scholarly journals Effect of a Synbiotic Supplement on Fear Response and Memory Assessment of Broiler Chickens Subjected to Heat Stress

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 427
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mohammed ◽  
Manal Mahmoud ◽  
Raj Murugesan ◽  
Heng-wei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Fear Response ◽  
Plasma Tryptophan ◽  
Memory Assessment ◽  
Bifidobacterium Animalis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a synbiotic containing a probiotic (Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus acidilactici, Bifidobacterium animalis, and Lactobacillus reuteri) and a prebiotic (fructooligosaccharides) on fear response, memory assessment, and selected stress indicators in broilers subjected to heat stress. A total of 360 1-day-old Ross 708 chicks were evenly divided among three treatments: a basal diet mixed with a synbiotic at 0 (G-C), 0.5 (G-0.5X), and 1.0 (G-1.0X) g/kg. After 15 d, the broilers were exposed to 32 °C for 9 h daily until 42 d. The object memory test was conducted at 15 day; touch, novel object, and isolation tests were conducted at 35 day; tonic immobility (TI) took place at 41 day. At 42 day, plasma corticosterone and tryptophan concentrations and heterophile/lymphocyte (H/L) ratios were measured. Compared to controls, synbiotic-fed broilers, regardless of concentration, had a shorter latency to make the first vocalization, with higher vocalization rates during the isolation test (p = 0.001). the G-1.0 group had the lowest H/L ratio (p = 0.001), but higher plasma tryptophan concentrations and a greater number of birds could reach the observer during the touch test (p = 0.001 and 0.043, respectively). The current results indicate that the synbiotic can be used as a growth promoter to reduce the fear response and stress state of heat-stressed broilers.

scholarly journals Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on regulatory appetite and heat stress protein genes in broiler chickens subjected to heat stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suriya Kumari Ramiah ◽  
Elmutaz Atta Awad ◽  
Nur Izzah Mohd Hemly ◽  
Mahdi Ebrahimi ◽  
Olubodun Joshua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Stress Proteins ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Broiler Chicks

Abstract This study was conducted to explore the effect of the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) supplement on the regulatory appetite and heat stress (HS) genes in broiler chickens raised under high or normal ambient temperatures. In this study, 240 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned to 48 battery cages. From day 1, these 48 cages were randomly subjected to four different treatment strategies: Control (wherein, their basal diet included 60 mg/kg of ZnO), ZNONPs 40 (wherein basal diet included 40 mg/kg of ZnONPs), ZnONPs 60 (basal diet included 60 mg/kg of ZnONPs), and ZnONPs 100 (basal diet included 100 mg/kg of ZnONPs). Thereafter, from day 22 to 42, the chickens from each dietary treatment group were subjected to different temperature stresses either normal (23 ± 1 °C constant) or HS (34 ± 1 °C for 6 h/d), which divided them into eight different treatment groups. Our findings revealed that dietary ZnONPs altered the gene expression of cholecystokinin (ileum), heat stress proteins (HSP) 70 (jejunum and ileum), and HSP 90 (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). The gene expression of ghrelin was affected by the interaction between the ZnONPs concentration and temperature in the duodenum and stomach. More studies are required to elucidate its complex physiological and biochemical functions of the regulation of gene expression within the intestine in heat-stressed broiler chickens.

Effects of prebiotics on intestinal histo-morphometry and gut microflora status of broiler chickens

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Biswas ◽  
R. Messam ◽  
M. Kumawat ◽  
M. Namit ◽  
A.B. Mandal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Soybean Diet

A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of prebiotics on intestinal histo-morphometry and gut health status of broiler chickens. A total number of 240 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six dietary treatment groups having five replicates each with eight birds per replicate for six weeks. A basal corn-soybean diet was formulated that served as control (T1). The rest five test dietary treatments were prepared by adding antibiotic (bacitracin methylene di-salicylate-BMD at 0.002% of diet (T2), prebiotics i.e., mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) at 0.1% or 0.2% (T3 and T4) and fructo oligosaccharides (FOS) at 0.1% or 0.2% (T5, T6 respectively) with basal diet. Total anaerobes counts were significantly (P LESS THAN 0.05) reduced at 21 and 42 d at ileum in T2, T3 and T4 groups whereas, coliforms count were reduced (P LESS THAN 0.05) in T2 and T3 groups. However, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count were significantly (P Less than 0.05) increased in T3 and T4 groups but lactobacillus count were increased (P less than 0.05) in only T3 group at 21 and 42 d in ileum. Villus height (VH) and width (VW) were significantly increased (P less than 0.05) at 21d and 42 d in T3 and T4 groups, whereas, at 21 d, crypt depth (CD) were increased (P less than 0.05) in T3 and T4 groups but at 42 d, CD were significantly improved in T3 and T4 or T5 and T6 groups. No significant (P>0.05) differences were observed in ratio between VH and CD at 21d or 42 d. Thus, it might he concluded that 0.1% or 0.2% MOS inclusion in basal diet improved intestinal histo-morphometry and gut health in broiler chickens and it is a better alternate feed additive to replacement of antibiotic growth promoter.

scholarly journals Effects of feeding Bacillus subtilis to heat stressed broiler chickens with or without an antibiotic growth promoter

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibek Chandra Roy ◽  
Sachchidananda Das Chowdhury ◽  
SM Lutful Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Improved Performance

The effects of feeding probiotic (PB) with or without Lincomycin 2.2% (AGP) were investigated in broiler chickens during summer. Seven hundred Cobb-500 one day old straight run broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments each of five replications. Four diets were compared: control; control diet plus PB (Bacillus subtilis DSM17299) at a level of 50g/100kg; control plus (AGP) at a level of 15g/100kg and control plus a combination of PB and AGP (50gm/100kg and 15g/100kg respectively). Control birds were fed on a corn-soybean based starter mash that contained ME 3000 kcal/kg and CP 24.39% from 0-21 days of age and a corn-soybean based grower mash of ME 3100 kcal/kg and CP 20.43% during 22-35 days of age. The records were kept of feed intake (FI), body weight and mortality while weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survivability were calculated. Temperature and humidity were recorded four times daily except during extreme heat stress when measurements were made more frequently. One bird that was close to average of pen weight was taken from each replication at the end of the trial and the birds were sacrificed to determine carcass characteristics. Both performance and carcass yield data were statistically analyzed. Birds that received PB and a combination of PB +AGP treatments showed significant differences (P<0.01) from control with respect to body weight gain and FCR while feeding AGP alone although showed a decrease in feed intake. Abdominal fat was significantly (P<0.01) reduced in PB treated birds. Higher mortality was encountered in control group. Both PB alone and a combination of AGP treatments were able to show improved performance and reduced mortality, feeding PB alone may be practiced on the combined grounds of improved performance, efficiency in combating heat stress and to discourage the use of AGP in broiler diet.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(1): 80-88

Effect of feeding butoxybutyl alcohol on the growth performance and status of skeletal muscle proteolysis in broiler chickens

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (5) ◽  
pp. 920-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. KAMIZONO ◽  
D. SAPUTRA ◽  
I. MIURA ◽  
M. KIKUSATO ◽  
K. HAYASHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Protein ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Protein Degradation

SUMMARYButoxybutyl alcohol (BBA) is a possible growth promoter contained in the fermentation and distillation by-products of a traditional Japanese spirit, shochu. In the present study, BBA was synthesized and its chemical structure was confirmed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Then, two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding the synthesized BBA on the growth and skeletal muscle proteolysis of broiler chickens. Ross male broiler chickens were divided into two groups, control (basal diet: 219 g crude protein/kg and 12·66 MJ metabolizable energy/kg) and BBA diet (30 mg BBA/kg basal diet), with the experimental diets being provided from 15 to 27 days and 0 to 27 days of age, for Studies 1 and 2, respectively. Butoxybutyl alcohol supplementation increased final body weight in both studies, whereas feed intake was unchanged, thereby indicating significantly increased feed efficiency. Furthermore, the synthesized BBA increased the weights of the pectoralis superficialis and profundus muscles, and the leg. The BBA decreased the Nτ-methylhistidine concentration in the excrement and plasma, which are indices of the rate of skeletal muscle protein degradation. It also decreased the mRNA levels of μ-calpain large subunit, atrogin-1/muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx), ubiquitin and 20S proteasome C2 subunit. These suggest that growth promotion due to the feeding of synthesized BBA is caused by the suppression of skeletal muscle protein degradation, which is related to a decrease in gene expression in the calpain and ubiquitin–proteasome systems.

Influence of aidan and turmeric as additives on blood chemistry, proximate composition and organoleptic indices of broiler chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-106
Author(s):  
J.N. Ingweye ◽  
G.O. Egbo ◽  
G.A. Kalio
Keyword(s):  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Group A ◽  
Hedonic Scale ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The study assessed blood chemistry, proximate composition and organoleptic indices of meat from broiler chickens fed aidan and turmeric as additives. One hundred and eighty Cobb 500 strain day-old chicks were used for an 8-week study. Birds were divided into six groups (30 birds/group) of three replicates (10 birds/replicate) each. The groups were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments (A, B, C, D, E, and F). Group A was the control, fed basal diet without aidan or turmeric. Groups B, C, D, E and F were fed diets containing 0.5% aidan, 1.0% aidan, 0.5% aidan + 0.5% turmeric, 1.0% turmeric and 0.5% turmeric, respectively. Blood was drawn from one bird per replicate at end of study for blood chemistry analysis. One bird per treatment was selected, slaughtered and loin meat taken for proximate and sensory evaluation using 20 semi-trained test panelists and nine-point hedonic scale questionnaire. Completely randomized design, one-way analysis of variance was used. Dietary inclusion of turmeric and aidan alone or in combination showed no apparent pathological concerns but significantly (p<0.05) elevated PCV, RBC, thrombocytes, heterophils, lymphocytes, AST, ALT, albumin, globulin, protein, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, creatinine values and decreased (p<0.05) haemoglobin and glucose concentrations. Also, treatments did not affect (p>0.05) monocytes and potassium levels and showed normal WBC and eosinophils counts. Furthermore, dietary treatments improved (p<0.05) crude protein content of the meat without affecting (p>0.05) fat, ash and dry matter as well as sensory indices. Nevertheless, no meat was disliked by consumers. Inclusion of aidan and turmeric up to 1.0% could support antiglycaemic and phosphorus activity. But, beyond 1.0% inclusion, anaemia and dehydration of the birds may occur. Keywords: Phyto-additive, Non-antibiotic, Natural growth promoter, Sensory indices

scholarly journals Reducing Stress Susceptibility of Broiler Chickens by Supplementing a Yeast Fermentation Product in the Feed or Drinking Water

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Nelson ◽  
Don McIntyre ◽  
Hilary Pavlidis ◽  
Gregory Archer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Yeast Fermentation ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Acute Heat Stress ◽  
Stress Susceptibility ◽  
Reducing Stress

Reducing stress is an important goal in animal production. Previous research has demonstrated the ability of Original XPCTM to reduce the stress response of broilers during heat stress. Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of adding Original XPCTM to the feed or AviCareTM to the water on stress susceptibility of broiler chickens. Treatments included: control nonstressed (CNS), control stressed (CS), stressed with Original XPCTM (1.25 kg/metric ton feed, 0–42 days; XPC), and stressed with AviCareTM (160 mL/100 L drinking water, 0–42 days; AVI). All stressed treatments received the following stressors: live coccidiosis vaccination (day 1), reared on reused litter (days 0–42), and heat stress with feed/water withdrawal (12 h on day 18). Plasma corticosterone and heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio were determined from 60 birds/T on day 19, and 24 birds/T on day 41. Physical asymmetry was determined using bilateral bone measurements from 60 birds/T on day 41. Birds provided XPC or AVI had lower corticosterone and H/L ratios than CS (p < 0.05) on day 19 and lower corticosterone, H/L ratios, and asymmetry scores than both CNS and CS on day 41 (p < 0.05) in all three trials. Supplementing XPC or AVI improved broiler welfare measured by reduced stress indicators after acute heat stress or normal rearing stress in all trials.

scholarly journals Effects of Fennel Seed Powder Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, and Economic Efficiency of Broilers under Thermoneutral and Chronic Heat Stress Conditions

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. AL-Sagan ◽  
Shady Khalil ◽  
Elsayed O. S. Hussein ◽  
Youssef A. Attia
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Heat Stress Condition

Nowadays, phytogenic products have received great attention as a growth promoter due to their safety and environmentally friendly effect as a replacement for classical growth promoters such as antibiotics in animal nutrition. Thus, this research seeks the possibility of using fennel seed powder (FSP) as a dietary additive from 19 to 41 days of age on productive performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and production efficiency of broiler chickens raised under thermoneutral and chronic heat stress conditions. Thus, 216 one-day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were divided into two equal groups. The first group was placed in an independent temperature-controlled room at 23 ± 2 °C. The broiler chicks from the second group were placed in a heat-stressed room and exposed to chronic heat stress conditions (32 ± 2 °C) for seven hours per day from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. The experimental design was 2 × 3 factorial including two environmental temperatures (thermoneutral vs chronic heat stress) and three experimental diets that contained 0, 1.6, and 3.2% FSP. The chickens were randomly assigned to 18-floor pens per room temperature, representing six replicates per treatment and six birds per replicate. The results showed that dietary fennel seed powder during days 19–41 of age enhanced the growth rate of broiler chickens and improved breast meat redness and reduced temperature under chronic heat stress. In conclusion, 3.2% of fennel seed powder could be used as an agent for enhancing the broiler’s tolerance during chronic heat stress condition from 19 to 41 days of age. Moreover, it is necessary to study in further detail the nitrite and nitrate contents in FSP and their impacts on muscle redness (a*) as well as muscle temperature.

scholarly journals Bacteriophage cocktail supplementation improves growth performance, gut microbiome and production traits in broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santi Devi Upadhaya ◽  
Je Min Ahn ◽  
Jae Hyoung Cho ◽  
Jin Young Kim ◽  
Dae Kyung Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Linear Effect

Abstract Background Effective antibiotic alternatives are urgently needed in the poultry industry to control disease outbreaks. Phage therapy mainly utilizes lytic phages to kill their respective bacterial hosts and can be an attractive solution to combating the emergence of antibiotic resistance in livestock. Methods Five hundred and four, one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were allotted to 1 of 4 treatment groups in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of CON (basal diet), PC (CON + 0.025% Avilamax®), BP 0.05 (CON + 0.05% bacteriophage), and BP 0.10 (CON + 0.10% bacteriophage). Results A significant linear effect on body weight gain (BWG) was observed during days 1–7, days 22–35, and cumulatively in bacteriophage (BP) supplemented groups. The BWG tended to be higher (P = 0.08) and the feed intake (FI) was increased (P = 0.017) in the PC group over CON group. A greater (P = 0.016) BWG and trends in increased FI (P = 0.06) were observed in the experiment in birds fed PC than CON diet. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was decreased in PC (65.28%), while it was similar in BP 0.05 and BP 0.10 (90.65%, 86.72%) compared to CON (90.19%). At the species level, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus salivarus was higher in BP 0.05 (40.15%) and BP 0.10 (38.58%) compared to the CON (20.04%) and PC (18.05%). A linear reduction in the weight of bursa of Fabricius (P = 0.022) and spleen (P = 0.052) was observed in birds fed graded level of BP and an increase (P = 0.059) in the weight of gizzard was observed in birds fed PC over BP diets. Linear and quadratic responses were observed in redness of breast muscle color in birds fed graded level of BP. Conclusions The inclusion of the 0.05% and 0.1% BP cocktail linearly improved broiler weight during the first 7 days, 22–35 days and cumulatively, whereas 0.05% BP addition was sufficient for supporting immune organs, bursa and spleen as well as enhancing gut microbiome, indicating the efficacy of 0.05% BP as a substitute antibiotic growth promoter in broiler diets.

scholarly journals Bacteriophage cocktail supplementation improves growth performance, gut microbiome and production traits in broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santi Devi Upadhaya ◽  
Je Min Ahn ◽  
Jae Hyoung Cho ◽  
Jin Young Kim ◽  
Dae Kyung Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Randomized Design

Abstract Background: Effective antibiotic alternatives are urgently needed in the poultry industry to control disease outbreaks. Phage therapy mainly utilizes lytic phages to kill their respective bacterial hosts and can be an attractive solution to combating the emergence of antibiotic resistance in livestock. Methods: Five hundred and four, one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were allotted to 1 of 4 treatment groups in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of CON (basal diet), PC (CON + 0.025% Avilamax®), BP 0.05 (CON + 0.05% bacteriophage), and BP 0.10 (CON + 0.10 % bacteriophage). Results: A significant linear effect on body weight gain (BWG) was observed during day 1-7, day 22-35, and cumulatively in bacteriophage (BP) supplemented groups. The BWG tended to be higher (P = 0.08) and the feed intake (FI) was increased (P = 0.017) in the PC group over CON group. A greater (P = 0.016) BWG and trends in increased FI (P = 0.06) were observed in the experiment in birds fed PC than CON diet. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was decreased in PC (65.28%), while it was similar in BP 0.05 and BP 0.10 (90.65%, 86.72%) compared to CON (90.19%). At the species level, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus salivarus was higher in BP 0.05 (40.15%) and BP 0.10 (38.58%) compared to the CON (20.04%) and PC (18.05%). A linear reduction in the weight of Bursa of Fabricus (P = 0.022) and spleen (P = 0.052) was observed in birds fed graded level of BP and an increase (P = 0.059) in the weight of gizzard was observed in birds fed PC over BP diets. Linear and quadratic responses were observed in redness of breast muscle color in birds fed graded level of BP. Conclusions:The inclusion of the 0.05% and 0.1% BP cocktail linearly improved broiler weight during the first 7 days, 22-35 days and cumulatively, whereas 0.05% BP addition was sufficient for supporting immune organs, bursa and spleen as well as enhancing gut microbiome, indicating the efficacy of 0.05% BP as a substitute antibiotic growth promoter in broiler diets.

scholarly journals Water supplementation of Moringa oleifera as a substitute for antibiotics on performance and blood parameters of broiler chickens

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-270
Author(s):  
Torun Kumar Paul ◽  
Yousuf Ali Sarker ◽  
Moniruzzaman Tarafder ◽  
Md Asaduzzaman Rimon ◽  
Md Anowarul Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Hematological Indices ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

There is a serious public health concern of the use of antibiotics sub-therapeutically and/or as growth promoter in poultry feed and water. Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternatives. Moringa oleifera is a phytobiotic, which has been reported to possess antimicrobial and immuno-modulatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous M. oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) supplementation on growth performance and hematological indices of broiler chickens. The 36 day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly divided into three dietary groups (group A, B and C) having 12 birds in each. The group A was considered as negative control which had received the basal diet and fresh drinking water. The group B was fed with basal diet and antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin) plus Vitamin B-complex mixed drinking water(Positive control). The group C was fed with basal diet and drinking water supplemented with 1% MOLE. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratios of the birds were recorded on weekly basis. On day 35th of the feeding trail, blood samples from five birds per replicate were used for the study of hematological indices. Birds under Group C attained intermediate body weight (1892 g) and best FCR (1.48) those were comparable with that of Group B but better (p<0.05) than those of Group A. There was a trend of decrease (p>0.05) internal organs weight in Group C compared to other groups. However, zero mortality rate and similar hematological indices were observed in the birds across the treatments. Here, the results suggested that, the aqueous MOLE can be included in the drinking water of broiler chicken for reduced feed intake and improved feed conversion efficiency and it can be considered as an alternate to synthetic antibiotics as growth promoter to fight the emergence of antibiotic resistance phenomena in poultry industry.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(2): 266-270, August 2018

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