scholarly journals Application of Olive By-Products in Livestock with Emphasis on Small Ruminants: Implications on Rumen Function, Growth Performance, Milk and Meat Quality

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
Ouranios Tzamaloukas ◽  
Marina C. Neofytou ◽  
Panagiotis E. Simitzis
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
By Products

The olive oil industry has a leading position in the Mediterranean countries, resulting in the production of considerable quantities of the respective by-products (OB) that constitute an important environmental issue. OB contain valuable nutrients and bioactive components that can be re-used under the bioeconomy strategy, and several chemical, physical, and biological processes have been evaluated with the intention to improve their nutritional value. One feasible application of OB is their incorporation in the diets of livestock and especially ruminants due to their high fiber content. As indicated by numerous studies, OB dietary supplementation increases the levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and decreases that of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in the milk and meat of ruminants with beneficial effects for consumers’ health. At the same time, environmental impact and feeding costs are reduced without detrimental effects on ruminal fermentation, nutrients utilization, growth performance, carcass traits, milk yield and composition.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Fatty Acids Profile as a Useful Tool towards Valorization of By-Products of Agri-Food Industry

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2867
Author(s):  
Rui Ferreira ◽  
Sílvia Lourenço ◽  
André Lopes ◽  
Carlos Andrade ◽  
José S. Câmara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
By Products

Worldwide, the food industry generates a large number of by-products from a wide variety of sources. These by-products represent an interesting and economical source of added value components with potential functionalities and/or bioactivities, which might be explored for industrial purposes, encouraging and promoting the circular economy concept. In this context, the current work aimed to evaluate the fatty acids (FAs) profile using gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), as well as the determination of related health lipid indices (e.g., atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI)) as a powerful strategy to investigate the potential applications of different agri-food by-products for human nutrition and animal feeding. This work results showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the predominant group in grape pomace (72.7%), grape bunches (54.3%), and brewer’s spent grain (BSG, 59.0%), whereas carrot peels are dominated by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs, 47.3%), and grape stems (46.2%), lees (from 50.8 to 74.1%), and potato peels (77.2%) by saturated fatty acids (SFAs). These findings represent a scientific basis for exploring the nutritional properties of agri-food by-products. Special attention should be given to grape pomace, grape bunches, and BSG since they have a high content of PUFAs (from 54.3 to 72.7%) and lower AI (from 0.11 to 0.38) and TI (from 0.30 to 0.56) indexes, suggesting their potential to provide a variety of health benefits against cardiovascular diseases including well-established hypotriglyceridemia and anti-inflammatory effects, products to which they are added.

scholarly journals UK Food Standards Agencycis-monounsaturated fatty acid workshop report

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Sanderson ◽  
Jason M. R. Gill ◽  
Chris J. Packard ◽  
Thomas A. B. Sanders ◽  
Bengt Vessby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Multi Centre Study ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Food Standards ◽  
Total Fat

The UK Food Standards Agency convened a group of expert scientists to review current research investigating the optimal dietary intake forn-9cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The aim was to review the mechanisms underlying the reported beneficial effects of MUFA on CHD risk, and to establish priorities for future research. The issue of optimal MUFA intake is contingent upon optimal total fat intake; however, there is no consensus of opinion on what the optimal total fat intake should be. Thus, it was recommended that a large multi-centre study should look at the effects on CHD risk of MUFA replacement of saturated fatty acids in relation to varying total fat intakes; this study should be of sufficient size to take account of genetic variation, sex, physical activity and stage of life factors, as well as being of sufficient duration to account for adaptation to diets. Recommendations for studies investigating the mechanistic effects of MUFA were also made. Methods of manipulating the food chain to increase MUFA at the expense of saturated fatty acids were also discussed.

Differential Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Body Composition and Adiposity

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Emamat ◽  
Zahra Yari ◽  
Hossein Farhadnejad ◽  
Parvin Mirmiran
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Total Body

Recent evidence has highlighted that fat accumulation, particularly abdominal fat distribution, is strongly associated with metabolic disturbance. It is also well-recognized that the metabolic responses to variations in macronutrients intake can affect body composition. Previous studies suggest that the quality of dietary fats can be considered as the main determinant of body-fat deposition, fat distribution, and body composition without altering the total body weight; however, the effects of dietary fats on body composition have controversial results. There is substantial evidence to suggest that saturated fatty acids are more obesogen than unsaturated fatty acids, and with the exception of some isomers like conjugate linoleic acid, most dietary trans fatty acids are adiposity enhancers, but there is no consensus on it yet. On the other hand, there is little evidence to indicate that higher intake of the n-3 and the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids can be beneficial in attenuating adiposity, and the effect of monounsaturated fatty acids on body composition is contradictory. Accordingly, the content of this review summarizes the current body of knowledge on the potential effects of the different types of dietary fatty acids on body composition and adiposity. It also refers to the putative mechanisms underlying this association and reflects on the controversy of this topic.

scholarly journals Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids inhibit ACE2-controlled SARS-CoV-2 binding and cellular entry

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Goc ◽  
Aleksandra Niedzwiecki ◽  
Matthias Rath
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Cathepsin L ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Lipid Compounds

AbstractThe strain SARS-CoV-2, newly emerged in late 2019, has been identified as the cause of COVID-19 and the pandemic declared by WHO in early 2020. Although lipids have been shown to possess antiviral efficacy, little is currently known about lipid compounds with anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry properties. To address this issue, we screened, overall, 17 polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids, as wells as lipid-soluble vitamins. In performing target-based ligand screening utilizing the RBD-SARS-CoV-2 sequence, we observed that polyunsaturated fatty acids most effectively interfere with binding to hACE2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Using a spike protein pseudo-virus, we also found that linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid significantly block the entry of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, eicosapentaenoic acid showed higher efficacy than linolenic acid in reducing activity of TMPRSS2 and cathepsin L proteases, but neither of the fatty acids affected their expression at the protein level. Also, neither reduction of hACE2 activity nor binding to the hACE2 receptor upon treatment with these two fatty acids was observed. Although further in vivo experiments are warranted to validate the current findings, our study provides a new insight into the role of lipids as antiviral compounds against the SARS-CoV-2 strain.

scholarly journals Differential Deleterious Impact of Highly Saturated Versus Monounsaturated Fat Intake on Vascular Function, Structure, and Mechanics in Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1003
Author(s):  
Elena Vega-Martín ◽  
Marta Gil-Ortega ◽  
Raquel González-Blázquez ◽  
Sara Benedito ◽  
Jesús Fernández-Felipe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Thoracic Aorta ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Mesenteric Arteries ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
The Impact

Vegetable oils such as palm oil (enriched in saturated fatty acids, SFA) and high-oleic-acid sunflower oil (HOSO, containing mainly monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFA) have emerged as the most common replacements for trans-fats in the food industry. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of SFA and MUFA-enriched high-fat (HF) diets on endothelial function, vascular remodeling, and arterial stiffness compared to commercial HF diets. Five-week-old male C57BL6J mice were fed a standard (SD), a HF diet enriched with SFA (saturated oil-enriched Food, SOLF), a HF diet enriched with MUFA (unsaturated oil-enriched Food, UOLF), or a commercial HF diet for 8 weeks. Vascular function was analyzed in the thoracic aorta. Structural and mechanical parameters were assessed in mesenteric arteries by pressure myography. SOLF, UOLF, and HF diet reduced contractile responses to phenylephrine and induced endothelial dysfunction in the thoracic aorta. A significant increase in the β-index, and thus in arterial stiffness, was also detected in mesenteric arteries from the three HF groups, due to enhanced deposition of collagen in the vascular wall. SOLF also induced hypotrophic inward remodeling. In conclusion, these data demonstrate a deleterious effect of HF feeding on obesity-related vascular alterations that is exacerbated by SFA.

scholarly journals Bioactive Lipids of Seaweeds from the Portuguese North Coast: Health Benefits versus Potential Contamination

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1366
Author(s):  
Cristina Soares ◽  
Sara Sousa ◽  
Susana Machado ◽  
Elsa Vieira ◽  
Ana P. Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Bioactive Lipids ◽  
The North ◽  
Atherogenicity Index ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

The total lipid content and lipidic profile of seaweeds harvested in the North Coast and purchased in Portugal were determined in this paper. The amount of total lipids in the different species of seaweeds varied between 0.7 ± 0.1% (Chondrus crispus) and 3.8 ± 0.6% (Ulva spp.). Regarding the fatty acid content, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ranged between 0–35%, with Ulva spp. presenting the highest amount; monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) varied between 19 and 67%; and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were predominant in C. crispus (45–78%) and Gracilaria spp. (36–79%). Concerning the nutritional indices, the atherogenicity index (AI) was between 0.4–3.2, the thrombogenicity index (TI) ranged from 0.04 to 1.95, except for Gracilaria spp., which had a TI of 7.6, and the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (HH) values ranged between 0.88–4.21, except for Gracilaria spp., which exhibited values between 0.22–9.26. The n6/n3 ratio was below 1 for most of the species evaluated, except for Ascophyllum nodosum, which presented a higher value, although below 2. Considering the PUFA/SFA ratio, seaweeds presented values between 0.11–1.02. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHCs) contamination of seaweeds under study was also quantified, the values found being much lower than the maximum levels recommended for foodstuff.

scholarly journals Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets fed to sows on fatty acids in brain, muscle and skin of their piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
I De Gasperín ◽  
J.G. Vicente ◽  
J.M. Pinos-Rodríguez ◽  
F Montiel ◽  
R Loeza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fat ◽  
Pork Lard ◽  
Piglet Survival

The aim of this research was to determine fatty acid profiles in piglet brain, skin, and muscle, and in the milk of sows fed fat with different saturation grades during gestation and lactation. At 42 days of gestation, 50 multiparous sows were randomly allocated to one of two treatments, namely a diet containing pork lard (n = 25) and a diet containing soybean oil (n = 25). The fats were provided at 3.6% during gestation and at 4% during lactation. The experimental diets were offered through the weaning of the piglets. The fatty acid profile of the milk was determined fourteen days after parturition. At weaning (21 days postpartum) and seven days later, one of the piglets (n = 64) from 16 sows allocated to each treatment was selected at random to determine fatty acid profiles in brain, skin and muscle. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were higher in the diet with pork lard than in that with soybean oil, in which the polyunsaturated fat content was higher. A higher saturation of fatty acids was found in milk from the sows that consumed pork lard, which contained more saturated fatty acids than the milk from sows that consumed soybean oil. The fatty acid profiles in muscle and skin of the piglets were affected by the diet of the sows. However, the fatty acid profile of the piglets’ brains was not affected by the diet of their mothers. Keywords: fat saturation, lard, piglet survival, sow feeding, soybean oil

Composition and Nutritional Evaluation of the Cuttlefish Muscle

2012 ◽  
Vol 554-556 ◽  
pp. 1553-1558
Author(s):  
Sheng Jun Chen ◽  
Lai Hao Li ◽  
Xian Qing Yang ◽  
Bo Qi ◽  
Yan Yan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritive Quality ◽  
High Quality Protein ◽  
Acid Index

The nutritional components in the cuttlefish muscle were analyzed and the nutritive quality was evaluated in the paper. The results showed that the contents of the cuttlefish muscle in crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate were 16.60%, 0.86%, 1.30%, respectively. There were 18 kinds amino acids and the total amino acids reached 17.44%, with an essential amino acid index(EAAI) of 67.95. The composition of the essential amino acids in muscle ratio was consistent with the FAO/WHO standards. In addition, the contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 41.13%, 12.15% and 46.72%, respectively. And the muscle contains a higher content of EPA and DHA, reached 11.0% and 24.49%, respectively. It was considered that the cuttlefish muscle has a high nutritive value and it can be the important material of the high quality protein and unsaturated fatty acid.

scholarly journals Manipulation of the fatty acids composition of poultry meat and giblets by dietary inclusion of two oil sources and conjugated linoleic acid

2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1388-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.F. Zanini ◽  
E. Vicente ◽  
G.L. Colnago ◽  
B.M.S. Pessotti ◽  
M.A. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Breast Meat

The effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in association with two vegetable oil sources on the fatty acids of meat and giblets of broiler chickens was evaluated. Two hundred 21-day-old broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized factorial design 2 x 5 (two oil sources, soybean or canola oil; and five levels of CLA, 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0g/kg). The addition of CLA to the diet resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in CLA deposition in the analyzed tissues. CLA supplementation also reduced (P<0.05) the rate of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids in thigh, breast, heart, and gizzard. There was interaction of CLA x oil source (P<0.05). The intake of soybean oil, associated with increasing CLA, resulted in an increase in lipid deposition in edible portions as observed by an increase in the overall content of fatty acids, including CLA, while the use of canola oil, associated with increasing CLA in the diet, resulted in a decrease in lipid content in edible portions, specifically regarding that of saturated fat (P<0.05) in breast meat and liver and in the content of monounsaturated fatty acids (P<0.05) in thigh, breast, liver, and gizzard.

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