scholarly journals Integrating Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) and Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) into New Zealand Grazing Dairy System: The Effect on Farm Productivity, Profitability, and Nitrogen Losses

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 376
Author(s):  
Omar Al-Marashdeh ◽  
Keith Cameron ◽  
Simon Hodge ◽  
Pablo Gregorini ◽  
Grant Edwards
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Farm Productivity ◽  
Leaching Loss ◽  
On Farm

A two-year farm system study was conducted at Canterbury, New Zealand to evaluate the effects on farm productivity, profitability, and nitrogen (N) losses of integrating plantain (Plantago lanceolate L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) into a ryegrass and white clover (RGWC)-based dairy system. Three farm systems were compared: (1) a lower input RGWC-based system (LIRG) with stocking rate of 3.5 cow/ha, annual N fertiliser rate of 150 kg/ha, and imported feed level of <1.2 t DM/cow/year; (2) a lower input ryegrass + plantain-based system (LIRG + PL) with a stocking rate of 3.5 cow/ha, annual N fertiliser rate of 150 kg/ha, and imported feed level of <1.2 t DM/cow/year; and (3) a higher input RGWC-based system (HIRG) with a stocking rate of 5.0 cow/ha, annual N fertiliser rate of 300 kg/ha, and imported feed level of >1.2 t DM/cow/year. Cows in the LIRG + PL system grazed a diverse mix of Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, white clover, and plantain (60% of farmlet area), and a mixed sward of plantain–white clover (40% of farmlet area). The average annual herbage harvested was similar between LIRG + PL and LIRG (11.7 t DM/ha), but greater in HIRG (12.7 t DM/ha) with the increased N fertiliser rate. During the calving to dry-off period, the average imported supplement feed per ha was higher in HIRG (8.0 t DM) compared with LIRG (3.2 t DM) and LIRG + PL (3.7 t DM). Average milk solid production (MS; fat + protein) was similar in LIRG + PL (1640 kg/ha) and LIRG (1622 kg/ha), but greater in HIRG (2130 kg/ha). Estimated profitability (NZD/ha) at milk price of NZD 6.5/kg MS was 10% greater for HIRG than LIRG + PL and LIRG, and similar (<1.5% numerical difference) between LIRG + PL and LIRG. The average estimated annual N leaching loss from the LIRG and LIRG + PL was 31% and 56% less than the loss from the HIRG. These large reductions in N leaching loss were achieved without a large decrease in profitability (i.e., LIRG and LIRG + PL compared to HIRG). In addition, the estimated reduction in N losses from the LIRG + PL system compared to LIRG suggests that an Italian ryegrass + plantain-based dairy system is a viable strategy to reduce the environmental footprint while maintaining farm profitability. However, the environmental benefits of plantain and Italian ryegrass estimated in this study require further confirmation through direct measurements at full farm level.

scholarly journals Adoption of forage technologies

2013 ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Caradus ◽  
Simon Lovatt ◽  
Bruce Belgrave
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
White Clover ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Farm Productivity ◽  
Farmer Management ◽  
On Farm

Pastoral farmers seek to continue to increase on-farm productivity, and to do this they need new forage options that they can adopt into their current management strategies. Four case studies show that New Zealand farmers have rapidly adopted new technologies that include forage herbs, white clovers with improved stolon growing point densities, and novel endophyte technologies. The less disruptive these technologies are to accepted farmer management strategies the greater the likelihood of adoption. Keywords: Forage technologies, adoption, chicory, white clover, endophytes

scholarly journals "GRASSLANDS 4707": A NEW TETRAPLOID WESTERN WOLTHS RYEGRASS

1966 ◽  
pp. 184-194
Author(s):  
P.C. Barclay ◽  
E.W. Vartha
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Certification Scheme ◽  
Fodder Grass

WESTERN WOLTHS, the extreme annual form of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), is a fodder grass which orginated in the Netherlands (De Haan, 1955). Thirty to forty years ago it was widely used in Canterbury but its use died out with the advent of the certification scheme and the availability of good perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures. Saxby (1956) states that the questionable value of Western Wolths ryegrass has not warranted its inclusion in the certification scheme, and that in 1956 genuine seed was practically non-existent on the New Zealand market.

scholarly journals Strategies to manage the evolution of glyphosate resistance in New Zealand

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 252-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Harrington ◽  
T.K. James ◽  
M.D. Parker ◽  
H. Ghanizadeh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Sustainable Farming

The first cases of weeds developing resistance to glyphosate within New Zealand have recently been reported and investigated Both perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) populations have become resistant to glyphosate in several Marlborough vineyards due to many years of weed control using mainly just glyphosate Glyphosate is currently being used in many situations throughout New Zealand that could easily lead to further resistance developing such as in other perennial fruit crops on roadsides railways amenity areas waste areas fence lines and headlands of crops Following wide consultation as part of a Sustainable Farming Fund project strategies for resistance management in three systems (vineyard and orchards amenity and waste areas and crops and pastures) are suggested Adoption of these strategies will allow glyphosate to continue as a useful herbicide in New Zealand

scholarly journals Ingestive behavior and displacement patterns of beef heifers on Italian ryegrass pasture

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine Lisete Glienke ◽  
Marta Gomes da Rocha ◽  
Dalton Roso ◽  
Luciana Pötter ◽  
Vagner Guasso da Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Structural Variation ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Biological Cycle ◽  
Bite Rate ◽  
Displacement Patterns

The effect of supplementation on ingestive behavior and displacement patterns of beef heifers grazing on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture was evaluated. The grazing method was continuous with variable stocking rate. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures on time. The supplement utilized was a commercial ration (17% CP, 21.4% NDF), daily supplied at 2 pm, in the proportion of 1% of body weight. The evaluations were made through visual observations, in four continuous periods of 24 hours. There was no difference in the bite rate between heifers with and without supplement and bite rate was higher at the end of the period of pasture utilization. Supplemented animals increased bite mass. The number of stations/minute, bites/station and the displacement patterns was influenced by forage changes along the occupation period. The ingestive behavior and displacement patterns of heifers are modified by supplementation and structural variation of the grass along its biological cycle. In the reproductive stage of Italian ryegrass, grazing time, daily number of bites and, feeding stations and time for station are similar between not supplemented and supplemented heifers.

scholarly journals Improving environmental benefits of white clover through condensed tannin expression

2019 ◽  
pp. 195-202
Author(s):  
Derek R. Woodfield ◽  
Marissa B. Roldan ◽  
Christine R. Voisey ◽  
Greig R. Cousins ◽  
John R. Caradus
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
N Losses

Forage legumes improve both the intake and quality of the diet in pasture-based livestock systems. However, the high protein content of these forages can lead to inefficient nitrogen utilisation in the rumen and to high nitrogen (N) losses in urine and dung. Condensed tannins in forages have been shown to significantly reduce N leaching and also methane emissions. The use of classical breeding approaches over more than 50 years has failed to elevate condensed tannins in forage legumes. However, molecular biology approaches have achieved condensed tannin expression in white clover at levels that are biologically significant (>2% of dry matter). Results from a field trial in the USA showed that while condensed tannin levels in white clover (Trifolium repens) were similar to those produced by birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), plants did suffer a yield penalty. Protein binding assays were conducted by incubating soluble white clover leaf CTs in a solution containing the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA). The CTs in white clover leaves efficiently precipitated BSA from the supernatant at pH 6.5, and these CT-protein complexes dissociated at pH 2.5.While the use of genetically modified organisms in New Zealand is regulated, this development has the potential to improve environmental, animal health and animal productivity outcomes from grazed pasture systems.

scholarly journals Confirmation of glyphosate resistance in two species of ryegrass from New Zealand vineyards

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 89-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ghanizadeh ◽  
K.C. Harrington ◽  
T.K. James ◽  
D.J. Woolley
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Two Populations

Plants were obtained from two populations of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and three populations of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) from different vineyards in Marlborough and Nelson that were suspected of being resistant to glyphosate following many consecutive applications of this herbicide over recent years Each population was multiplied by splitting out tillers and this was also done for plants taken from a population of each species from Manawatu pastures where they had not been exposed to glyphosate application A doseresponse experiment showed that four populations taken from the vineyards were about 10 times as resistant to glyphosate as those plants that had not been previously exposed to the herbicide The experiment was repeated and showed one perennial ryegrass population to have a 30fold level of resistance These are the first confirmed cases of glyphosate resistance within New Zealand

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen fertiliser rate on production and nitrogen leaching from Italian ryegrass following a maize silage crop

2003 ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
A.A. Judge ◽  
R.N. Jensen ◽  
M.S. Sprosen ◽  
S.F. Ledgard ◽  
E.R. Thom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Nitrogen Leaching ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Yield Responses

Dry matter (DM) yield responses and field nitrogen (N) leaching losses were assessed following the application of 4 rates of N fertiliser to an Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) crop grown after maize. The trial was conducted on a free-draining Horotiu silt loam (typic orthic allophanic soil) at Dexcel's Scott Farm near Hamilton, New Zealand. The grass was direct dr illed into maize stubble on 13 April 2002. Small plots received a total of 0, 40, 100 or 160 kg N/ha as urea, split into 4 equal applications from May to July. Total DM production over 24 weeks for the 0, 40, 100 or 160 kg N/ha treatments was 2730, 3487, 4238 and 4840 kg DM/ha, respectively. Additional kg DM produced/kg N applied was 19, 15 and 13, respectively. The 'apparent' proportion of applied N removed in the herbage from all plots was 55- 60%. Herbage nitrate-N concentrations exceeded the commonly accepted critical level of 0.21% on the 160 kg N/ha treatment at the first harvest on 3 July 2002, when only half of each N rate had been applied. There were no significant treatment differences in leaching losses (range 17-34 kg N/ha). Italian ryegrass grown on a silt loam soil after maize showed an almost linear yield response to N fertiliser over the range 40-160 kg N/ha, without increased inorganic N leaching. Further work is necessary to confirm these results and to establish whether or not higher rates of N fertiliser can be used to increase winter dry matter yields from Italian ryegrass, without increasing N leaching losses. Keywords: annual ryegrass, dairy systems, double cropping, nitrogen leaching

scholarly journals Implications of increased use of brought-in feeds on potential environmental effects of dairy farms in Waikato

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
S.F. Ledgard ◽  
N.L. Bartlett ◽  
P.J. Van Boheemen ◽  
B.R. Wilton ◽  
S.B. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Nutrient Efficiency ◽  
High Feed ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Farm System

Abstract The effects of increased use of brought-in feeds were evaluated across 25 dairy farms in central Waikato. Farms were classified into low, medium and high feedinput categories based on 1200 kg DM/cow, covering a range typical of that in the main dairying regions of New Zealand. Average milksolids (MS)/ha was 1087 and 1900 kg in the low and high feed-input categories, but total land-use/tonne MS was the same when all off-farm land was accounted for. Average estimated on-farm nitrogen (N) leaching increased from 26 to 30 kg N/ha/year between the low and high feed-input categories, but off-farm leaching sources were equivalent to an increase of 20 and 84%, respectively. Greenhouse gas emissions/on-farm hectare were 61% higher on high feed-input farms, but the carbon footprint and N leaching per tonne MS were similar across feed-input categories. High feed-input farms used feed-pads and increased effluent area (66 versus 21% of farm) to increase nutrient efficiency. Mitigation analyses indicated that N leaching could be decreased by optimising effluent area, reducing N fertiliser rate and utilising low-N feeds. Keywords: nitrogen leaching, whole farm system, greenhouse gases, land use

scholarly journals Nitrogen balances and losses on intensive dairy farms

1997 ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.F. Ledgard ◽  
J.W. Penno ◽  
M.S. Sprosen
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Farm System ◽  
South West England

Nitrogen (N) balances were constructed for "average" dairy farms in New Zealand, south west England and The Netherlands, and for Dairying Research Corporation (DRC) farmlets varying in stocking rate and use of N fertiliser and maize grain. N surpluses were calculated to indicate the potential impact on the environment and these were compared with measured N losses from the DRC farmlets. On the average New Zealand farm, annual N inputs of 186 kg N/ha/year (mainly from N2 fixation) resulted in N outputs in milk+meat of 55 kg N/ha/year (30% efficiency) and a N surplus of 131 kg N/ha/year. Dutch farms produced 70% more milk/ha but had N inputs of 568 kg/ha, N outputs in produce of 81 kg/ha (14% efficiency) and a N surplus of 487 kg/ha. English farms were intermediate. In the DRC farmlets, applying fertiliser N at 400 kg N/ha/year increased N surpluses and nitrate leaching by 3-4 fold, resulting in nitrate-N concentrations in drainage of 2.5× the recommended maximum for drinking water. The most efficient farm system received no N fertiliser and was highly stocked (3.3 Friesian cows/ha) for very high pasture utilisation. This resulted in similar milk production/ha to Dutch farms (with 1/3 the N inputs) and a 45% efficiency of conversion of N inputs from N2 fixation into milk and meat products. Keywords: dairy farm, nitrate leaching, nitrogen balance, nitrogen fertiliser, stocking rate

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