the reported variation in AMP deaminase enzyme activity in healthy skeletal muscle. Multifactorial correlative analyses demonstrate that AMPD1 genotype has the greatest effect on enzyme activity. An AMPD1 mutant allele frequency of 13.7 and a 1.7% incidence of enzyme deficiency was found across 175 healthy subjects. Homozygotes for the AMPD1 normal allele have high enzyme activities, and heterozygotes display intermediate activities. When examined according to genotype, other factors were found to affect variability as follows: AMP deaminase activity in homozygotes for the normal allele exhibits a negative correlation with the relative percentage of type I fibers and training status. Conversely, residual AMP deaminase activity in homozygotes for the mutant allele displays a positive correlation with the relative percentage of type I fibers. Opposing correlations in different homozygous AMPD1 genotypes are likely due to relative fiber-type differences in the expression of AMPD1 and AMPD3 isoforms. Gender also contributes to variation in total skeletal muscle AMP deaminase activity, with normal homozygous and heterozygous women showing only 85–88% of the levels observed in genotype-matched men.

In vitro human masseter muscle hypersensitivity: a possible explanation for increase in masseter tone

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 1547-1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Adnet ◽  
H. Reyford ◽  
B. M. Tavernier ◽  
T. Etchrivi ◽  
I. Krivosic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Masseter Muscle ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Maximal Tension

To determine whether a difference in fiber-type caffeine and Ca2+ sensitivities exists between human masseter and vastus lateralis skeletal muscle, we compared the fiber-type caffeine sensitivities in chemically skinned muscle fibers from 13 masseter and 18 vastus lateralis muscles. Caffeine sensitivity was defined as the threshold concentration inducing > 10% of the maximal tension obtained after the fiber was loaded with a 1.6 x 10(-2) mM Ca2+ solution for 30 s. Significant difference in the mean caffeine sensitivity was found between type I masseter fibers [2.57 +/- 1.32 (SD) mM] vs. type I (6.02 +/- 1.74 mM) and type II vastus lateralis fibers (11.25 +/- 3.13 mM). Maximal Ca(2+)-activated force per cross-sectional area was significantly different between masseter and vastus lateralis fibers. However, the Ca2+ concentration corresponding to half-maximal tension (pCa50) was not significantly different between type I masseter (pCa50 5.9 +/- 0.02) and type I vastus lateralis muscle (pCa50 6.01 +/- 0.08). These results suggest that the increase in caffeine sensitivity of masseter muscle reflects the presence of a low reactivity threshold of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Shortening velocity and ATPase activity of rat skeletal muscle fibers: effects of endurance exercise training

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (6) ◽  
pp. C1699-C1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Schluter ◽  
R. H. Fitts
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Type I ◽  
Marker Enzyme ◽  
Shortening Velocity

Mechanical properties were measured in single skinned fibers from rat hindlimb muscle to test the hypothesis that the fast type IIb fiber exhibits a higher maximal shortening velocity (Vo) than the fast type IIa fiber and that the difference is directly attributable to a higher myofibrillar adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity in the type IIb fiber. Additional measurements were made to test the hypotheses that regular endurance exercise increases and decreases the Vo of the type I and IIa fiber, respectively, and that the altered Vo is associated with a corresponding change in the fiber ATPase activity. Rats were exercised by 8-12 wk of treadmill running for 2 h/day, 5 day/wk, up a 15% grade at a speed of 27 m/min. Fiber Vo was determined by the slack test, and the ATPase was measured fluorometrically in the same fiber. The myosin isozyme profile of each fiber was subsequently determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The mean +/- SE Vo (7.9 +/- 0.22 fiber lengths/s) of the type IIb fiber was significantly greater than the type IIa fiber (4.4 +/- 0.21 fiber lengths/s), and the higher Vo was associated with a higher ATPase activity (927 +/- 70 vs. 760 +/- 60 microM.min-1.mm-3). The exercise program induced cardiac hypertrophy and an approximately twofold increase in the mitochondrial marker enzyme citrate synthase. Exercise had no effect on fiber diameter or peak tension per cross-sectional area in any fiber type, but, importantly, it significantly increased (23%) both the Vo and the ATPase activity of the slow type I fiber of the soleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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