scholarly journals Do Camels (Camelus dromedarius) Need Shaded Areas? A Case Study of the Camel Market in Doha

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
Martina Zappaterra ◽  
Laura Menchetti ◽  
Leonardo Nanni Costa ◽  
Barbara Padalino
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Variable Space ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Poor Welfare ◽  
Group 1

This study aimed at documenting whether dromedary camels have a preference for shade and how their behavior would change depending on the presence of shade and variable space allowance. A total of 421 animals kept in 76 pens (66 with shelter (Group 1), and 10 without shelter (Group 2)) at the camel market in Doha (Qatar) were recorded for 1 min around 11:00 a.m. when the temperature was above 40 °C. The number of animals in the sun and shade and their behaviors were analyzed using an ad libitum sampling method and an ad hoc ethogram. The results of a chi-square test indicated that camels in Group 1 had a clear preference for shade (p < 0.001). The majority of Group 1 camels were indeed observed in the shade (312/421; 74.11%). These camels spent more time in recumbency and ruminating, while standing, walking, and self-grooming were more commonly expressed by the camels in the sun (p < 0.001). Moreover, locomotory stereotypic behaviors (i.e., pacing) increased as space allowance decreased (p = 0.002). Based on the findings of this pilot study, camels demonstrated a preference for shade; shade seemed to promote positive welfare, while overcrowding seemed to trigger stereotypy and poor welfare. Overall, our preliminary results are novel and provide evidence that shaded areas are of paramount importance for camel welfare. Further research, involving designed studies at multiple locations is needed to confirm these results.

scholarly journals Chromatic Perception Mediates the Response to Red, Green, Blue, and Yellow Stimuli among Children from Elementary School in Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-8
Author(s):  
Myrna Miriam Valera Mota ◽  
Jorge Bernal Hernández ◽  
Ilhuicamina Melina Ávila Lara ◽  
Enrique Jiménez Valencia ◽  
Mariana Guzmán Noriega
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
The Right ◽  
Group 1

Purpose: We evaluated the responses to chromatic perception (wavelength) stimuli in the visible spectrum among children from an elementary school in Nezahualcoyotl Country, Mexico.Materials and Methods: A software developed ad hoc was used to measure how children perceived the colors blue, green, yellow, and red. The tests were in monocular form, and responses were pooled based on their similarity according to the Pearson correlation index and cluster analysis by unweighted averages. A chi-square test was applied to the groups for significant differences. Results: Data from each wavelength were analyzed in relation to age, sex, and ocular laterality. At a wavelength of 450 nm, children aged 6-7 years old (group 1) of both sexes perceived the wavelength as skewed to the left -9.39 nm, while children aged 8- 11 years old (group 2) visualized a leftward skew of -4.40 nm (P 0.0001). Then, at 530 nm, shifts of -5.39 and -6.72 nm were reported in the groups 1 and 2 (P 0.0001), while at 580 nm, the shifts were -2.59 and -2.62 nm for both groups (P 0.0001). Finally, at 710 nm, the shifts were +2.49 and +2.74 nm (P 0.0001). Conclusion: At 450 nm, younger children perceived wavelengths far from normal, but, as they aged, their perceptions normalized. At 530 nm, children perceptions shifted to the left in all cases, getting closer to normality. Finally, at 580 nm, the shift was still leftward but moved to the right at 710 nm in all cases

scholarly journals The fetus gender value in the structure of obstetric pathology in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
A. D. Fabrikant ◽  
T. I. Botasheva ◽  
A. N. Rymashevsky ◽  
Yu. A. Petrov ◽  
N. V. Palieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Obstetric Complications ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objective: To study the obstetric pathology and delivery outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes depending on the sex of the fetus.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 2014 histories of pregnancy and childbirth of women with gestational diabetes (GD) over the period of 2018-2021, was carried out. Two groups were formed based on the sex of the fetus: Group 1 (1012 pregnant women) with male fetuses and Group 2 (1002 pregnant women) with female fetuses. For statistical analysis, the proportions (%) were compared using the Pearson’s χ2 (chi-square) test.Results: It was proved that the male sex of the fetus is a risk factor for the GD and concomitant obstetric complications (placental insufficiency, risk of preterm birth, fetal macrosomia). The prevalence of hypotonic bleeding, defects of the placenta, and placenta increta, and related cases of manual control of the uterine cavity and uterus extirpation in mothers of boys with GD was established. Also, in patients of this group, birth injuries consisting in a rupture of the posterior labial commissure were significantly more often registered as a result of childbirth with a large fetus, while cases of cervical rupture prevailed in women with female fetuses.Conclusions: The revealed dependence of the nature of obstetric complications and the course of labor on the sex of the fetus in pregnant women with GD warrant developing a monitoring system that takes into account the gender of the fetus.

scholarly journals CLOSED TIBIAL FRACTURES

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1643-1648
Author(s):  
Hamid Saeed ◽  
Muhammad Zia Ur Rehman ◽  
Samee Javed Bhatti ◽  
Aamir Furqan
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Compression ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
P Values ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Compression Plating ◽  
Dynamic Compression Plating ◽  
Group 1

Objectives: The objective is to compare the radiological outcome of closedinterlock intramedullary nailing versus dynamic compression plating in closed tibial fracture.Study Design: Randomized controlled trials. Setting: Department of orthopedics NishtarHospital Multan. Period: 9th July 2016 to March 2017. Methodology: There were 302 patientsdivided in two equal groups of 151. Permission was taken from the ethical committee of NishtarHospital. The 302 patients in age group 20-50 years of both genders meeting the inclusionand exclusion criteria attending the outpatient clinic or admitted to the orthopedics departmentthrough emergency were included in the study. All the data entered and analyzed usingcomputer software SPSS version 10. For quantitative variables like age and duration of fracturemean and standard deviation was calculated. For categorical variables like gender, malunionand infection frequency and percentage were calculated. Chi-square test was applied tocompare the malunion and infection in both groups. A p value 0.05 was considered statisticallysignificant. Results: The 100% (n=302) patients were divided into 2 groups equally, 151 ineach, i.e. intramedullary nail (group 1) and dynamic compression plating (group 2). The mainoutcome variables of this study were the malunion and infection. It was observed that malunionpresented as 57% (n=86) and 70.9% (n=107) in group 1 and group 2 respectively. It was alsoobserved that infection presented as 23.2% (n=35) and 37.1% (n=56) in group 1 and group 2respectively. After applying chi-square test, it was noted that malunion associated with groupshaving p-value 0.012. But it was not associated with gender, stratified age and duration offracture having p-values 0.497, 0.800 and 0.218 respectively. Similarly, after applying chi-squaretest, it was noted that infection associated with gender and groups having p-values 0.007 and0.008 respectively. But it was not associated with stratified age and duration of fracture havingp-values 0.565 and 0.344 respectively. Conclusion: Closed interlock intramedullary nailinghas malunion and infection rates less than dynamic compression plating. So closed interlockintramedullary nailing is preferred method of closed tibia diaphyseal fracture treatment.

scholarly journals Expression of Sigma-Class Glutathione-S-Transferase in Fetal and Pediatric Filum Terminale Samples: A Comparative Study

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Cahit Kural ◽  
Serpil Oguztuzun ◽  
Gülçin Güler Şimşek ◽  
Servet Guresci ◽  
Pınar Kaygın ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tethered Cord ◽  
Filum Terminale ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group 1

Background and objectives: The pathophysiology of tethered cord syndrome (TCS) in children is not well elucidated. An inelastic filum terminale (FT) is the main factor underlying the stretching of the spinal cord in TCS. Our study aimed to investigate the expression of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in children and fetal FT samples in order to understand the relationship between this enzyme expression and the development of TCS. Materials and Methods: FT samples were obtained from ten children with TCS (Group 1) and histological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed. For comparison, FT samples from fifteen normal human fetuses (Group 2) were also analyzed using the same techniques. Statistical comparison was made using a Chi-square test. Results: Positive GST-sigma expression was detected in eight (80%) of 10 samples in Group 1. The positive GST-sigma expression was less frequent in nine (60%) of 15 samples from Group 2. No statistically significant difference was detected between the two groups (p = 0.197). Conclusions: Decreased FT elasticity in TCS may be associated with increased GST expression in FT. More prospective studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of the GST–TCS relationship in children.

Expression of CD44 and CD133 in tumor сells of metastatic and non-metastatic gastric cancer.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e15531-e15531
Author(s):  
Aleksandr B. Sagakyants ◽  
Oleg I. Kit ◽  
Elena P. Ulianova ◽  
Elena Yu. Zlatnik ◽  
Inna A. Novikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Positive Expression ◽  
Tumor Tissues ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

e15531 Background: High incidence and mortality rates of gastric cancer cause a constant search for the most informative and effective methods of diagnosis and treatment assessment. In this regard, studying the expression of markers with the stem phenotype in primary tumor tissues in patients with gastric cancer with and without metastases is of undoubted interest. Methods: The study included 20 gastric cancer patients aged 30-80 years: group 1 – gastric cancer T3-4аN0-3M0 (G2) without metastasis (58.9±9.7 years); group 2 – gastric cancer T3-4аN0-3M1 (G2) with peritoneal metastasis (53.4±11.9 years). Immunohistochemical study was performed on paraffin-embedded tumor tissue sections using mouse monoclonal antibodies to CD44 (156-3С11 Thermo Scientific) at a 1:2500 dilution and rabbit polyclonal antibodies to CD133 (Cloud-Clone Corp.) at a 1:700 dilution; the Thermo Scientific autostainer was used for staining. Membrane staining and staining intensity were assessed: 0, 1+ weak, 2+ moderate, 3+ strong staining. Positive expression was defined as ≥10% cut-off for CD44 and ˃5% for CD133. Results: Positive expression of CD44+ was detected in 67% (13) in group 2 vs. 20% (4) in group 1. In the metastatic group, the number of cells that stained positive for CD44 expression ranged from 9 to 15%, on average 10.0±3.08%, without metastases – from single cells to 13%, on average 6.0±2.3%. A chi-square test showed statistically significant association in the groups (8.256 at p = 0.004). Positive CD133+ expression in tumor tissues was registered in 100% (20) in group 2 and 80% (16) in group 1. The range of positively stained cells in group 2 was from 10 to 40%, on average 21.3±11.6%, in group 1 - from single cells to 14%, on average 10.0±2.4%. A chi-square test showed statistically significant association in the groups (4.444 at p = 0.036). Conclusions: Immunohistochemical study of the selected tumor cell markers in gastric cancer revealed some characteristics of their expression depending on the presence of metastases. The results can be the basis for further research for the most complete characterization of a heterogeneous tumor population in gastric cancer and the role of individual cells in the tumor growth, progression and metastasis.

Clinical and Angiographic Features of Nonspecific Aorto-Arteritis in Children and Adults

1991 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 485-487
Author(s):  
S. Sharma ◽  
M. Rajani ◽  
T. Kamalakar ◽  
K. K. Talwar ◽  
K. R. Sunderam
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Aorta ◽  
Abdominal Aorta ◽  
Pulmonary Involvement ◽  
Clinical Feature ◽  
Descending Thoracic Aorta ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Congestive Failure ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

We compared clinical and angiographic features of nonspecific aorto-arteritis in children with those of adult patients. Digital subtraction angiography by i.v. and/or i.a. injection was carried out in 104 patients. In group 1, consisting of 32 patients aged 16 years and younger, hypertension (75%) was the most common clinical feature, followed by diminished pulse, bruit (72% each), congestive cardiac failure (38%), and limb claudication (13%). Obstructing arterial lesions were always present and commonly involved the abdominal aorta (75%), descending thoracic aorta (41%), renal (63%) and subclavian (41%)) arteries. In Group 2, consisting of 72 patients more than 16 years of age, arterial bruit (91%), and diminished pulse (82%) were the most common symptoms. Hypertension occurred in 61%, congestive failure in 14%, and limb claudication in 30%. Obstructing lesions were always seen and commonly involved the abdominal aorta (77%) and renal arteries (64%). Involvement of the descending thoracic aorta (26%) was less common but subclavian (57%) and carotid (24%) arteries were more commonly involved than in group 1. Arterial aneurysms and pulmonary involvement were uncommon in both groups. There were some clinical and angiographic differences in nonspecific aorto-arteritis between children and adults but these were statistically insignificant (chi-square test).

scholarly journals Retrospective Evaluuation of the Outcomes in the Patients with Chiari's Malformation Undergoing Surgical Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (08) ◽  
pp. 387-395
Author(s):  
İsmail Kaya ◽  
İlker Deniz Cingöz ◽  
Nurullah Yüceer
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Surgical Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Type I ◽  
Tonsillar Herniation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Introduction and Objectives: We aimed at evaluating retrospectively effects of surgery on the clinical symptoms and signs and imaging parameters in the patients with Chiari's malformation undergoing surgical treatment. Materials and Methods: Medical charts and radiological images of the patients with Chiari's Malformation type I who had surgical treatment between January 2008 and July 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were classified as those having good (in whom the symptoms disappeared or reduced), stabilized (with preoperative symptoms persisting without any progression), or poor (with preoperative symptoms progressing in the postoperative period) outcomes. Findings: All patients underwent FMD, Cl laminectomy and duraplasty. Seventeen subjects underwent removal of arachnoid adhesions, 10 subjects underwent opening of the fourth ventricle, and one subject underwent subpial resection. Of the patients, 28 were female and 11 were male with ratio of females to males being 25:1. The youngest patient was 5 years old and the eldest one was 51 years old, and mean age of the patients was 3231 ± 3131 years. The subjects were divided in two groups based on presence or absence of associated syringomyelia: those with syringamyelia (Group 1, n = 15) and those without syringomyelia (Group 2, n = 24). Postoperatively, in the Group 1 (SM 1- CM) 10 (66.7%) patients had good, 3 (20%) had stabilized and 2 (133%) patients had poor surgical outcomes. In the Group 2, 23 (918%) subjects had good and 1 (4.2%) subject had stabilized outcomes. For the Group 2, rate of recovery was higher than in the Group 1 (918% and 66.7%, respectively; Pearson's chi-square test, P = 0.014). Rate of recovery in 21 subjects with degree of tonsillar herniation being more than 11 mm (95.2%) was statistically significantly higher than 18 subjects with degree of tonsillar herniation being less than 11 mm (72.2%) (Pearson's chi-square test, P = 0.047). Results: FMD is a safe and efficient surgical method for the Chiari malformations with or without associated syringomyelia. The subjects without associated syringomyelia benefited more from the surgery. Complications related to CSF may be reduced using additional tissue glues. Studies with greater number of cases should be conducted on the effect of degree of tonsillar herniation on surgical outcomes.

scholarly journals ETHOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF CREATED SHEEP IN THE SUN AND SHADE IN THE SEMI-ARID REGION OF PARAIBA

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-344
Author(s):  
Valquiria Cordeiro Da Silva ◽  
José Pinheiro Lopes Neto ◽  
José Henrique Souza Costa ◽  
Dermeval Araújo Furtado ◽  
Jaciara Ribeiro Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Sheep Breeding ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Santa Inês ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Male Sheep

Sheep breeding displays high potential, but, in order to maximize productivity, the exploitation of the entire genetic potential of these animals, combined with diets tailored to meet their nutritional requirements, is required. Knowledge on sheep ingestive behavior is important for diet evaluations, which allows for adjustments regarding dietary management, in order to obtain superior productive performance. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the interference of two distinct environments in the behavioral responses of Santa Inês and Dorper sheep breeding activities during the dry period at the Paraíba Cariri region. The study was carried out in the municipality of Caturité, Paraíba, with 20 male sheep, 10 Santa Inês breeds and 10 Dorper breeds. The animals were subdivided into four lots, containing five animals each, and placed in two different environments, in the sun and in the shade. Feeding behavior was determined by quantifying parameters for 10 hours/day, at 5 min intervals. A completely randomized design (CRD) in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme was applied, of two breeds and two environments, with three replicates. The data were analyzed by SAS, applying the chi-square test. The main daily sheep activities comprised alternate periods of feeding, rumination and idleness, and behavioral activities were exhibited the worse results in the sun environment.

scholarly journals Side Effects of Daily versus Weekly Iron Supplementation in Pregnant Women

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-22
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Gastrointestinal Side Effects ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background & Objective: Iron supplementation in pregnant women is highly recommended, however there is reduced compliance due to the common gastrointestinal side effects. This study aimed to compare the clinical side effects between pregnant women with daily and weekly iron supplementation. Methods: Seventy-nine pregnant women who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were given iron supplements every day (group 1, n=37) and twice a week (group 2, n=42). All numerical data were assessed by independent t-test. Side effects were assessed after one month of administration using a questionnaire containing complaints felt by pregnant women and were evaluated by chi-square test using SPSS 25. A P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The most common side effects of iron supplementation in both groups were black feces (35.4%) and nausea (31.6%). Nausea (45.9% vs. 19.0%; P<0.05) and constipation (35.1% vs. 11.9%; P<0.05) were more frequent in group 1 than in group 2, respectively. Other side effects, such as heartburn, flatulence, vomiting, black feces, and urine discoloration did not differ significantly between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: The daily iron supplementation elevated the episodes of nausea and constipation during pregnancy than the weekly supplementation. The daily iron supplementation in pregnant women increases the risk of side effects, potentially reducing compliance.

scholarly journals Comparison of Shock Wave Parameters of in Situ ESWL & ESWL After Push Back for Upper Ureteric Calculi

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Sakhawat Mahmud Khan ◽  
Shahin Akhter ◽  
SAM Golam Kibria ◽  
Isteaq Ahmed Shamim ◽  
Shireen Akhter Khanam
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Wave Parameters ◽  
Group I ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Group 1

Background: To compare the shock wave parameters of in situ ESWL & ESWL after push back for upper ureteric calculi.Methods: This hospital based prospective study was carried out in the Department of Urology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Dhaka from January 2006 to December 2006. For this study, 90 patients were selected according to the selection criteria. They were divided into two groups. Group 1 included 50 patients treated by in situ ESWL and group 2 included 40 patients treated by push back and ESWL. For statistical analysis, student’s t- test & chi-square test were performed.Results: In group 1 and in group 2 patients mean age were 34.86±11.74 years and 35.12± 12.48 years respectively. In group 1: Over all clearance of calculi was 92.86% in 1cm stones and 86.36% in 1cm stones (p>0.05). In group 2: Total clearance was 100% in stones <1cm size and 88% in1cm size stones (p>0.05). Although clearance rate was higher in push back group it was not statistically significant (92.5% Vs.90%) (p>0.05). Number of ESWL session in case of <1 cm size stone were 1.54 in group 1 and 1.46 in group 2. In case of 1 cm size stone, it was 1.77 in group 1, 1.48 in group 2 (p>0.05). Considering the requirement of shock wave number, less shock wave were required in group 2 (1757.50 ± 255.09) than group 1 (1994 ± 449.22) (p < 0.01). Mean energy needed in group I was 5.07±0.81 and in group 2 it was 4.63±0.48 (p<0.01).Conclusion: Although more ESWL sessions were required in group 1 than group 2, it was not statistically significant. But mean shock wave number and energy were higher in group 1 than group 2 which was statistically significant.Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.16 (1); Jan 2017; Page 7-10

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