scholarly journals Influences on Infrared Thermography of the Canine Eye in Relation to the Stress and Arousal of Racing Greyhounds

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Belle Elias ◽  
Melissa Starling ◽  
Bethany Wilson ◽  
Paul McGreevy
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Infrared Images ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
The Right ◽  
Eye Temperature

Infrared thermography (IRT) can be used to identify stressors associated with greyhound racing procedures. However, factors unrelated to stress may influence measurements. Validation of an eye side (right or left) and a reference point on the eye is required if IRT is to be standardised for industry use. Infrared images of greyhound heads (n = 465) were taken pre-racing and post-racing at three racetracks. Average temperature was recorded at seven different locations on each eye. A multivariate analysis model determined how several factors influenced eye temperature (ET) pre-racing and post-racing. As expected, ET increased after racing, which may be attributed to physical exertion, stress and arousal. The right eye and lacrimal caruncle had the highest sensitivity to temperature changes and could be considered reference points for future studies. Additionally, dogs that raced later had higher ET, and Richmond racetrack had the lowest pre-race ET, but the highest post-race ET. This may suggest that arousal increases as the race meet progresses and certain track attributes could increase stress. Furthermore, ET increased as humidity increased, and higher post-race ET was associated with light-coloured, young and low-performing dogs. Environmental and biological factors need to be considered if IRT is to become accurate in the detection of canine stress and monitoring of greyhound welfare.

scholarly journals The use of infrared thermography for welfare assessment during the application of ear tags to lambs

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Karakuş ◽  
Ferda Karakuş
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Infrared Images ◽  
Thermal Camera ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Welfare Assessment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of metal-tipped, plastic-tipped, and electronic ear tags on the likelihood of infection using infrared thermography and to evaluate the effect on welfare by examining the behavioral responses of the lambs. Ninety lambs with an average age of 6 months were used in this study. Before the application of the ear tags, infrared images of the right and left ears of the lambs were taken with the thermal camera and the infrared temperatures were recorded. Measurements were repeated on days 1, 4, 10, and 30 after the ear tag application. The mean of infrared ear temperatures on days 0, 1, 4, 10, and 30 were found to be 14.60, 23.20, 23.77, 20.36, and 17.61 °C for the metal-tipped ear tag group; 15.69, 21.50, 20.42, 18.00, and 16.39 °C for the plastic-tipped ear tag group; and 15.17, 29.47, 27.49, 25.93, and 20.61 °C for the electronic ear tag group. The infrared temperatures on days 1, 4, and 10 in the control and experimental groups were significantly different from each other (P < 0.001). The plastic-tipped ear tags caused fewer problems and are preferred to the traditional ear tags with metal tips. The electronic ear tags caused more inflammatory reactions compared to metal- or plastic-tipped ear tags. The infrared thermography method may be used as a useful tool in the early detection of the inflammatory reactions and infections caused by the application of ear tags.

Variations of the Specimen Temperature Depending on the Pattern of the Multiaxial Load – Preliminary Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 726 ◽  
pp. 162-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Lipski ◽  
Dariusz Skibicki
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Strain ◽  
Normal Stress ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Specimen Temperature ◽  
Preliminary Research ◽  
Plastic Strain Energy

This paper provides the results of research on temperature changes of cylindrical specimens depending on the pattern of the multiaxial load. The research were made by using passive infrared thermography. It was found out that the average temperature value is significantly dependent on the plastic strain energy and that the temperature change amplitude depends on the nominal normal stress (except for torsion).

scholarly journals Validation of Eye Temperature Assessed Using Infrared Thermography as an Indicator of Welfare in Horses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7186
Author(s):  
Su-Min Kim ◽  
Gil-Jae Cho
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Medial Canthus ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Horse Riding ◽  
Lateral Canthus ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Accurate Position ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Suitable Area ◽  
Eye Temperature

This study aimed to validate eye temperature (ET) assessed using infrared thermography (IRT) as an indicator of welfare in horses. Moreover, this study aimed to determine the most accurate position for ET measured using IRT and to validate this approach as a gold-standard measurement method. As the quantitative data obtained by IRT have strongly influenced the ET results depending on the specific location of the measurement area, an accurate definition of the regions of interest (ROI) was established. A total of 176 horses (Thoroughbred, Warmblood, and Halla horses) were used at the racing course of the Korea Racing Authority and public horse-riding clubs in South Korea. The present study also compared temperatures among three ROIs of the eye—lacrimal sac, medial canthus, and lateral canthus—at rest. Correlations between ET, rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) were assessed. There were no significant correlations between HR, RR or RT; however, among the three ROIs, the temperature of the medial canthus was positively correlated with RT (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the size of ROI was negatively correlated with accuracy of temperature measurement. These results indicate that the most suitable area for ET measurement using IRT in horses is the medial canthus, and it is recommended to use the average temperature of the smallest ROIs (2 × 2 pixels) for temperature analysis. Therefore, this study offers a validated protocol in which ET measured using IRT in the horses is useful as an indicator of welfare.

scholarly journals Salivary cortisol and eye temperature changes during endurance competitions

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica C. de Mira ◽  
Elsa Lamy ◽  
Rute Santos ◽  
Jane Williams ◽  
Mafalda Vaz Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Eye Temperature

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of salivary cortisol (SC) and eye temperature measured by infrared thermography (IRTET) as biomarkers to manage competitions more effectively and monitor horse welfare in endurance competitions. Based on previous studies, it was hypothesised that pre-exercise baseline SC and IRTET would be higher in younger or less experienced horses, and that post-exercise variation from baseline would be higher in the top finishers. Results Salivary cortisol measured in 61 competing at qualifier 40 km and 80 km rides showed an abrupt variation (93–256% rise) of the baseline SC levels [median ± interquartile range (IQR) = 0.27 ng/dl ± 0.36] obtained at the Pre-Inspection (PI) into Vet Gate (VG)1 independently of the covered distance, but modest or even lower in the subsequent Vet Gates, e.g. VG2 or VG3. The IRTET measured concomitantly in 16 horses showed significant (p < 0.05) higher levels at the PI in less experienced horses participating in the 40 km ride (median ± IQR = 35.7 °C ± 1.4) than their counterparts in the 80 km ride (median ± IQR = 35.0 °C ± 1.5), but not SC. Baseline SC levels at the PI of horses classifying in the Top5 in the 40 km ride category were significantly (p < 0.05) higher median ± IQR = 0.90 ng/ml ±0.61) when compared to horses positioned from 10th position on (median ± IQR = 0.16 ng/ml ±0.40). A lower IRTET in the PI was correlated with better placement (p < 0.05) and those in the Top5 (median ± IQR = 33.9 °C ± 0.0) had a significantly (p < 0.5) higher variation (+ 10.65%) into the last VG. Conclusion Pre-exercise baseline IRTET levels, but not SC, were higher in less experienced horses in the 40 compared to their counterparts in the 80 km ride competitions. SC and IRTET showed different indications according to the competition. In the40 km ride competition, higher baseline pre-exercise SC levels seemed to be linked to a better classification outcome. In contrast, in the 80 km ride horses, the higher IRTET variation from pre-exercise into final Vet Gate was the parameter associated with a better performance. A more controlled environment and a larger sample are needed to confirm these results and monitor horse welfare in competitions.

Measuring Facial Skin Temperature Changes Caused by Mental Work-Load with Infrared Thermography

2016 ◽  
Vol 136 (11) ◽  
pp. 1581-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tota Mizuno ◽  
Takeru Sakai ◽  
Shunsuke Kawazura ◽  
Hirotoshi Asano ◽  
Kota Akehi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Facial Skin ◽  
Mental Work ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Mental Work Load

Reflection interference removal for infrared thermography images based on GAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 529-533
Author(s):  
Jiali Zhang ◽  
Yupeng Tian ◽  
LiPing Ren ◽  
Jiaheng Cheng ◽  
JinChen Shi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Metal Surfaces ◽  
Infrared Image ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Infrared Images ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
Adversarial Network ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
Visible Images

Reflection in images is common and the removal of complex noise such as image reflection is still being explored. The problem is difficult and ill-posed, not only because there is no mixing function but also because there are no constraints in the output space (the processed image). When it comes to detecting defects on metal surfaces using infrared thermography, reflection from smooth metal surfaces can easily affect the final detection results. Therefore, it is essential to remove the reflection interference in infrared images. With the continuous application and expansion of neural networks in the field of image processing, researchers have tried to apply neural networks to remove image reflection. However, they have mainly focused on reflection interference removal in visible images and it is believed that no researchers have applied neural networks to remove reflection interference in infrared images. In this paper, the authors introduce the concept of a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) and propose an end-to-end trained network based on this with two types of loss: perceptual loss and adversarial loss. A self-built infrared reflection image dataset from an infrared camera is used. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this GAN for removing infrared image reflection.

Manifestarea anotimpurilor în contextul schimbarilor climatice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Nedealcov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Thermal Threshold ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Right

The early manifestation of the seasons and seasonal temperature's increasing trend for all seasons require adequate solutions of adaptation to climate change. Knowledge of the spatio-temporal variability of climatic parameters that characterize the seasons, focusing on the last decades - a period of time when climatic variability is even more pronounced compared to previous periods, is of particular interest. Analysis of the density of the seasonal average temperature distribution function indicates a shift to the right for the values, which demonstrates warming trend for all the seasons. The highest accelerated rhythm belongs to winters and summers, and in this context the duration of the seasons and the accumulation of daily temperatures with a certain thermal threshold is also changing.

scholarly journals Analysis of suspension bridge tunnel-type anchorage construction on the stability of surrounding rock

2020 ◽  
Vol 198 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Nana Li ◽  
Yongqiang Zhou ◽  
Yanqiang Zhao ◽  
Guiju Li
Keyword(s):  
Suspension Bridge ◽  
Surrounding Rock ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Stability Of Surrounding Rock ◽  
Numerical Software ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Right

In order to study the interaction between the left and right tunnels of suspension bridge tunnel-type anchorage, the finite difference numerical software is used to analyze the mechanical properties of the surrounding rock during the construction process. A numerical analysis model based on FLAC3D is established to analyze the stress, displacement and plastic zone changes of the surrounding rock of right tunnel anchor cavern during the construction of left tunnel anchor cavern. The right tunnel anchor cavern is excavated firstly, and then the left tunnel anchor cavern is excavated. The numerical simulation results show that the main displacement of the right tunnel occurs in the construction stage of the anchor plug body and the rear anchor cavern of the left tunnel. During the excavation of the left tunnel, the plastic zones of the left and right tunnel anchor caverns are only connected above the middle of the waist wall. Therefore, it is suggested that during the construction process, especially in the excavation stage of the anchor plug body and the rear anchor cavern, the area above the middle of the tunnel waist wall should be strengthened in time to ensure the construction safety.

Udder skin surface temperature variation pre- and post- milking in dairy cows as determined by infrared thermography

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunhe Yang ◽  
Gan Li ◽  
Xiaojun Zhang ◽  
Xianhong Gu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Skin Surface Temperature ◽  
Infrared Images ◽  
Significant Difference

The objectives of the research reported in this Research Communication were to compare the variation of hind quarter skin surface temperature pre- and post- milking in dairy cows and to determine the optimal time to capture images by infrared thermography for improving the sensitivity and specificity of mastitis detection in dairy cows. Hind quarter infrared images of 102 Holstein dairy cows were captured from the caudal view by an infrared camera pre-milking and post-milking. The udder skin surface temperature was measured with the help of the image processing software. No significant difference was found between the left and right quarter skin surface temperature pre- and post- milking. The hind quarter skin surface temperature pre-milking was not significantly influenced by milk yield, but exhibited a rising trend along with the increase of milk yield. The hind quarter skin surface temperature post-milking was significantly influenced by milk yield. This leads us to conclude that the sensitivity and specificity of IRT in mastitis detection may be influenced by milk yield and it may be better to capture the infrared images of cow udders pre-milking.

Harvesting at the Community Level

2020 ◽  
pp. 205-228
Author(s):  
Michael J. Fogarty ◽  
Jeremy S. Collie
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
The Right ◽  
Technical Solutions

Most fisheries are not directed at individual species alone. Rather, in many instances, species within a community are caught together and are also part of competitive networks and food webs. Species that are caught together are subject to technical interactions. Species that compete or are connected through predator–prey interactions (or other types of interactions) are subject to biological interactions. Ignoring either of these forms of interaction in management can lead to unintended consequences. Technical solutions can help to avoid some species while targeting others, but a comprehensive solution requires creating the right economic incentives and some incidental catch is still inevitable. Accounting for trophic interactions means that biological reference points depend on the abundance of other taxa. Single-species approaches are invalid in a multispecies or community context where biological interactions are important. Technical interactions can make it impossible to achieve target exploitation rates even if biological interactions are relatively unimportant.

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