scholarly journals Haemonchosis: A Challenging Parasitic Infection of Sheep and Goats

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 363
Author(s):  
Konstantinos V. Arsenopoulos ◽  
George C. Fthenakis ◽  
Eleni I. Katsarou ◽  
Elias Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Health Management ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
The Moment

The paper reviews the challenges about haemonchosis—a significant and common parasitic infection of small ruminants. Haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic parasite that localises in the abomasum of affected animals and exerts its pathogenicity by blood-sucking activity, adversely affecting the health and productivity of animals. The first challenge is the uneven distribution of the infection globally, this being more prevalent in tropical and subtropical and warm temperate and summer rainfall regions than in cool and cold temperate and arid regions; hence, this leads in differences in the approaches required for its control. Another challenge is the widespread presence of Haemonchus strains resistant to the various anthelmintics available: Benzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles, macrocyclic lactones, closantel and monepantel, which makes the control of the infection difficult. The third challenge refers to the difficulty of diagnosing the disease, given that field evidence can provide suspicion about the infection, which needs to be subsequently confirmed by laboratory tests through parasitological or molecular techniques. The final challenge relates to the difficulties in the control of the infection and the necessity to use pharmaceutical products cautiously and with a planned approach, to avoid further development of anthelmintic resistance, also given that use of a recently licenced vaccine is not widespread. In conclusion, at the moment, we should be concerned, but not worried, about this infection, and apply correctly the appropriate health management plans.

Effect of Jatropha curcas Latex on L3 Haemonchus contortus Larval Motility

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noorzaid Muhamad ◽  
Syahirah Sazeli ◽  
Resni Mona ◽  
Jannathul Firdous
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Plants Extract

The anthelmintic resistance has limited the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and thus has awakened interest in the study of plants extract as a source of anthelmintics. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of Jatrophacurcas latex extract against Haemonchuscontortus larval motility. To evaluate the larvicidal activity, H.contortus L3 were incubated with the extracts with varying concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL at 27°C for 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P less than 0.05). The extracts showed dose-dependent larvicidal effects. These results suggest that J.curcas can be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants.

Development of nanomedicines and nano-similars: recent advances in regulatory landscape

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishi Paliwal ◽  
Pramod Kumar ◽  
Akash Chaurasiya ◽  
Rameshroo Kenwat ◽  
Sumeet Katke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Similar Drug ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Regulatory Landscape

Background: Nanopharmaceuticals serve as emerging forms of modern medicines which include nanomedicines, nanosimilars, nanotheranostics, nanodevices and many more. In last two decades, a large number of nano-based products has reached to the market and are being used clinically. Objectives: Unlike, conventional pharmaceutical products, nanopharmaceuticals behave differently both in vitro and in vivo and therefore, development of their generic versions needs special attention to replicate the similar drug release pattern leading to the identical therapeutic outcome. Further, drug-device combinations and 3D products are latest advancements in precise medicine delivery and development. Methods: The regulatory guidelines for these products are being framed at many stages by various regulatory agencies like USFDA/EMA and still are in infancy at the moment if we look at wider prospective and applications of nanomedicine. Results: For a formulation scientist, it is much needed that well-explained and directive guidelines should be available before leading to the development of the generic versions of these nano-cargos. Conclusion: Here, in this review, we have summarized the silent features of the regulatory perspectives related to the nanotechnology based next generation therapeutics and diagnostics.

scholarly journals IMPORTANCE OF CLASSICAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e2015035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosangela Invernizzi ◽  
Federica Quaglia ◽  
Matteo Giovanni Della Porta
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Selection Of

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplastic, ineffective, clonal and neoplastic hematopoiesis. MDS represent a complex hematological problem: differences in disease presentation, progression and outcome  have necessitated the use of classification systems to improve diagnosis, prognostication and treatment selection. However, since a single biological or genetic reliable diagnostic marker has not yet been discovered for MDS, quantitative and qualitative dysplastic morphological alterations of bone marrow precursors and of peripheral blood cells are still fundamental for diagnostic classification. In this paper World Health Organization (WHO) classification refinements and current minimal diagnostic criteria proposed by expert panels are highlighted and related problematic issues are discussed. The recommendations should facilitate diagnostic and prognostic evaluations in MDS and selection of patients for new effective targeted therapies. Although in the future morphology should be supplemented with new molecular techniques, the morphological approach, at least for the moment, is still the cornerstone for the diagnosis and classification of these disorders.

scholarly journals A novel BR-SMAD is required for larval development in barber’s pole worm Haemonchus contortus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Fangfang Li ◽  
Peixi Qin ◽  
Lisha Ye ◽  
Nishith Gupta ◽  
Min Hu
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Smad Proteins ◽  
Family Protein ◽  
Parasitic Worms

SMAD proteins mediate TGF-β signaling and thereby regulate the metazoan development; however, they are poorly defined in Haemonchus contortus–a common blood-sucking parasitic nematode of small ruminants. Here, we characterized an R-SMAD family protein in H. contortus termed HcSMA2, which is closely related to Caenorhabditis elegans SMA2 (CeSMA2) involved in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Hcsma2 is transcribed in all developmental stages of H. contortus but highly induced in the adult male worms. The RNA interference with Hcsma2 retarded the transition of infective L3 into L4 larvae. Besides, the bimolecular fluorescence complementation revealed the interaction of HcSMA2 with a TGF-β-activated-R-SMAD (HcDAF8). Together these results show a BMP-like receptor-regulated SMAD in H. contortus that is required for larval differentiation and underscore an adaptive functional repurposing of BMP-signaling in parasitic worms.

Multi-species Grazing for Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes – a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
Joan M Burke ◽  
James E Miller
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Copper Tolerance ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Time Required

Abstract Multi-species grazing, alternate grazing of cattle with sheep or goats, offers benefits to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) control as GIN species differ between hosts. In the Southeastern United States, common GIN species of cattle include Cooperia spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus spp., whereas species of sheep and goats are Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia curticei, and Oesophagostomum spp. Anthelmintic resistance is widely prevalent in small ruminants, and is an increasing problem in cattle, but remains less prevalent. Thus, it is recommended to farmers to use a multi-faceted approach of GIN control, including multi-species grazing. Because management differs between cattle and small ruminants in regard to copper tolerance in minerals, predator control and fencing, alternate grazing of species has most commonly been used. Other considerations include age or susceptibility to GIN, as young calves may be vulnerable to GIN, but mature cows often have negligible GIN infection. Similarly, weanling lambs and kids are susceptible, and depending on breed, adults range from highly resistant to susceptible. Research indicates that GIN burden of more resistant animals is less influenced by multi-species grazing, and highly susceptible animals will likely need additional measures of control. The more resistant species used in the multi-species grazing may lend more control to the more susceptible. Some research showed reductions in O. ostertagi, but not C. oncophora in cattle during extended grazing of cattle and sheep, and reductions of H. contortus and T. colubriformis in sheep. However, other research reported similar worm burdens. Weight gains were improved in lambs grazed alternately with cattle in some studies, and most studies showed little benefit to cattle. Little has been published on alternate grazing with cattle and goats. The complex interactions, larger plot sizes needed, and time required to complete experiments limits published studies of this important management scheme.

scholarly journals Trichostrongylus and Haemonchus anthelmintic resistance in naturally infected sheep from southern Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 777-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
VANDERLEI KLAUCK ◽  
RAFAEL PAZINATO ◽  
LEANDRO S. LOPES ◽  
DIEGO C. CUCCO ◽  
HORACIO L. DE LIMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
Larval Culture

The anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants is a common problem and concern worldwide. The aim of this study was to verify anthelmintic treatment efficacy in naturally infected sheep. This study was conducted on nine herds that used the same anthelmintic management for over a year. In each farm, the animals were divided into two groups: untreated control group (n = 5) and treated (n = 10) according to the number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG). The treatment effect was checked based on EPG results and larval culture performed before treatment and 10 days after treatment. Significant differences were not observed (P> 0.05) on EPG results between untreated and treated groups. The coproculture showed that the animals were infected primarily byHaemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp.,Teladorsagia spp., Cooperia spp. andOesophagostomum spp. In all farms, anthelmintic resistance by genera Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus was found, but this resistance varied greatly between farms.Haemonchus spp. showed resistance to closantel, levamisole, and albendazole. Trichostrongylus spp. was shown to be resistant to closantel, levamisole, and albendazole. The drugs tested showed to be efficient against the genera Teladorsagia,Cooperia, and Oesophagostomum. Based on these results, we conclude that the anthelmintic resistance to the tested drugs is a problem present in the farms evaluated.

The basics of infection microbiology

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Shears ◽  
David Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Infective Period ◽  
Public Health Management

This chapter outlines the natural history of infections caused by a variety of organisms. These organisms may already colonize a patient (endogenous) or come from another source (exogenous). They vary in the time it takes to cause symptoms (incubation period). Some are more infective than others, and the infective period varies depending on the organism. A range of diagnostic methods are used to identify the disease, from growing the organism (culture) to using molecular techniques to identify characteristics unique to the organism. Understanding what is causing an infection is important in public health management to support outbreak identification and management. Advanced techniques can identify whether the organism is likely to be transmitted from one individual to another. Antimicrobial resistance is becoming more and more problematic and can lead to difficulties of treatment of even simple infections.

scholarly journals Status of anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in organized sheep and goat farms

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saiful Islam ◽  
Anita Rani Dey ◽  
Shirin Akter ◽  
Hiranmoy Biswas ◽  
Md Hasanuzzaman Talukder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Resistant Parasite ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Sheep Farm ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status

Anthelmintic resistance has become a global problem that threatens livestock production worldwide. The present study was investigated the status of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes of small ruminants in two organized sheep and goat farms in two different areas of Bangladesh by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) for albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin. In each farms, naturally infected animals were divided into four groups of 10 animals. Fecal samples from each group were collected on day 0 and day 14 of post treatment to measure the eggs per gram of feces (EPG). The fecal samples of each group before and after treatment were also considered for culture to identify resistant parasite. In case of organized sheep farm, the result of FECRT of albendazole was 90.17, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 97.82 and 55.68, respectively. The result of FECRT of levamisole and ivermectin was 98.25 and 96.77, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 99.79, 85.12 and 99.11, 88.31, respectively. In case of organized goat farm, the result of FECRT of albendazole was 100, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 0 and 0, respectively. The result of FECRT of levamisole and ivermectin was 97.99 and 100, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 99.59, 90.28 and 0, 0 respectively. The results revealed that gastrointestinal nematodes were found to be resistant to albendazole in organized sheep farm and suspected to be resistant to levamisole and ivermectin. In organized goat farms, the GI nematodes found to be susceptible to all anthelmintics used for this study. Coproculture revealed that Haemonchus spp. were resistant parasite in sheep farm. This seems to be the first documentation of anthelmintic resistance against GI nematodes in organized sheep and goat farms in Bangladesh. Appropriate measures need to be taken to overcome the situation. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2018, 4(4): 378-382

scholarly journals Development of Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase-Specific Primers for Monitoring Bioremediation by Competitive Quantitative PCR

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 678-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B. Mesarch ◽  
Cindy H. Nakatsu ◽  
Loring Nies
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
Dioxygenase Gene ◽  
Petroleum Contaminated Soil ◽  
Dioxygenase Enzymes ◽  
Dioxygenase Genes

ABSTRACT Benzene, toluene, xylenes, phenol, naphthalene, and biphenyl are among a group of compounds that have at least one reported pathway for biodegradation involving catechol 2,3-dioxygenase enzymes. Thus, detection of the corresponding catechol 2,3-dioxygenase genes can serve as a basis for identifying and quantifying bacteria that have these catabolic abilities. Primers that can successfully amplify a 238-bp catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene fragment from eight different bacteria are described. The identities of the amplicons were confirmed by hybridization with a 238-bp catechol 2,3-dioxygenase probe. The detection limit was 102 to 103 gene copies, which was lowered to 100 to 101 gene copies by hybridization. Using the dioxygenase-specific primers, an increase in catechol 2,3-dioxygenase genes was detected in petroleum-amended soils. The dioxygenase genes were enumerated by competitive quantitative PCR with a 163-bp competitor that was amplified using the same primers. Target and competitor sequences had identical amplification kinetics. Potential PCR inhibitors that could coextract with DNA, nonamplifying DNA, soil factors (humics), and soil pollutants (toluene) did not impact enumeration. Therefore, this technique can be used to accurately and reproducibly quantify catechol 2,3-dioxygenase genes in complex environments such as petroleum-contaminated soil. Direct, non-cultivation-based molecular techniques for detecting and enumerating microbial pollutant-biodegrading genes in environmental samples are powerful tools for monitoring bioremediation and developing field evidence in support of natural attenuation.

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