scholarly journals Grazing Mares on Pasture with Sycamore Maples: A Potential Threat to Suckling Foals and Food Safety through Milk Contamination

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Benoît Renaud ◽  
Anne-Christine François ◽  
François Boemer ◽  
Caroline Kruse ◽  
David Stern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Transplacental Transfer ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Milk Contamination ◽  
Sycamore Maple

Equine atypical myopathy (AM) is seasonal intoxication resulting from the ingestion of seeds and seedlings of the sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) that contain toxins, among them, hypoglycin A (HGA). Literature mentions several cases of AM among gravid mares and in unweaned foals. The objective of this study was to determine whether HGA and/or its metabolite are present in milk from grazing mares exposed to sycamore maple trees as confirmed by detection of HGA and its metabolite in their blood. Four mare/foal couples were included in the study. Both HGA and its metabolite were detectable in all but one of the milk samples. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing transfer of HGA to the milk. This unprecedented observation could partially explain cases of unweaned foals suffering from AM. However, a transplacental transfer of the toxin cannot be excluded for newborn foals. Besides being a source of contamination for offspring, milk contamination by toxins from fruits of trees of the Sapindaceae family might constitute a potential risk for food safety regarding other species’ raw milk or dairy products.

scholarly journals The Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, soft cheese and yoghurt in Baghdad Province by Using ELISA Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Najim Hadi Najim
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
White Cheese ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

     Milk and dairy products are fundamental components in the human diet and may be the principle way for entrance of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in to the human body. All milk and dairy products samples were tested for the occurrence of AFM1 by the competitive ELISA technique. Out of 32 bovine raw milk samples that were collected from eight villages around Baghdad province, 32 samples (100 %) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.15 to 86.96ng/kg with mean value of 42.37±26.07 ng/kg, of which 17 samples were contaminated with concentrations < 50 ng/kg and 15 samples exceeded the maximum acceptable level of AFM1 in milk (50 ng/kg) imposed by the European legislation. The raw milk samples belonged to animals fed with composite and stored fodder as in Althahab Alabiadh, Radhwaniya and Fadhaliya villages had higher significantly AFM1 concentrations over all the other five villages (Grazing feed). All 32 (100%) locally produced soft white cheese samples analyzed were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 31.84 to 89.44 ng/kg with the mean value of 59.92±17.03 ng/kg. Out of 32 locally produced yoghurt samples analyzed, 32 samples (100%) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.16 to 42.74 ng/kg with the mean value of 16.92±11.55 ng/kg. Thirty samples (100%) of the examined 30 imported UHT milk samples that were collected from different commercial companies in the province of Baghdad presented significantly  high contamination level with AFM1 that were found to range from 0.18 to 85.66 ng/kg.

scholarly journals Molecular genetic methods of analysis to identify the species affiliation of the raw material composition in food products

Vestnik MGTU ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-223
Author(s):  
E. A. Yurova ◽  
N. A. Zhizhin ◽  
S. A. Filchakova
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Dna Molecules ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Sheep Milk

Received in revised 08.08.2020 Methods based on the analysis of proteins and DNA molecules are more and more used to assess the composition of food products. Proteins research methods include immunological, electrophoretic and chromatographic ones. The analysis of DNA molecules is most often used to identify the species affiliation of food components. This is due to the stability of their structure compared to proteins, as well as their presence in most biological tissues. The results of studies evaluating methodological approaches for the application of the PCR diagnostic method to identify the composition of food products and the possibility of their use for monitoring dairy products have been shown. The objects of research were samples of cow, goat, sheep milk, as well as milk samples of different animal species mixed in various ratios. DNA was extracted from milk samples according to a unified technique for the separation of DNA molecules in milk and dairy products. The work also considers the possibility of using the PCR diagnostic method to identify the raw material origin of the product. To evaluate the measurement methods, artificially created samples of raw milk were used, which were cow, goat and sheep milk, a mix of three types of milk in different ratios. As a result of the research, the main method has been chosen as the real time PCR method, which has reliability, high sensitivity, sufficient rapidity, with the possibility of using it for dairy multicomponent products with a complex structural matrix, as well as products that have undergone deep technological processing.

scholarly journals Evaluating the rate of contamination of raw milk with pathogenic biotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica in the North-East of Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahimeh Movafagh ◽  
Tayebeh Zeinali ◽  
Abdollah Jamshidi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
East Of Iran

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the contamination rate of raw milk to Y. enterocolitica and biotyping of isolated organisms. Results: The results showed 33% of raw milk samples were contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica. 1A biotype was the predominant one (26%) but two pathogenic biotypes including 1B (6%) and 5 (1%) were also detected. Isolation of potentially pathogenic Y. enterocolitica from raw milk and consequently its presence in dairy products which are made from raw milk is a public health hazard.

Isolation of exopolysaccharides producing lactic acid bacteria from dairy products

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasad Patil ◽  
Akanksha Wadehra ◽  
Kanchan Munjal ◽  
Pradip Behare
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Fermented Milk ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fermented Milk Products ◽  
Exopolysaccharides Production

Currently, much attention is being paid for improving the texture of food by screening the new exopolysaccharides (EPS) producing strains. The aim of the present work was to isolate EPS producing Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from raw milk and milk products samples. Total of thirty eight dahi, lassi and raw milk samples were collected from different villages and towns of Karnal and Delhi District. The samples were plated on milk agar and colonies showing ropy polysaccharides production were subjected to biochemical test. After molecular identification 2 were found as <italic>S. thermophilus</italic>, 2 were <italic>Lb. rhamnosus</italic> and 2 were confirmed as <italic>Lb. fermentum</italic>. Two <italic>S. thermophilus</italic> strains (PD7 and PD11) and <italic>Lb. fermentum</italic> strains (AL6 and AD3) showed better curdling pattern, acidity, exopolysaccharides production, and sensory properties. These cultures can be used for manufacture of indigenous fermented milk products.

scholarly journals Effects of Nisin and Lysozyme on Growth Inhibition and Biofilm Formation Capacity of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Raw Milk and Cheese Samples

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 1627-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
MERT SUDAGIDAN ◽  
AHMET YEMENİCİOĞLU
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
No Inhibition ◽  
Growth Inhibitory ◽  
Control Growth

Effects of nisin and lysozyme on growth inhibition and biofilm formation capacity of 25 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw milk (13 strains) and cheese (12 strains) were studied. Nisin was tested at concentrations between 0.5 and 25 μg/ml; the growth of all strains was inhibited at 25 μg/ml, but the resistances of strains showed a great variation at lower nisin concentrations. In contrast, lysozyme tested at concentrations up to 5.0 mg/ml showed no inhibition on the growth of strains. Nisin used at the growth inhibitory concentration prevented the biofilm formation of strains, but strains continued biofilm formation at subinhibitory nisin concentrations. Lysozyme did not affect the biofilm formation of 19 of the strains, but it caused a considerable activation in the biofilm formation capacity of six strains. Twelve of the strains contained both biofilm-related protease genes (sspA, sspB, and aur) and active proteases; eight of these strains were nisin resistant. These results suggest a potential risk of S. aureus growth and biofilm formation when lysozyme is used in the biopreservation of dairy products. Nisin can be used to control growth and biofilm formation of foodborne S. aureus, unless resistance against this biopreservative develops.

scholarly journals Milk Contamination and Resistance to Processing Conditions Determine the Fate of Lactococcus lactis Bacteriophages in Dairies

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 7365-7371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Madera ◽  
Cristina Monjardín ◽  
Juan E. Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Heat Exchanger ◽  
Lytic Cycle ◽  
Phage Infection ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Restriction Patterns ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Milk Contamination ◽  
Evolution Dynamics

ABSTRACT Milk contamination by phages, the susceptibility of the phages to pasteurization, and the high levels of resistance to phage infection of starter strains condition the evolution dynamics of phage populations in dairy environments. Approximately 10% (83 of 900) of raw milk samples contained phages of the quasi-species c2 (72%), 936 (24%), and P335 (4%). However, 936 phages were isolated from 20 of 24 (85%) whey samples, while c2 was detected in only one (4%) of these samples. This switch may have been due to the higher susceptibility of c2 to pasteurization (936-like phages were found to be approximately 35 times more resistant than c2 strains to treatment of contaminated milk in a plate heat exchanger at 72°C for 15 s). The restriction patterns of 936-like phages isolated from milk and whey were different, indicating that survival to pasteurization does not result in direct contamination of the dairy environment. The main alternative source of phages (commercial bacterial starters) does not appear to significantly contribute to phage contamination. Twenty-four strains isolated from nine starter formulations were generally resistant to phage infection, and very small progeny were generated upon induction of the lytic cycle of resident prophages. Thus, we postulate that a continuous supply of contaminated milk, followed by pasteurization, creates a factory environment rich in diverse 936 phage strains. This equilibrium would be broken if a particular starter strain turned out to be susceptible to infection by one of these 936-like phages, which, as a consequence, became prevalent.

scholarly journals Hypoglycin A in Cow’s Milk—A Pilot Study

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 381
Author(s):  
Mandy Bochnia ◽  
Jörg Ziegler ◽  
Maren Glatter ◽  
Annette Zeyner
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Filling Station ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Sycamore Maple ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
The Individual

Hypoglycin A (HGA) originating from soapberry fruits (litchi, and ackee) seeds or seedlings from the sycamore maple (SM) tree (related to Sapindaceae) may cause Jamaican vomiting sickness in humans and atypical myopathy in horses and ruminants. A possible transfer into dairy cow’s milk cannot be ruled out since the literature has revealed HGA in the milk of mares and in the offal of captured deer following HGA intoxication. From a study, carried out for another purpose, bulk raw milk samples from four randomly selected dairy farms were available. The cows were pastured in the daytime. A sycamore maple tree was found on the pasture of farm No. 1 only. Bulk milk from the individual tank or milk filling station was sampled in parallels and analyzed for HGA by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Measurable concentrations of HGA occurred only in milk from farm No. 1 and amounted to 120 and 489 nmol/L. Despite low and very variable HGA concentrations, the results indicate that the ingested toxin, once eaten, is transferred into the milk. However, it is unknown how much HGA the individual cow ingested during grazing and what amount was transferred into the bulk milk samples. As a prerequisite for a possible future safety assessment, carry-over studies are needed. Furthermore, the toxins’ stability during milk processing should also be investigated as well.

scholarly journals Effect of acidification of raw milk on psychrotrophic microrganims.

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Ayumi Shirai ◽  
Maria Lucia Masson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Psychrotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Ph Reduction ◽  
Quality Of Milk ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

<p>The contamination of raw milk with psychrotrophic micro-organisms has become a concern because they are able to multiply at refrigeration temperatures and produce heat resistant enzymes that affect the quality of milk and dairy products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidification with CO<sub>2</sub> and HCl on mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria present in raw milk during cold storage. Raw milk samples were acidified with CO<sub>2</sub> and HCl 1N until pH 6,0 and stored at 5 &deg;C for 10 days. The results showed an average reduction of 1 logarithmic cycle in the growth of psychrotrophic and mesophilic microorganisms in samples treated with CO<sub>2</sub>. Acidification with HCl showed no effect, indicating that inhibitory action was due to CO<sub>2</sub> not by pH reduction.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v2i2.68</p>

scholarly journals Presence of moulds and aflatoxin M1 in milk

2009 ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Jankovic ◽  
Jelena Vukojevic ◽  
Brankica Lakicevic ◽  
Radmila Mitrovic ◽  
Dejan Vukovic
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Infant Food ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Feed Samples

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) appears in milk or dairy products as a direct result of the cattle's ingestion of feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). This study comprises mycological and mycotoxicological investigations of 23 milk samples (raw, infant food, pasteurized, whey and yoghurt). The mycological testing showed dominant presence of genus Geotrichum. G. candidum was found in 9 samples, with the highest contamination in the raw milk samples. The contamination level of AM1 is defined by using direct competitive enzyme- -linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AFM1 was found in 9 samples. AFM1 levels were lower than the recommended limits. However, as AFM1 is considered a probable human carcinogen (2B type), it is necessary to achieve a low level of AFM1 in milk. Therefore, cows' feed samples from various cowsheds are supposed to be evaluated routinely for aflatoxin, and kept away from fungal contamination as much as possible.

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