scholarly journals Animal Welfare Issues in Capture-Based Aquaculture

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 956
Author(s):  
Uthpala Chandararathna ◽  
Martin Hugo Iversen ◽  
Kjetil Korsnes ◽  
Mette Sørensen ◽  
Ioannis N. Vatsos
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Fish Welfare ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Intensive Aquaculture ◽  
Aquaculture Production

Capture-based aquaculture (CBA) represents a type of intensive aquaculture production system for some economically valuable fish species, such as bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), eel (Anguilla spp.) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). In CBA, fish are captured from the wild in certain periods of the year, and following a recovery phase, they are kept in rearing facilities for a period of time, until they reach the market size. In this case, the fish are wild and have not gone through domestication like other fish species that are reproduced and farmed under the established farming systems. Therefore, these fish are not genetically adapted to live under the intensive farming conditions, and thus their welfare may be compromised in different manners compared to their domesticated counterparts. This review presents an overview of the current situation of CBA, while focusing on the assessment of fish welfare in CBA. The most commonly used fish welfare indicators will be discussed in relation to the different stages of CBA.

scholarly journals Fish aggregating sound technique (FAST): how low-frequency sound could be used in fishing and ranching of cod

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1258-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Björnsson
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Sea Cage ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Harmful Effects

Abstract In marine fisheries, considerable development has occurred in capture technology. Yet, some of the current fishing methods impact the environment by large greenhouse gas emission, harmful effects to benthic communities, and/or high bycatch of juvenile and unwanted species. It is proposed that for some fish species these deficiencies could be mitigated by classical conditioning using sound and food reward to concentrate wild fish before capture with environmentally friendly fishing gear. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), which globally is among the fish species with the highest landed value, can be acoustically trained. In a sea cage, it takes about a week to train a group of naïve cod to associate low frequency (250 Hz) sound with food, whereas the training of a group of naïve cod accompanied with one trained cod takes less than a day. In inshore areas, it takes a few weeks to attract thousands of cod to stations where food is regularly delivered. These conditioned cod wait at the stations for their meals and do not mingle much with the unconditioned cod which hunt for wild prey. It is suggested that by calling acoustically conditioned fish between stations, a much larger number of naïve fish can be gathered. This so-called fish aggregating sound technique (FAST) may thus facilitate the accumulation of wild fish and expedite their capture with a purse seine or a trap in a way that minimizes fuel consumption and mortality of juveniles and unwanted species. The operation of FAST requires exclusive rights of a designated fishing area. The exclusivity makes it possible to on-grow the fish in free-ranging schools and sea cages for several months to increase their size and food quality before capture.

Changes in the Diet of Demersal Fish due to Eutrophication-Induced Hypoxia in the Kattegat, Sweden

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif Pihl
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Demersal Fish ◽  
Organic Enrichment ◽  
Fish Diet ◽  
Dietary Shift ◽  
Term Change

The diets of five dominant bottom-feeding fish species, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), whiting (Merlangius merlangus), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), dab (Limanda limanda), and American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), were analysed during spring and autumn between May 1984 and April 1988 in the southeast Kattegat. A general long-term change in the diet of bottom-feeding fish in the Kattegat has taken place since the beginning of the century and, for some of the species, the feeding pattern was different from that in adjacent areas. The observed dietary shift appeared to be due to changes in species composition of benthic macrofauna. Prey species favored by increased organic enrichment were dominant in the diet. Several infaunal species increased in dietary importance during recent hypoxia. In contrast, during hypoxia, a reduction of epibenthic crustaceans was observed in the fish diet. This study emphasizes the potential effects of organic enrichment and hypoxia (due to eutrophication) on trophic interactions in marine benthic communities. Repeated stress from hypoxia might favor small-sized prey species with a short life cycle, which would in turn favor small-sized fishes. Thus, altered food resources and the direct effects of hypoxia might result in shift in dominance among demersal fish species.

scholarly journals Low incidence of plastic ingestion among three fish species significant for human consumption on the island of Newfoundland, Canada

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Liboiron
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Cultural Importance ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Food Fish ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Contamination Levels

This study reports the first baselines of plastic ingestion for three fish species that are common commercial and sustenance food fish in Newfoundland. Species collections occurred between 2015 and 2016 for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and capelin (Mallotus villosus). The frequency of occurrence (%FO) of plastic ingestion for both Atlantic salmon (n = 69) and capelin (n = 350) was 0%. Of the 1010 Atlantic cod individuals collected over two years, 17 individuals had ingested plastics, a %FO of 1.68%. This is the only multi-year investigation of plastic ingestion in Atlantic cod for the Northwest Atlantic, and the first baseline of plastic ingestion in Atlantic salmon and capelin on the island of Newfoundland. Considering the ecological, economic, and cultural importance of these fish species, this study is the beginning of a longitudinal study of plastic ingestion to detect any future changes in contamination levels.

Sea fish fraud? A confirmation of Gadoid species food labelling

2017 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Kyrova ◽  
Pavla Surmanova ◽  
Vladimir Ostry ◽  
Irena Rehurkova ◽  
Jiri Ruprich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fish Meat ◽  
Fish Fillets ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
Sea Fish

Purpose Gadoid fish and hake are the species of fishes most frequently imported to the Czech Republic. The purpose of this paper, cross-country hygiene study, is to determine sea fish fraud labelling on the Czech market and catering. Design/methodology/approach In total, 57 samples of commercial Gadoid fish product from different manufacturers, distributors and catering facilities were gathered. Gadidae family, hake (Merluccius spp. Raf.), saithe (Pollachius virens L.), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.), Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma Pall.), were detected in fish meat, fish products and fish meals by the qualitative PCR method. Findings In total, 47 samples were labelled as a Gadoid fish, which were confirmed in 43 cases. Six samples were labelled as a hake and were confirmed in five samples. Four samples were labelled as a fish fillets. Three samples of fish fillets were identified as a hake and one sample was detected as a mixture of Alaska pollock and Atlantic cod. Social implications In recent years, due to increasing interest from consumers in the sea fish meat market, accurate Identification of fish species has become more important. The mislabelling of sea fish species, whether intentional or not, was on observed on the Czech market and in catering facilities. Economic factors influence the accuracy of labelling of fish meat, which is a concern as mislabelling can threaten public health. Originality/value The study was concentrated on the monitoring of hygiene and quality of food products and catering facilities. This study provides greater awareness of the condition and quality of food on the market and to the extent of fraudulent practices amongst dealers and producers.

scholarly journals The Use of Extracellular Membrane Vesicles for Immunization against Francisellosis in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.)

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Verena Mertes ◽  
Alexander Kashulin Bekkelund ◽  
Leidy Lagos ◽  
Elia Ciani ◽  
Duncan Colquhoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus

Francisellosis in fish is caused by the facultative intracellular Gram-negative bacterial pathogens Francisella noatunensis ssp. noatunensis and Francisella orientalis. The disease is affecting both farmed and wild fish worldwide and no commercial vaccines are currently available. In this study, we tested isolated membrane vesicles (MVs) as possible vaccine candidates based on previous trials in zebrafish (Danio rerio) indicating promising vaccine efficacy. Here, the MV vaccine-candidates were tested in their natural hosts, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Injection of MVs did not display any toxicity or other negative influence on the fish and gene expression analysis indicated an influence on the host immune response. However, unlike in other tested fish species, a protective immunity following vaccine application and immunization period could not be detected in the Atlantic cod or tilapia. Further in vivo studies are required to achieve a better understanding of the development of immunological memory in different fish species.

scholarly journals Key Drivers of Ecological Assembly in the Hindgut of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) when Fed with a Macroalgal Supplemented diet – How Robust Is the Gut to Taxonomic Perturbation?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Keating ◽  
M. Bolton-Warberg ◽  
J. Hinchcliffe ◽  
R. Davies ◽  
S. Whelan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dispersal Limitation ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Random Events ◽  
Selection Variable ◽  
Aquaculture Production ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of any species is shaped by internal and external cues in addition to random events which can be difficult to disentangle from a range of interacting variables. Estimating ecological assembly processes can help elucidate these factors. In our study, farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were fed a diet of 10% macroalgae supplement (Ulva rigida species [ULVA] or Ascophyllum nodosum [ASCO] or a non-amended control diet [CTRL]) over a 12-week period and the ecological assembly processes quantified. The CTRL samples showed selection (variable selection - divergence in communities related to selective environmental conditions) as a key assembly process, while dispersal limitation (limited movement results in divergent communities through stochastic processes) was a driver of the gut microbiome for fish fed the macroalgae supplemented diet at Week 12 (i.e., ASCO and ULVA). Fish from the ASCO grouping diverged into ASCO_N (normal) and ASCO_LG (lower growth), where ASCO_LG individuals found the diet unpalatable. The recruitment of new taxa over time was altered in the ASCO_LG fish, with the gut microbiome showing phylogenetic under dispersion (nepotistic recruitment of species). Finally, the gut microbiome (CTRL and ULVA only) showed increasing robustness to taxonomic disturbance over time and an increase in functional redundancy. This study advances our understanding of the ecological assembly and succession in the hindgut of juvenile Atlantic cod across dietary regimes. Understanding the processes driving ecological assembly in the gut microbiome, in fish research specifically, could allow us to manipulate the microbiome for improved health or resilience to disease for improved aquaculture production.

scholarly journals A decade of monitoring Atlantic cod Gadus morhua spawning aggregations in Massachusetts Bay using passive acoustics

2020 ◽  
Vol 635 ◽  
pp. 89-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Caiger ◽  
MJ Dean ◽  
AI DeAngelis ◽  
LT Hatch ◽  
AN Rice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Acoustic Monitoring ◽  
Massachusetts Bay ◽  
Passive Acoustic Monitoring ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Spawning Aggregations ◽  
Passive Acoustic

Atlantic cod Gadus morhua populations in the northeast USA have failed to recover since major declines in the 1970s and 1990s. To rebuild these stocks, managers need reliable information on spawning dynamics in order to design and implement control measures; discovering cost-effective and non-invasive monitoring techniques is also favorable. Atlantic cod form dense, site-fidelic spawning aggregations during which they vocalize, permitting acoustic detection of their presence at such times. The objective of this study was to detect spawning activity of Atlantic cod using multiple fixed-station passive acoustic recorders to sample across Massachusetts Bay during the winter spawning period. A generalized linear modeling approach was used to investigate spatio-temporal trends of cod vocalizing over 10 consecutive winter spawning seasons (2007-2016), the longest such timeline of any passive acoustic monitoring of a fish species. The vocal activity of Atlantic cod was associated with diel, lunar, and seasonal cycles, with a higher probability of occurrence at night, during the full moon, and near the end of November. Following 2009 and 2010, there was a general decline in acoustic activity. Furthermore, the northwest corner of Stellwagen Bank was identified as an important spawning location. This project demonstrated the utility of passive acoustic monitoring in determining the presence of an acoustically active fish species, and provides valuable data for informing the management of this commercially, culturally, and ecologically important species.

scholarly journals Legacy and Emerging Contaminants in Demersal Fish Species from Southern Norway and Implications for Food Safety

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1108
Author(s):  
Marco Parolini ◽  
Sara Panseri ◽  
Federico Håland Gaeta ◽  
Federica Ceriani ◽  
Beatrice De Felice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Demersal Fish ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Southern Norway ◽  
Number Of Individuals

The present study aimed at measuring the levels of legacy and emerging contaminants in fillet samples from four demersal fish caught in two fishing sites from Southern Norway, in order to assess possible implications for food safety. Levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs), organophosphate pesticides (OPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in fillet from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), lemon sole (Microstomus kitt), and European flounder (Platichthys flesus) specimens. A negligible contamination by all the investigated chemicals was noted in both the fishing sites, as very low levels of OCs, PCBs, and PFASs were noted in a limited number of individuals for each species. Considering the levels of contaminants measured in fillets of the four demersal fish species, negligible risk for human health for Norwegian consumers can be supposed.

Cultivation/depensation effects on juvenile survival and recruitment: implications for the theory of fishing

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Walters ◽  
James F Kitchell
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Juvenile Survival ◽  
Recruitment Success ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Dominant Fish ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Major Target ◽  
Adult Abundance

Large, dominant fish species that are the basis of many fisheries may be naturally so successful due partly to "cultivation effects," where adults crop down forage species that are potential competitors/predators of their own juveniles. Such effects imply a converse impact when adult abundance is severely reduced by fishing: increases in forage species may then cause lagged, apparently depensatory decreases in juvenile survival. Depensatory effects can then delay or prevent stock rebuilding. Cultivation effects are apparently common in freshwater communities and may also explain low recruitment success following severe declines of some major marine stocks such as Newfoundland Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Risk of depensatory effects should be a major target of recruitment research, and management policies should aim for considerably higher spawning abundances than has previously been assumed necessary based on recruitment data collected during adult stock declines associated with fishery development.

A Novel Method for Predicting Anisakid Nematode Infection of Atlantic Cod Using Rough Set Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-508
Author(s):  
Barbara Wąsikowska ◽  
Ewa Sobecka ◽  
Iwona Bielat ◽  
Monika Legierko ◽  
Beata Więcaszek
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Rough Set ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Rough Set Theory ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Pseudoterranova Decipiens ◽  
Parasite Infections

ABSTRACT Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) is one of the most important fish species in the fisheries industries of many countries; however, these fish are often infected with parasites. The detection of pathogenic larval nematodes is usually performed in fish processing facilities by visual examination using candling or by digesting muscles in artificial digestive juices, but these methods are both time and labor intensive. This article presents an innovative approach to the analysis of cod parasites from both the Atlantic and Baltic Sea areas through the application of rough set theory, one of the methods of artificial intelligence, for the prediction of food safety in a food production chain. The parasitological examinations were performed focusing on nematode larvae pathogenic to humans, e.g., Anisakis simplex, Contracaecum osculatum, and Pseudoterranova decipiens. The analysis allowed identification of protocols with which it is possible to make preliminary estimates of the quantity and quality of parasites found in cod catches before detailed analyses are performed. The results indicate that the method used can be an effective analytical tool for these types of data. To achieve this goal, a database is needed that contains the patterns intensity of parasite infections and the conditions of commercial fish species in different localities in their distributions.

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