scholarly journals Do Animals Play a Role in the Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)? A Commentary

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Anna Costagliola ◽  
Giovanna Liguori ◽  
Danila d’Angelo ◽  
Caterina Costa ◽  
Francesca Ciani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Partial Protection ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
First Case ◽  
And Behavior

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the Beta-coronavirus genus. It is 96.2% homologous to bat CoV RaTG13 and 88% homologous to two bat SARS-like coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 is the infectious agent responsible for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which was first reported in the Hubei province of Wuhan, China, at the beginning of December 2019. Human transmission from COVID-19 patients or incubation carriers occurs via coughing, sneezing, speaking, discharge from the nose, or fecal contamination. Various strains of the virus have been reported around the world, with different virulence and behavior. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 shares certain epitopes with some taxonomically related viruses, with tropism for the most common synanthropic animals. By elucidating the immunological properties of the circulating SARS-CoV-2, a partial protection due to human–animal interactions could be supposed in some situations. In addition, differential epitopes could be used for the differential diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. There have been cases of transmission from people with COVID-19 to pets such as cats and dogs. In addition, wild felines were infected. All These animals were either asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic and recovered spontaneously. Experimental studies showed cats and ferrets to be more susceptible to COVID-19. COVID-19 positive dogs and felines do not transmit the infection to humans. In contrast, minks at farms were severely infected from people with COVID-19. A SARS-Cov-2 variant in the Danish farmed mink that had been previously infected by COVID-19 positive workers, spread to mink workers causing the first case of animal-to-human infection transmission that causes a moderate decreased sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. Thus, more investigations are necessary. It remains important to understand the risk that people with COVID-19 pose to their pets, as well as wild or farm animals so effective recommendations and risk management measures against COVID-19 can be made. A One Health unit that facilitates collaboration between public health and veterinary services is recommended.

Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Narrative Review Based on Current Status

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Das ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Mehta ◽  
Meenakshi Dhanawat
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
First Case ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract:: A novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), appeared and expanded globally by the end of year in 2019 from Wuhan, China, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. During its initial stage, the disease was called the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 February 2020. The WHO declared worldwide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a pandemic on March 2020. On 30 January 2020 the first case of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in India. Now in current situation the virus is floating in almost every part of the province and rest of the globe. -: On the basis of novel published evidences, we efficiently summarized the reported work with reference to COVID-19 epidemiology, pathogen, clinical symptoms, treatment and prevention. Using several worldwide electronic scientific databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Science direct, Scopus, etc were utilized for extensive investigation of relevant literature. -: This review is written in the hope of encouraging the people successfully with the key learning points from the underway efforts to perceive and manage SARS-CoV-2, suggesting sailent points for expanding future research.

scholarly journals Immune Serum Produced by DNA Vaccination Protects Hamsters against Lethal Respiratory Challenge with Andes Virus

2007 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 1332-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay W. Hooper ◽  
Anthony M. Ferro ◽  
Victoria Wahl-Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
M Gene ◽  
Hamster Model ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Andes Virus

ABSTRACT Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a highly pathogenic disease (40% case fatality rate) carried by rodents chronically infected with certain viruses within the genus Hantavirus of the family Bunyaviridae. The primary mode of transmission to humans is thought to be inhalation of excreta from infected rodents; however, ingestion of contaminated material and rodent bites are also possible modes of transmission. Person-to-person transmission of HPS caused by one species of hantavirus, Andes virus (ANDV), has been reported. Previously, we reported that ANDV injected intramuscularly causes a disease in Syrian hamsters that closely resembles HPS in humans. Here we tested whether ANDV was lethal in hamsters when it was administered by routes that more accurately model the most common routes of human infection, i.e., the subcutaneous, intranasal, and intragastric routes. We discovered that ANDV was lethal by all three routes. Remarkably, even at very low doses, ANDV was highly pathogenic when it was introduced by the mucosal routes (50% lethal dose [LD50], ∼100 PFU). We performed passive transfer experiments to test the capacity of neutralizing antibodies to protect against lethal intranasal challenge. The neutralizing antibodies used in these experiments were produced in rabbits vaccinated by electroporation with a previously described ANDV M gene-based DNA vaccine, pWRG/AND-M. Hamsters that were administered immune serum on days −1 and +5 relative to challenge were protected against intranasal challenge (21 LD50). These findings demonstrate the utility of using the ANDV hamster model to study transmission across mucosal barriers and provide evidence that neutralizing antibodies produced by DNA vaccine technology can be used to protect against challenge by the respiratory route.

scholarly journals Determinants of having severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 neutralizing antibodies in Egypt

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amira S. El Rifay ◽  
Sara H. Mahmoud ◽  
Mohamed A. Marouf ◽  
Mokhtar R. Gomaa ◽  
Ahmed El Taweel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies

scholarly journals A new model for COVID-19 control and its implementation in the city of Honghu, China: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
He-ran Wang ◽  
Meng-chun Gong ◽  
Jing-Yuan Sun ◽  
Jian Sun ◽  
Yi Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Medical Resources ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Medical Teams ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The City

Abstract Background Novel coronavirus pneumonia has been the most serious worldwide public health emergency since being identified in December 2019. The rapid spread of the pandemic and the strong human to human infection rate of COVID-19 poses a great prevention challenge. There has been an explosion in the number of confirmed cases in several cities near Wuhan, including the highest in Honghu, Jinzhou. Owing to the limited admission capacity and medical resources, increasing numbers of suspected cases of COVID-19 infection were difficult to confirm or treat. Case presentation Following the arrival of the Guangdong medical aid team on 11 February, 2020, COVID-19 care in Honghu saw changes after a series of solutions were implemented based on the ‘Four-Early’ and ‘Four-centralization’ management measures. The ‘Four-Early’ measures are: early detection, early reporting, early quarantine, and early treatment for meeting an urgent need like the COVID-19 pandemic. ‘Four-centralization’ refers to the way in which recruited medical teams can make full use of medical resources to give patients the best treatment. These solutions successfully increased the recovery rate and reduced mortality among patients with COVID-19 in Honghu. Conclusions This management strategy is called the ‘Honghu Model’ which can be generalized to enable the prevention and management of COVID-19 worldwide.

scholarly journals Amino Acids 1055 to 1192 in the S2 Region of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S Protein Induce Neutralizing Antibodies: Implications for the Development of Vaccines and Antiviral Agents

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 3289-3296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choong-Tat Keng ◽  
Aihua Zhang ◽  
Shuo Shen ◽  
Kuo-Ming Lip ◽  
Burtram C. Fielding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Heptad Repeat ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
S Protein

ABSTRACT The spike (S) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) interacts with cellular receptors to mediate membrane fusion, allowing viral entry into host cells; hence it is recognized as the primary target of neutralizing antibodies, and therefore knowledge of antigenic determinants that can elicit neutralizing antibodies could be beneficial for the development of a protective vaccine. Here, we expressed five different fragments of S, covering the entire ectodomain (amino acids 48 to 1192), as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins in Escherichia coli and used the purified proteins to raise antibodies in rabbits. By Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation experiments, we showed that all the antibodies are specific and highly sensitive to both the native and denatured forms of the full-length S protein expressed in virus-infected cells and transfected cells, respectively. Indirect immunofluorescence performed on fixed but unpermeabilized cells showed that these antibodies can recognize the mature form of S on the cell surface. All the antibodies were also able to detect the maturation of the 200-kDa form of S to the 210-kDa form by pulse-chase experiments. When the antibodies were tested for their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV propagation in Vero E6 culture, it was found that the anti-SΔ10 antibody, which was targeted to amino acid residues 1029 to 1192 of S, which include heptad repeat 2, has strong neutralizing activities, suggesting that this region of S carries neutralizing epitopes and is very important for virus entry into cells.

Scytalidium dimidiatum associated invasive fungal sinusitis in an immunocompetent patient

2014 ◽  
Vol 128 (11) ◽  
pp. 1018-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Hariri ◽  
N Choudhury ◽  
H A Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Corticosteroid Treatment ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Immunocompetent Patient ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Fungal Sinusitis ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Invasive Fungal Sinusitis ◽  
First Case

AbstractBackground:Scytalidium dimidiatum is a soil and plant pathogen that frequently affects fruit trees, but can also cause human infection. There are only two reported cases of invasive fungal sinusitis involving this rare micro-organism.Objective:This paper reports the first case of invasive fungal sinusitis caused by Scytalidium dimidiatum occurring in a young immunocompetent patient from a non-endemic region, and discusses potential sources of exposure and relevance of local factors.Method:Case report.Results:The patient was treated successfully with a combination of functional endoscopic sinus surgery, and antifungal and corticosteroid treatment.Conclusion:This paper describes the first reported case of invasive fungal sinusitis secondary to Scytalidium dimidiatum in a young immunocompetent patient from a non-endemic region. Importance is placed on following a systematic process of investigation and management, and adhering to well-defined basic surgical principles.

scholarly journals A single immunization with a rhabdovirus-based vector expressing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) S protein results in the production of high levels of SARS-CoV-neutralizing antibodies

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 1435-1440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milosz Faber ◽  
Elaine W. Lamirande ◽  
Anjeanette Roberts ◽  
Amy B. Rice ◽  
Hilary Koprowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Protein S ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Glycoprotein G ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Animal Reservoirs ◽  
S Genes

Foreign viral proteins expressed by rabies virus (RV) have been shown to induce potent humoral and cellular immune responses in immunized animals. In addition, highly attenuated and, therefore, very safe RV-based vectors have been constructed. Here, an RV-based vaccine vehicle was utilized as a novel vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). For this approach, the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (N) or envelope spike protein (S) genes were cloned between the RV glycoprotein G and polymerase L genes. Recombinant vectors expressing SARS-CoV N or S protein were recovered and their immunogenicity was studied in mice. A single inoculation with the RV-based vaccine expressing SARS-CoV S protein induced a strong SARS-CoV-neutralizing antibody response. The ability of the RV-SARS-CoV S vector to confer immunity after a single inoculation makes this live vaccine a promising candidate for eradication of SARS-CoV in animal reservoirs, thereby reducing the risk of transmitting the infection to humans.

VITAMIN A POISONING

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-385
Author(s):  
DONALD GRIBETZ ◽  
SAMUEL H. SILVERMAN ◽  
ALBERT E. SOBEL
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Hypervitaminosis A ◽  
Total Vitamin ◽  
Toxic Factor ◽  
Vitamin Intake ◽  
First Case ◽  
Alcohol Fraction ◽  
Clinical Literature

Two cases of hypervitaminosis A have been presented together with a review of experimental and clinical literature. The first case presented the highest reported fasting plasma vitamin A level, the increase being chiefly due to a high vitamin A alcohol fraction. This elevated level of alcoholic vitamin A probably denotes large stores of vitamin A in the liver and data have been given to show that it is a better index of hypervitaminosis A than is the total vitamin A level. In addition, evidence has been presented that the toxic factor in hypervitaminosis A is the permanent elevated plasma vitamin A level. The similarity between the experimental studies in animals and the observations in the authors' first case has been shown. The important points necessary for making a diagnosis of hypervitaminosis A have been discussed and several similar conditions have been differentiated. It cannot be emphasized too strongly that excess vitamin intake may be as dangerous as a deficient intake.

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