scholarly journals An Alternative Approach to Evaluate the Quality of Protein-Based Raw Materials for Dry Pet Food

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 458
Author(s):  
Nicolò Montegiove ◽  
Roberto Maria Pellegrino ◽  
Carla Emiliani ◽  
Alessia Pellegrino ◽  
Leonardo Leonardi
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Protein Component ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Bradford Assay ◽  
Materials Used

The majority of dry pet food currently on the market is produced using fresh meats (FMs) and especially meat meals (MMs) as the main protein source. The transport and storage conditions of the raw materials, together with thermal and mechanical treatments in the case of MMs, may result in undesirable alterations of food products and their protein content. This study was conducted to analyze the protein component of three different kinds of raw materials used for dry pet food production, i.e., chicken, pork, and salmon. The quantitative analysis of the protein component was determined using the traditional Kjeldahl method and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, and an alternative method, i.e., the Bradford assay, while the qualitative analysis was performed through SDS-PAGE, followed by Coomassie Blue staining. The amino acid (AA) profile was also evaluated by quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (Q-TOF LC/MS). In addition, the digestibility was tested through in vitro gastric and small intestine digestion simulation. Statistical analysis was performed by the Student’s t-test, and data are reported as mean ± SEM, n = 10 (p < 0.05). The results showed that the MMs are lower in quality compared to FMs, both in terms of protein bioavailability and digestibility, having a lower soluble protein (SP) content (chicken MM = 8.6 g SP/100 g dry sample; pork MM = 6.2 g SP/100 g dry sample; salmon MM = 7.9 g SP/100 g dry sample) compared to FMs (chicken FM = 14.6 g SP/100 g dry sample; pork FM = 15.1 g SP/100 g dry sample; salmon FM = 13.7 g SP/100 g dry sample). FMs appear, therefore, to be higher-quality ingredients for pet food production. Moreover, the Bradford assay proved to be a quick and simple method to better estimate protein bioavailability in the raw materials used for dry pet food production, thanks to its correlation with the in vitro digestibility.

scholarly journals Effects of “fresh mechanically deboned meat” inclusion on nutritional value, palatability, shelf-life microbiological risk and digestibility in dry dog food

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250351
Author(s):  
Giorgia Meineri ◽  
Alessia Candellone ◽  
Sonia Tassone ◽  
Pier Giorgio Peiretti ◽  
Erica Longato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Valid Instrument

Fresh mechanically deboned meat (MDM) is usually claimed as high-quality ingredient on dry pet food recipes and this aspect may positively influence consumer choice. It is important to determine the scientifically sustainability of this claim and to assess the microbiological safety of MDM inclusion in dry pet food. Objectives were: 1) to evaluate the effect of inclusion of MDM in dry dog food on fatty acid profile and in vivo and in vitro digestibility, proposing a new system (DaisyII Incubator) to measure the in vitro digestibility for dogs; 2) to compare palatability of dry dog food containing MDM with dry dog food in which meat by-products (MBP) are the only animal protein sources; 3) to determine, whether or not, the inclusion of that ingredient changes the microbiology and the storage quality. Results indicated that MDM product was characterized by significant higher nutritional value in terms of fatty acids profile, in vitro digestibility (HV-IVD method) and lower palatability than the MBP product. Microbiological risk assessment showed no microbiological hazards for either product. After 6-months storage, the total mesophilic bacterial count ranged between 1.77 and 2.09 log CFU/g feed, while polyamine values were higher in the MDM (0.37 g/kg) than in the MBP (0.27 g/kg). The DaisyII Incubator was found to be a valid instrument for studying in vitro digestibility also for dogs, providing data simply, quickly, with less variability and costs than in vivo trials. In conclusion, MDM inclusion in dry dog food is microbiologically safe and it can improve its nutritional quality, at the expense of a reduced palatability. The higher polyamine levels fount in MDM-enriched petfood after 6-months storage, however, may represent a possible hazard, and further studies are still warranted.

Nutritional Value of Extruded Dog Food with Mechanically Separated Chicken Meat or Meat By-products.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgia Meineri ◽  
Pier Giorgio Peiretti ◽  
Sonia Tassone ◽  
Alessia Candellone ◽  
Erica Longato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Food Digestibility ◽  
Valid Instrument ◽  
By Products

The objectives of this study were: (a) to evaluate the effect of inclusion of mechanically separated chicken meat (MSCM) in dry dog food on fatty acid profile, in vivo and in vitro digestibility, and palatability as compared with dry dog food containing meat by-products (MBP); (b) to determine, whether or not, the inclusion of the one or the other ingredient changes the microbiology and the storage quality of the two food products; (c) to propose a new system (DaisyII Incubator) to measure the in vitro digestibility of the two products. Their similar chemical composition notwithstanding, the MSCM product had lower palatability but better nutritional quality (with higher polyunsaturated fatty acid [PUFA] content and lower saturated fatty acid [SFA] content) than the MBP product. Microbiological risk assessment showed no microbiological hazards for either product. After 6 months storage, polyamine values were found to be higher in the MSCM than in the MBP. Finally, the DaisyII Incubator proved a valid instrument for the study of in vitro digestibility also for dogs; since it provided data simply, quickly with less variability and cost than obtained with in vivo trials, it could represent the future for pet food digestibility studies. Our results indicate that inclusion of MSCM or MBP as the main protein ingredient in extruded pet food may be used advantageously in product formulations.

scholarly journals Study of enterobacteria biofilms critical point control technologies livestock and food production

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-25
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Mikhailovna Lenchenko ◽  
Dmitry Alekseevich Blumenkrants
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Susceptible Animal ◽  
Functional Patterns ◽  
Uncultured Microorganisms

The relevance of the study and the presence of gaps in the existing knowledge on the topic. Monitoring studies of the biological safety of food raw materials for microbiological indicators is an urgent problem due to the increase in the number registered diseases transmitted to humans through raw materials and products of animal origin. There is a tendency for a statistically significant increase in epidemiological indicators throughout the world, the proportion of these pathologies is increasing both in humane medicine and veterinary medicine. The aim of the work is a comparative assessment and selection of effective methods for studying the formation biofilms enterobacteriaceae circulating among susceptible animal species and isolated from food raw materials.Methods. Аnalysis of growth and dynamics development biofilms Enterobacteriaceae was carried out during cultivation on nutrient media containing growth factors for the repair of the cell wall and the reversal viable uncultured microorganisms. To study the morphological and functional patterns of the development a population microorganisms in vitro and in vivo, we used the conventional and developed methods for preparing preparations for scanning, transmission phase contrast, optical and luminescence microscopy.Results and its discussion. During microbiological control critical points in the technology of animal husbandry and food production, the morphological and functional characteristics biofilms, which are communities microorganisms secreting a polymer matrix and adhered to the tissues of susceptible animal species and abiotic surfaces livestock buildings and food industries, were studied. The developed methods of biofilm cultivation made it possible to study enterobacteriaceae biofilms in vitro and in vivo, without disturbing the natural architectonics of the population microorganisms, to determine the components extracellular matrix. For the study dynamics morphological and functional patterns of the development populations microorganisms, routine and technological advances present are recognized as promising, for example, scanning electron microscopy makes it possible to assess the degree of formation and morphological composition biofilms. Phase contrast microscopy to reveal processes depending on the composition medium and the oxygen content in the culture medium.Conclusions. Methods for cultivating biofilms in vitro and in vivo without disturbing the natural architectonics of biofilms made it possible to optimize the preparation samples for research and eliminate the routine stages of colony counting, and significantly increase the number of analyzes. Due to the simplicity of operations and minimization manual labor, productivity increases, safety of work is increased, cost of personnel working time is reduced, and subjective factors are excluded. For the development of a complex antiepizootic and diagnostic measures, a priority direction is the disclosure of scientific knowledge in the field fundamental studies of ecological plasticity and adaptation potentially pathogenic enterobacteria to parasitism in the warm-blooded organism of birds and mammals. This will allow solving applied problems controlling the critical points of livestock and food production technology, developing effective chemotherapeutic and disinfecting drugs to reduce cell coaggregation and detect viable uncultured microorganisms. 

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF INFLUENCE OF RAW MATERIALS OF NATURAL ORIGIN FOR LEAD AND CADIUM CONTENT IN MODEL SOLUTIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
T. I. Bokova ◽  
I. V. Vasiltsova ◽  
Yu. I. Koval
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Cadmium Ions ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Model Solutions ◽  
Materials Used

The results of assessing the detoxification ability of raw materials of natural origin – propolis, buds and birch leaves (Betula pendula), buds and pine needles (Pinus sylvestris) in relation to lead and cadmium ions in in vitro experiments using the I. method. G. Mokhnacheva. The plant raw materials used in the experiment contain a large number of biologically active substances, including flavonoids (propolis, buds and birch leaves, pine buds), vitamin C (pine needles), which provide a detoxifying effect. Mass concentration of heavy metals was measured by inversion voltammetry on a TA-07 analyzer. It has been shown that raw materials of natural origin have a positive effect on the decrease in the content of lead and cadmium in model solutions. The use of pine needles caused a decrease in the level of lead to 78.4 %, pine buds to 67.4, birch leaves to 62.4, birch buds to 59.4, propolis to 57.6 %. The concentration of cadmium ions in the solution decreased under the influence of pine buds to 25.9 %, birch leaves to 19.3, propolis to 17.7 pine needles to 17.1, birch buds to 14.8 %. It has been established that the most effective lead detoxifiers are propolis, pine buds and needles; cadmium – buds of pine.

scholarly journals Üç Boyutlu (3D) Yazıcı Teknolojisi ile Gıda Üretimine Genel Bakış

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Celalettin Değerli ◽  
Sedef Nehir El
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Printing Technology ◽  
3D Printing Technology ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Food Printing

Three dimensional (3D) printing technology, have been quite popular in recent years. It came out first in the area of material production, but now, it has been applied on the other possible fields like food production. In this review, historical period of 3D printing, 3D printer types and working principles, studies on 3D food printing until today and the raw materials used in this studies were investigated. Studies on food printing was also categorised according to food types. Also, the impacts of 3D printing technology on food sector from the point of producer and consumer and future needs were discussed.

scholarly journals Changes in land use for production of energy crops in Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludwik Wicki
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Direct Competition ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Materials Used

The goal of the article is to evaluate whether production of modern biofuels in Poland competes with food production. CSO and AMA data have been used in the analysis. The data in question refers to the area of arable land in Poland, yields and livestock as well as renewable energy production structure and quantity and production of biodiesel, bioethanol and agricultural biogas. Data concerning quantity of raw materials used for production of the agricultural biogas have been accessed from AMA . Data for 2005-2016 have been collected. Production of bioenergy based on agricultural raw materials has significantly increased. From 2005 to 2016, it increased from 5 to 42 TJ . Approximately 92% of bioenergy from agricultural sources are bioethanol and biodiesel produced from the first generation of raw materials, the production of which is in direct competition with food production. The share of biogas was 8% only. Waste constituted 75% in the raw materials used to produce biogas. The area of production of energy crops has reached 5.6% of arable land in 2016 from 1.5% in 2005. It means that in Poland production of bioenergy from agricultural sources competes with food and feed production and its further increase is not desirable. Actions focused on the increased use of the second generation raw materials for energy production and decreased use of food raw materials should be taken.

Enzyme-Resistant Dextrin from Chinese Yam Starch for Potential Application in Beverage Industry: Preparation, Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Digestion

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
Luo Shui-Zhong ◽  
Wu Xiang-Zhi ◽  
Xu Pei-Lin ◽  
Pan Li-Hua ◽  
Zheng Zhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Soft Drink ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Prolonged Heating ◽  
Chinese Yam ◽  
Resistant Dextrin

Preparation conditions, physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of enzyme-resistant dextrin from Chinese yam starches, which are native, easily accessible and cheap raw materials in China, were investigated in the current study. The results showed that the enzyme-resistant fraction content in enzyme-resistant dextrin increased and the whiteness of the enzyme-resistant dextrin decreased with the increasing concentrations of hydrochloric and citric acids and the rising heating temperatures, and the prolonged heating times. Considering the manufacturing cost and the beneficial usage, the enzyme-resistant dextrin produced by heating of Chinese yam starch in the presence of hydrochloric (0.11% dsb) and citric (0.2% dsb) acids at 150°C for 60min was selected. Enzyme-resistant dextrin had a low molecular weight of about 6800 Da and rich “non-digestible” α-1,2 glycosidic bond and was well-soluble in water, stable at pH 3.0–7.0 or after heating at 85°C for 0.5 h showed, high thermal stability and high resistant to the artificial gastric juice and small intestinal fluids. These characteristics make the selected enzyme-resistant dextrin suitable for use in the soft drink industry as the soluble dietary fibres and prebiotics in the beverages. This would provide an excellent opportunity to reduce the caloric value of the beverages and exert a beneficial effect on the intestinal microflora of people consuming beverages enriched with enzyme-resistant dextrins.

scholarly journals Development of the orodispersible films based on CO2 extract of Ziziphora bungeana with antimicrobial activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 128-134
Author(s):  
K.A. Zhaparkulova ◽  
◽  
G.M. Gani ◽  
Z.B. Sakipova ◽  
A.A. Karaubayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Orodispersible Films ◽  
Materials Used

The present work was intended to develop the new drug in the form of film soluble in the oral cavity: development of its composition, production technology, the study of its antimicrobial activity. The relevance of the problem is caused by the absence of drugs in the form of films on the domestic pharmaceutical market. The optimal composition of films was selected by evaluating a number of physical, chemical and technological indicators of the obtained films. The article indicates the materials used to obtain the drugs in question, presents the technology for their preparation and quality determination methods: unit measurement methods and potentiometric determination of pH, tensiometric and conductometric methods, thin-layer and gas chromatography and others. Antimicrobial activity of the resulting films has been proven in vitro. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-p and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 have been used as the test microorganisms in order to study them by disk diffusion method in agar. The introduction of СО2 extract of Z. bungeana from medicinal plant raw materials as active ingredients in medicinal films will expand the range of complex phytopreparations of the domestic pharmaceutical market for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa.

‘Flexible’ system makes pet food production easy

1984 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Stephen Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Flexible System

The Filter Loop Technique as a Method of Measuring Platelet Aggregation in the Flowing Blood of the Rat; the Inhibitory Activity of 5-oxo-l-cyclopentene-l-heptanoic Acid (AY-16,804) on Platelet Aggregation

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 138-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Muirhead
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Prostaglandin E1 ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Heptanoic Acid ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Loop Technique ◽  
Flowing Blood ◽  
Filter Loop

SummaryThe filter loop technique which measures platelet aggregation in vivo in the flowing-blood of the rat was compared to the optical density technique of Born which is carried out in vitro with platelet rich plasma. Using these two experimental models the effect on platelet aggregation of three known inhibitors sulfinpyrazone, dipyridamole and prostaglandin E1, and a novel compound 5-oxo-l-cyclopentene-l-heptanoic acid (AY-16, 804) was determined.The effects on platelet aggregation of the known inhibitors were consistent with information in the literature. Prostaglandin E1 was the most potent inhibitor in both techniques; sulfinpyrazone inhibited aggregation in both models but was less potent than prostaglandin E1. AY-16, 804 exhibited activity in vitro and in vivo similar to that of sulfinpyrazone. Dipyridamole did not inhibit platelet aggregation in vivo and did not inhibit aggregation in vitro in concentrations at which it remained soluble.The filter loop technique is a suitable model for measuring platelet aggregation in the flowing blood of the rat. It is a relatively simple method of determining aggregation and easily adapted to other species.

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