scholarly journals Nutrient Digestibility of a Vegetarian Diet with or without the Supplementation of Feather Meal and Either Corn Meal, Fermented Rye or Rye and Its Effect on Fecal Quality in Dogs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 496
Author(s):  
Amr Abd El-Wahab ◽  
Volker Wilke ◽  
Richard Grone ◽  
Christian Visscher
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Feather Meal ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Basic Diet ◽  
Comparable Quality ◽  
By Products

Cereals with low environmental input like rye and animal by-products which cannot be used for human food like feather meal are receiving growing interest as sustainable feed sources. Thus, eight Beagle dogs were included in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design and received a vegetarian basic diet or the same diets supplemented with hydrolyzed feather meal (2.7%) and either 20.1% of corn meal, 60.4% of fermented rye or 20.1% of rye as is basis (moisture content of the diets about 42%). Compared to other groups the dry matter (DM) content of feces from dogs fed the basic diet was higher (30.0%, p < 0.05), while dogs fed the basic diet + rye had the lowest DM-content (26.5%, p < 0.05). However, the fecal scores were considered to be within an acceptable range (well-formed and firm). Starch digestibility was lower (p < 0.05) for dogs fed the basic diet + corn meal. The dogs showed a high and identical acceptance (scoring of food intake) of the experimental diets. As a comparable quality of feces and a high nutrient digestibility were observed when rye was used in the experimental diets—it can be considered an alternative carbohydrate source in dog foods.

scholarly journals Ancient grains as novel dietary carbohydrate sources in canine diets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary T Traughber ◽  
Fei He ◽  
Jolene M Hoke ◽  
Gary M Davenport ◽  
Maria R C de Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Ancient grains are becoming an increasingly abundant carbohydrate source in the pet food market as a result of their popularity and novelty in the human market. Thus, it is imperative to evaluate the characteristics of these ingredients in vivo. Ten adult intact female beagles were used in a replicated 5x5 Latin square design. Five dietary treatments were evaluated containing either: rice (CON), amaranth (AM), white proso millet (WPM), quinoa (QU), or oat groats (OG). All diets were formulated to include 40% of the test grain and to be isonitrogenous, isocaloric, and nutritionally complete and balanced for adult dogs at maintenance. The objectives were (1) to evaluate the effects of the novel carbohydrate sources on total apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), fecal microbiota, and fermentative end-product concentrations and (2) to evaluate the effects of novel carbohydrate sources on the post-prandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in healthy adult dogs. All diets were well-accepted by the dogs and fecal scores remained within ideal range for all treatments. In terms of ATTD, all diets were well-digested by the dogs; WPM had the highest digestibility of dry and organic matter in contrast with dogs fed the other treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, ATTD of total dietary fiber was highest for WPM (72.6%) in contrast with QU (63.5%) and CON (50.8%) but did not differ from AM (65.7%) and OG (66.6%). Dogs fed AM or OG had greater (P &lt; 0.05) fecal concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids, as well as propionate and butyrate concentrations, than CON. Ancient grain inclusion appears to beneficially shift fecal microbial populations, with increases in relative abundances of butyrogenic bacteria (i.e., members of the Lachnospiraceae family) observed for OG and reductions in Fusobacteriaceae for both AM and OG when compared with CON. Post-prandial glycemic and insulinemic responses did not differ among treatments. Together, these data suggest that ancient grains can be included up to 40% of the diet while eliciting beneficial effects on overall host health without detrimentally affecting nutrient digestibility.

PSV-B-21 Evaluation of whole soybeans as an ingredient in dog diets: Apparent total tract digestibility and stool quality of extruded diets with graded levels of dehulled whole soybeans by dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 337-337
Author(s):  
Hee S Kim ◽  
Charles G Aldrich
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Product Density ◽  
Single Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Fecal Output ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Defecation Frequency

Abstract Increasing the amount of liquid fat to the ration during extrusion can negatively affect product density and product expansion. Ingredients, like whole soybeans (WSB), which are high in fat may aid increased energy density while avoiding production issues. In a preliminary extrusion project, the effects on the process of foods were evaluated, followed by animal evaluation. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dehulled WSB on nutrient digestibility and stool quality by dogs. Experimental diets were extruded with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% WSB (WSB0, WSB10, WSB20, and WSB30, respectively). Seven castrated male and three spayed female Beagles of similar age (6.25 ± 0.452 years) were individually housed and fed the experimental diets. The study was designed as replicated 4 × 4 Latin square where dogs were allowed 9-d adaptation followed by 5-d total fecal collection for each period. Titanium dioxide was added to all diets (0.4%) to serve as an indigestible dietary marker to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). Least-square means of fecal parameters and ATTD were analyzed with a single degree of freedom contrasts and significance at α = 0.05. There was no difference among treatments for food intake or fecal scores. However, there were linear increases (P &lt; 0.05) in DM fecal output, as is fecal output, fecal moisture, and defecation frequency stools/day as WSB increased in the diets. Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, acid hydrolyzed ether extract, and gross energy decreased linearly as dogs were fed increasing levels of WSB in the diets (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, additional thermal processing before extrusion may improve nutrient digestibility, although stool quality was not affected by the inclusion of WSB.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Forage: Concentrate Ratio on Pre-Caecal and Total Digestive Tract Digestibility of Diverse Feedstuffs in Donkeys as Measured by the Mobile Nylon Bag Technique

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Lin Liu ◽  
Xiao-Ling Zhou ◽  
Hong-Jian Yang
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The domestic donkey is a unique equid species with specific nutritional requirements, however, limited laboratory evidences are available to address the digestibility contribution of the prececum in relation to the total digestive tract. In the present study, six caecum-fistulated adult female Xinjiang donkeys served as the experimental animals in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, and mobile nylon bag technique was applied to determine the effect of dietary F:C ratio on pre-caececum and total digestive tract digestibility of rice straw, alfalfa hay, corn meal, and soybean meal. The dietary treatments included: (1) HF, a high-fiber ration (F:C = 80:20), (2) MF, a medium-fiber ration (F:C = 55:45), and (3), LF, a low-fiber ration (F:C = 35:65). The experiment consisted of three consecutive Latin square periods, and each period lasted 25 days. In each period, the animals were administrated naso-gastrically nylon bags (38 μm pore size) containing aforementioned feeds. After 1.5 h intubation, the bags were checked once an hour and collected at the ileo-caecal junction (small intestine bag, D1) and in the feces (fecal bag, D2). Regardless whatever feeds were introduced, the percentage of bag collected (BC) was quadratically (HF) or linearly (MF and LF) increased against different fixed bag collection time. The highest BC occurred in MF (73.8%), but no significant difference was observed between HF (62.3%) and LF (50.8%). The lowest mean bag retention time was observed in HF (2.7 h), and no significant difference occurred between MF (4.6 h) and LF (5.0 h) diets. For each feed, D1 and D2 digestibility for DM, CP, NDF, and ADF did not differ among three dietary treatments (p > 0.05). Regardless of whatever diets were fed to the donkeys, D2 digestibility for DM and CP among the feeds ranked as: soybean meal > corn meal > alfalfa hay > rice straw (p < 0.01). D1 digestibility for DM among the feeds ranked as: corn meal > soybean meal > alfalfa hay > rice straw (p < 0.01). D1 digestibility for CP among the feeds ranked as: soybean meal > corn meal > alfalfa hay > rice straw (p < 0.01). In summary, dietary forage: concentrate ratio did not affect pre-caecal or total tract nutrient digestibility. The fiber level in feeds was the main limiting factor to affect the digestibility contribution of the pre-caecum in relation to the total digestive tract.

Effect of replacing barley silage with calcium oxide-treated barley straw on rumen fermentation, rumen microbiota, nutrient digestibility and growth performance of finishing beef cattle.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katelyn R Stehr ◽  
Stephanie A. Terry ◽  
Gabriel de Oliveira Ribeiro ◽  
Robert Gruninger ◽  
Gregory B. Penner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

Effect of calcium oxide (CaO) treatment of barley straw and salt on rumen fermentation, microbiota, digestibility, growth and carcass quality of cattle was assessed. A replicated 4 × 4 Latin square metabolism experiment was conducted using 8 heifers fed a wheat finishing diet with barley silage (B-SIL), barley straw (B-S), or 5.0% CaO-treated barley straw (CaOS) with or without NaCl (CaOS-NS). Growth over 115-d was assessed using 75 individually housed steers fed the above diets and an additional diet (I-CaOS), where CaO was added to straw just before feeding. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.08) of diet on rumen fermentation, digestibility or carcass quality, although CaO decreased (P < 0.001) maximum pH and retained Na was decreased (P < 0.05) by CaOS-NS. Rumen bacterial abundance was altered (P ≤ 0.05) by diet. The average daily gain (ADG) of B-SIL and CaOS-NS steers was 14.1% greater (P ≤ 0.05) than BS and CaOS steers, while the gain:feed of CaOS-NS steers was 14.2% greater (P ≤ 0.05) than B-S and CaOS steers. Steers fed I-CaO had similar ADG and gain:feed to other treatments. CaO-treated straw without NaCl could replace barley silage in wheat diets, without compromising digestibility or growth in steers.

scholarly journals Performance, Serum Biochemical and Immunological Parameters, and Digestive Enzyme and Intestinal Barrier-Related Gene Expression of Broiler Chickens Fed Fermented Fava Bean By-Products as a Substitute for Conventional Feed

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaam E. Omar ◽  
Hanan S. Al-Khalaifah ◽  
Tamer Ahmed Ismail ◽  
Reda M. Abd El-Aziz ◽  
Shefaa A. M. El-Mandrawy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Fava Bean ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
By Products ◽  
Soybean Diet

Improving the nutritional quality of unconventional feed ingredients such as fava bean by-products can enhance their utilization by broiler chickens. Hence, the quality of fermented fava bean by-products (FFB), in addition to growth, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme, and intestinal barrier-related gene expression, and serum biochemical and immunological parameters were evaluated in response to different levels of FFB. A total of 500 1-day-old broiler chicks (46.00 ± 0.388 g) were allocated to five groups with 10 replicates each (100 chicks per treatment). The first group was fed a corn–soybean diet (control diet), and the other four groups were fed a diet containing 5, 15, 25, and 35% FFB for 38 days. Birds fed 25% FFB exhibited maximum body weight gain (increase by 12.5%, compared with the control group) and the most improved feed conversion ratio. Additionally, birds fed FFB at 15, 25, and 35% showed improved dry matter and crude protein digestibility. Moreover, birds fed FFB at 25 and 35% exhibited a decrease in ileal pH and an increase in fiber digestibility (p &lt; 0.05). Upregulation of digestive enzyme genes (AMY2A, PNLIP, and CCK) was observed in groups fed with FFB. The most prominent upregulation of genes encoding tight junction proteins (claudin-1, occludin, and junctional adhesion molecules) in the duodenum was observed in chicks fed 25 and 35% FFB (increase of 0.66-, 0.31-, and 1.06-fold and 0.74-, 0.44-, and 0.92-fold, respectively). Additionally, the highest expression level of enterocyte protective genes [glucagon-like peptide (GLP-2), mucin-2 (MUC-2), and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP-6)] was detected in duodenum of chicks fed high levels of FFB. Substitution of corn–soybean diet with FFB had an inhibitory effect on cecal pathogenic microbes (Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens) and increased beneficial microflora (Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium), especially at high levels. Additionally, an increase was observed in IgM and lysozyme activity, with no effect on IgA in all groups fed FFB. All levels of FFB decreased cholesterol levels. Based on our results, we concluded that substitution of corn–soybean diet with FFB can improve the growth rate and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens, enhance their intestinal barrier functions, and increase the number of beneficial microorganisms. Using FFB at 25% had a positive effect on the growth performance of broiler chickens, and it could be utilized in poultry farms.

Comparison of diet quality of US adults based on primary motivation for following a vegetarian diet: A cross-sectional online study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Torna ◽  
Elena Smith ◽  
Meagan Lamothe ◽  
Dr. Bobbi Langkamp-Henken ◽  
Dr. Jeanette M Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Primary Motivation ◽  
Online Study

scholarly journals Valorisation of Organic Waste By-Products Using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as a Bio-Convertor

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8345
Author(s):  
Kieran Magee ◽  
Joe Halstead ◽  
Richard Small ◽  
Iain Young
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
High Quality Protein ◽  
The Face ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
By Products ◽  
Hermetia Illucens Larvae

One third of food produced globally is wasted. Disposal of this waste is costly and is an example of poor resource management in the face of elevated environmental concerns and increasing food demand. Providing this waste as feedstock for black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) has the potential for bio-conversion and valorisation by production of useful feed materials and fertilisers. We raised BSFL under optimal conditions (28 °C and 70% relative humidity) on seven UK pre-consumer food waste-stream materials: fish trimmings, sugar-beet pulp, bakery waste, fruit and vegetable waste, cheese waste, fish feed waste and brewer’s grains and yeast. The nutritional quality of the resulting BSFL meals and frass fertiliser were then analysed. In all cases, the volume of waste was reduced (37–79%) and meals containing high quality protein and lipid sources (44.1 ± 4.57% and 35.4 ± 4.12%, respectively) and frass with an NPK of 4.9-2.6-1.7 were produced. This shows the potential value of BSFL as a bio-convertor for the effective management of food waste.

scholarly journals Quality of Life of Brazilian Vegetarians Measured by the WHOQOL-BREF: Influence of Type of Diet, Motivation and Sociodemographic Data

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2648
Author(s):  
Shila Minari Hargreaves ◽  
Eduardo Yoshio Nakano ◽  
Heesup Han ◽  
António Raposo ◽  
Antonio Ariza-Montes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Domain 3 ◽  
Domain 4

This study aimed to evaluate the general quality of life (QoL) of Brazilian vegetarians. A cross-sectional study was conducted with Brazilian vegetarian adults (18 years old and above). Individuals were recruited to participate in a nationwide online survey that comprised the WHOQOL-BREF as well as sociodemographic and characterization questions related to vegetarianism. The WHOQOL-BREF is composed of 24 items which are divided into four domains (domain 1: physical health; domain 2: psychological well-being; domain 3: social relationships; and domain 4: environment), plus two general items which were analyzed separately, totaling 26 items. The answers from the questionnaire were converted into scores with a 0–100 scale range, with separate analyses for each domain. Results were compared among groups based on the different characteristics of the vegetarian population. A total of 4375 individuals completed the survey. General average score results were 74.67 (domain 1), 66.71 (domain 2), 63.66 (domain 3) and 65.76 (domain 4). Vegans showed better scores when compared to the other vegetarians, except in domain four, where the statistical difference was observed only for semi-vegetarians (lower score). Individuals adopting a vegetarian diet for longer (>1 year) showed better results for domains one and two, with no difference for the other domains. Having close people also adopting a vegetarian diet positively influenced the results for all domains. On the other hand, it was not possible to distinguish any clear influence of the motivation for adopting a vegetarian diet on the scores’ results. Adopting a vegetarian diet does not have detrimental effects on one’s QoL. In fact, the more plant-based the diet, and the longer it was adopted, the better the results were.

scholarly journals 172 Increasing inclusion of fermentable fiber decreases nutrient digestibility in grower pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
Charlotte Heyer ◽  
L F Wang ◽  
R T Zijlstra
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Acacia Gum ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Total P

Abstract Fermentable fiber may increase endogenous losses of P and AA, thereby reducing apparent nutrient digestibility. Acacia gum fiber with medium-to-high fermentability and low viscosity was used to investigate its effect on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in grower pigs. A P-free basal diet (49% corn starch; 18% bovine plasma protein) was formulated to measure basal endogenous P losses (EPL). Three diets were formulated to include 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5% acacia gum fiber at the expense of corn starch in the P-free basal diet. Diets contained 16.1–17.4% CP and 0.31–0.33% total P (DM-basis). The 4 diets were fed to 8 ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW, 54.6 kg) for four 9-d periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. Apparent hindgut fermentation (AHF) was ATTD minus AID. Increasing inclusion of acacia gum quadratically decreased (P &lt; 0.01) AID of DM (∆ 11.1%), linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of DM (∆ 1.7%) CP (∆ 1.2%), and quadratically increased (P &lt; 0.05) AHF of DM (∆ 9.4%). Basal EPL were 391 and 377 mg/kg DM intake (DMI) for ileum and total tract, respectively. Increasing inclusion of fiber linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) ileal EPL (∆ 184 mg/kg DMI), and tended to linearly increase (P &lt; 0.10) EPL for total tract (∆ 243 mg/kg DMI). Dietary inclusion of acacia gum tended to linearly decrease (P &lt; 0.10) AID of P, but did not affect (P &gt; 0.10) ATTD, or STTD of P. In conclusion, increasing inclusion of fermentable, low viscous acacia gum fiber decreased diet digestibility of DM and ATTD of CP, but did not affect total tract P digestibility, indicating that increasing fermentable fiber did not increase specific endogenous losses of P in the total tract.

scholarly journals 49 Effects of in-vitro digestibility in cannulated steers when supplemented different levels of glycerol

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
Noheli Gutierrez ◽  
Jamie A Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate effects of increasing concentration of food grade glycerol on rumen environment and nutrient digestibility. Three ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used in this study. The study was conducted from March to May 2019. Experimental design was a 3x3 Latin square with a 2wk adjustment period followed by a 1wk collection period. Diet was coastal bermudagrass hay based. Different forage types were introduced in the incubation process to evaluate digestibility. Glycerol was administered once a day at 0, 15, or 20% of DMI (dry matter intake). dNDF (digestible NDF) and dDM (digestible dry matter) was determined using an ANKOM Daisy II incubator inoculated with 200g fresh rumen fluid and incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h at 39°C. Each vessel contained ground forage samples in filter bags in triplicate. After incubation, filter bags were rinsed with cold water and dried for 24h in a 55°C forced air oven. Data were analyzed using the Proc MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. There was no difference dNDF in effect of different levels of glycerol between forage types by diet. But a numerical tendency was observed that dNDF was decreased at 20% inclusion rates in comparison to 0 and 15% inclusion of glycerol in the diet. Neither steer nor run was significantly different in the study. However as expected digestibility over time was significantly different (P &lt; 0.001). A significant increase was observed in DMI with the increased levels of glycerol in the diet (P = 0.003), both the 15% and 20% levels of glycerol increased in DMI in comparison to the control (0%). It appears based on these study results that digestibility may be inhibited, as levels of dietary glycerol increase in the diet and more work needs to be done to find the optimal level of glycerol supplementation.

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