scholarly journals Degree of Saturation and Free Fatty Acid Content of Fats Determine Dietary Preferences in Laying Hens

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2437
Author(s):  
María Palomar ◽  
María Dolores Soler ◽  
Eugeni Roura ◽  
Roser Sala ◽  
Olga Piquer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Dietary Preferences

Behavioural and genetic evidence shows that the taste system is intimately related to the sensing of nutrients with consequences for poultry nutrition practices. A better understanding of how chickens may sense fat could provide the background for selecting feedstuffs used in poultry feeds. Acid oils have the potential to be economical and sustainable feedstuffs. These fat by-products from the edible oil refining industry possess a similar fatty acid composition to the crude oils but are richer in free fatty acids (FFA). An experiment was conducted to study the effect of FFA content and the unsaturated:saturated ratio (U:S) on dietary preferences in hens. Four fat sources were added to a basal diet at an inclusion rate of 6%, determining the experimental diets: soybean oil (SO; high U:S, 5% FFA); soybean acid oil (SA; high U:S, 50% FFA); palm oil (PO; low U:S, 5% FFA); and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD; low U:S, 50% FFA). The experimental diets were offered in a series of double-choice tests to forty-eight Lohmann Brown laying hens housed individually in cages. Each hen was offered the ten potential binary combinations of the four diets including each diet compared to itself (referred to as four control double-choices). Feed intake was measured for two hours twice a day after one hour of fasting. Consumption was analysed as a standard preference index (% of test diet intake in comparison with the total intake). Preference values were compared to the random choice value of 50% using the Student’s t-test. None of the four control comparisons differ significantly from 50% (p > 0.05), indicating that the changes in preference values observed in the other binary comparisons were related to the dietary changes associated to fat ingredients. Hens showed a feed preference for palm oil added diets over soybean oil diets (p < 0.05), with PO and PFAD being equally preferred (p < 0.05). However, in this trial the hens demonstrated a preference for SO (low %FFA) when offered in choice with SA (high %FFA) (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the degree of saturation plays an important role in dietary fat preferences: hens prefer predominantly saturated oils even when these are rich in FFA. Furthermore, when presented with a choice between predominantly unsaturated oils, hens prefer feed with a low %FFA. In conclusion, %FFA and the U:S ratio affected feed preferences in hens. The use of oils with greater preference values may give rise to greater feed palatability, enhancing feed intake at critical stages.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Quality of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate at Palm Oil Refining Plant

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 8144-8151
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Refining Plant ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

A study on factors affecting biodiesel quality of agricultural by-products, namely palm oil derived using palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), collected from the Oleen Palm Oil industrial refining plant. This PFAD showed free fatty acid content and a saponification value of 88.4 % and 204 mg KOH/g, respectively. An acid catalyst was successfully used to produce biodiesel in the esterification reaction, and a 97.11% conversion to biodiesel based on the European Standard EN 14214:2003 was achieved under the conditions (PFAD to methanol molar ratio 1:3.71 with 1.834 % H2SO4 catalyzed at 121 °C for 15 minutes). Overall, this novel process achieved highly enhanced FAME (95.82% to 97.31%) with a significantly increased reaction time (10 to 30 minutes) and catalyst requirements (1.834 % H2SO4).

Assessment of free fatty acid content on dietary energy values of soya bean oil fed to broilers

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 152-152
Author(s):  
F. Salvador ◽  
J. Wiseman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

It is probable that the degree of saturation of fat may modify the response to increasing Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content and of apparent metabolisable energy (AME). The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of FFA content on the AME value of soya bean oil.Soya bean oil (A) and soya bean acid oil (E) with FFA content of 14.4 and 683.4 g/kg fat respectively and of similar fatty acid composition, were obtained for evaluation (Table 1). Fats A and E were then mixed in proportions 75A:25E, 50A:50E and 25A:75E to give three blends of calculated FFA content of 181.7 (B), 348.9 (C) and 516.2 (D) g/kg fat respectively. All fats were included into a basal diet (Table 2) at 40, 80 and 120 g/kg and were evaluated with broiler chicks aged 1.5 weeks and 7.5 weeks of age. Apparent metabolisable energy (AME) values of fats was achieved by regression of apparent fat availability (AFA) on rate of inclusion of fat with extrapolation (linear functions). AME was determined as a product of AFA and fat gross energy.

scholarly journals Meat Quality, Fatty Acid Content and NMR Metabolic Profile of Dorper Sheep Supplemented with Bypass Fats

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1133
Author(s):  
Atique Ahmed Behan ◽  
Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar ◽  
Teck Chwen Loh ◽  
Sharida Fakurazi ◽  
Ubedullah Kaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dorper Sheep

The supplementation of rumen bypass fat (RBF) has remained one of the preferred approaches used to decrease undesirable saturated fatty acids (FA) and increase beneficial unsaturated FA in the meat. This study was planned to evaluate the influences of rumen bypass fats on meat quality, fatty acid and metabolic profiles in male Dorper sheep (n = 36) with 24.66 ± 0.76 kg (mean ± standard error) initial body weight. Treatment comprised a basal diet (30:70 rice straw to concentrate) with no added RBF as a control (CON), basal diet with prilled fat (PF), basal diet with prilled fat plus lecithin (PFL) and basal diet with calcium soap of palm fatty acids (CaS). The findings revealed that cooking loss, drip loss and shear force in longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were not affected by RBF supplementation, while meat pH was significantly higher in the CaS on aging day 1. However, the diet supplemented with prilled fat and lecithin modified the meat’s fatty acid profile significantly by increasing unsaturated fatty acids and decreasing saturated fats. The relative quantification of the major differentiating metabolites found in LD muscle of sheep showed that total cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, choline, glycerophosphocholine and glycerophospholipids were significantly lower in CaS and PFL diets, while glycerol and sphingomyelin were significantly higher in CaS and PFL diets. Most of the metabolites in the liver did not show any significant difference. Based on our results, the supplementation of protected fats did not have a negative influence on meat quality and the meat from Dorper sheep fed prilled fat with lecithin contained more healthy fatty acids compared to other diets.

scholarly journals Cholesterol and n-3 and n-6 fatty acid content in eggs from laying hens fed with red crab meal (Pleuroncodes planipes)

2005 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Carrillo-Dominguez ◽  
M.E. Carranco-Jauregui ◽  
R.M. Castillo-Dominguez ◽  
M.I. Castro-Gonzalez ◽  
E. Avila-Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Fatty Acid Content

Influence of free fatty acid content on the oxidative stability of red palm oil

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (103) ◽  
pp. 101098-101104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella De Leonardis ◽  
Francesca Cuomo ◽  
Vincenzo Macciola ◽  
Francesco Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Red Palm Oil

A multi-technique approach used for the characterization of the oxidative stability of red palm.

scholarly journals Soybean Lecithin High in Free Fatty Acids for Broiler Chicken Diets: Impact on Performance, Fatty Acid Digestibility and Saturation Degree of Adipose Tissue

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 802
Author(s):  
Viñado ◽  
Castillejos ◽  
Barroeta
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Soybean Lecithin ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Finisher Diets

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the inclusion of soybean lecithin with a high free fatty acid content (L) in starter and grower–finisher broiler diets, as well as its influence on performance, energy and fatty acid (FA) utilization and the FA profile of the abdominal fat pad (AFP). A basal diet was supplemented with soybean oil (S; Experiment 1) or acid oil (AO; Experiment 2) at 3%, and increasing amounts of L (1%, 2% and 3%) were included in replacement. The inclusion of L did not modify performance parameters (p > 0.05). The S replacement by L reduced energy and total FA utilization (p ≤ 0.05) in starter diets; however, in grower–finisher diets, a replacement up to 2% did not modify energy and FA utilization (p > 0.05). The AO substitution by L produced no modifications on energy and FA utilization (p > 0.05) during the starter phase, while the blend of 1% of AO and 2% of L resulted in the best combination in terms of the FA digestibility. The FA profile of the AFP reflected the FA composition of diets. The addition of L could replace, up to 2% or be blended with AO in broiler grower–finisher diets as an energy source.

Substitution of sorghum grain for molasses increases the liveweight gain of steers given molasses-based diets

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. PEIRIS ◽  
R. ELLIOTT ◽  
B. W. NORTON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Sorghum grain was included in a basal diet of molasses (molasses 505, urea 21, sunflower meal 191, pangola grass hay 250, minerals 31 g/kg as fed) at rates of 0, 202, 391 and 707 g/kg, generating diets in which grain replaced 0 (diet A), 33 (diet B), 66 (diet C) and 100% (diet D) of the molasses and hay. The four diets were fed to groups of four Hereford steers (293–334 kg liveweight) over a 96-day period. One half of each treatment group was implanted with a growth promotant (zeranol), and all were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir at the end of the trial. The inclusion of 33% grain increased voluntary feed consumption, digestible dry matter (DM) intake (from 57·6 to 82·0 g digestible DM/kg0·75 per day and significantly increased liveweight gain from 592 to 900 g/day. Zeranol implantation also increased liveweight gain but not feed intake. Steers given only grain (diet D) had the highest liveweight gains (1127 g/day). The addition of grain to molasses diets decreased urinary N excretion and increased ammonia and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in rumen fluid. Molar proportions of propionic acid in total VFA increased from 0·15 to 0·20, and butyric acid decreased from 0·36 to 0·29 when 33% of the molasses was replaced by sorghum grain. The fat content (depth at sacral position) of the carcasses of steers given grain only (diet D) was significantly greater (14 mm) than that of steers given the basal diet of molasses (4 mm), and carcass fat contents were intermediate (10 and 11 mm) for steers given diets B and C respectively. It was concluded that the inclusion of small amounts of grain in molasses-based diets increased cattle growth principally by increasing digestible energy intake without decreasing molasses intake, thus improving the efficiency of utilization of molasses in molasses-based diets.

The effect of dietary herring meal on the omega-3 fatty acid content of plasma and egg yolk lipids of laying hens

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Nash ◽  
R. M. G. Hamilton ◽  
H. W. Hulan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

The effect of dietary HM on plasma and egg yolk lipids of commercial White Leghorn hens was studied over 350 d. A total of 192 birds were given corn-wheat-soybean meal diets that contained either 0, 4, 8, or 12% HM. Analysis of plasma lipids at four periods in the laying cycle (169, 211, 253 and 287 d) and at five times during the test day (0800, 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600 h) were performed. Egg lipids were analyzed at each of the four periods.Plasma total lipids were inversely related (P < 0.01) to dietary HM levels while omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid levels were positively and inversely related (P < 0.001), respectively. HM levels did not influence the total lipid content of the egg yolk lipids but omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid content were positively and inversely related, respectively. The levels of eicosapentaenoic (20:5n3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n3, DHA) acid were 11 and 3 times higher, respectively (7.8 and 100.5 mg yolk−1) in the yolks from hens given the 12% HM diet compared to the control diet. Key words: Herring meal, laying hens, omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids from Different Sources on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Muscle Fatty Acid Deposition, and Antioxidant Capacity in Broilers

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenfei Long ◽  
Sujie Liu ◽  
Di Wu ◽  
Shad Mahfuz ◽  
Xiangshu Piao
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Thigh Muscle

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of dietary fatty acids from various sources on growth performance, meat quality, muscle fatty acid deposition and antioxidant capacity in broilers. 126 Arbor Acres broilers (1 d-old, initial body weight of 45.5 ± 0.72 g) were randomly assigned to three treatments with seven cages per treatment and six broilers per cage. The dietary treatments included: (1) corn–soybean meal basal diet containing 3% soybean oil (control diet, CTL); (2) basal diet + 1% microalgae + 1% linseed oil + 1% soybean oil (ML); (3) basal diet + 2% fish oil + 1% soybean oil (FS). The trial consisted of phase 1 (day 1 to 21) and 2 (day 22 to 42). Compared with CTL, broilers fed ML or FS diet showed improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain in phase 1, 2, and overall (day 1 to 42), as well as a decreased (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio in phase 1 and overall. On day 42, broilers supplemented with FS diet showed increased (p ≤ 0.05) the relative weights of pancreas and liver, as well as higher (p < 0.05) redness value in breast and thigh muscle compared with CTL. Broilers offered ML or FS diet had lower (p < 0.05) the relative weight of abdominal fat and total serum cholesterol content in phase 1, and increased (p < 0.05) contents of serum glucose, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosacagetaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity, as well as lower (p < 0.05) concentrations of malondialdehyde, n-6 PUFA, and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in breast and thigh muscle compared with CTL. This research indicates that diets supplemented with fish oil or a combination of microalgae and linseed oil experience improved performance, antioxidant capacities and n-3 PUFA profile in muscle of broilers compared with traditional soybean oil supplemented diets

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