scholarly journals Effects of Low ω6:ω3 Ratio in Sow Diet and Seaweed Supplement in Piglet Diet on Performance, Colostrum and Milk Fatty Acid Profiles, and Oxidative Status

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2049
Author(s):  
Thi Xuan Nguyen ◽  
Alessandro Agazzi ◽  
Marcello Comi ◽  
Valentino Bontempo ◽  
Invernizzi Guido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Weaning Piglets ◽  
Plasma Leptin ◽  
The Impact

The ratio of omega-6 (ω6) to omega-3 (ω3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the diet contributes to animal health and performance modulations because they have mostly opposite physiological functions. Increasing ω3 PUFAs content in the maternal diet can stimulate antioxidative capacity in sow and piglets; however, the optimal ratio of ω6 and ω3 PUFAs in the sow diet is still under discussion. Rich sources of bioactive constituents such as brown seaweed are an excellent supplementation to promote animal health and antioxidant status. However, the knowledge of the effects of this compound, specifically in post-weaning piglets, is still limited. Moreover, the combined effect of a low ω6:ω3 PUFAs ratio in sow diet and seaweed supplementation in post-weaning piglets’ diet has never been studied. This research aims to assess the combined effect of a low ω6:ω3 ratio in sow diets and seaweed supplementation in piglet diets on their growth and oxidative status. We also assessed the impact of a low ω6:ω3 ratio in the maternal diet on reproduction, milk fatty acid (FA) profile, and plasma leptin concentration. Two sow diets (n = 8 each) contained either a control ratio (CR, 13:1 during gestation, starting from day 28 (G28) and 10:1 during lactation) or a low ratio (LR, 4:1 from G28 until the end of lactation (L-End)) of ω6:ω3 FA by adding soybean oil or linseed oil, respectively. Reproductive performance was evaluated. Colostrum and milk at lactation day 7 (L7) and L-End were collected to analyze FA profile. Plasma was collected at G28, G79, G108, L7, L14, and L-End for determination of leptin and oxidative status. At weaning, 20 male piglets were selected per sow group to form 4 diet treatments (n = 10 each), which were supplemented with or without 4 g/kg seaweed. Recording of growth performance and collection of blood were performed at days 0, 7, 15, and 21 of post-weaning for oxidative status. LR diet increased (p < 0.05) the survival rate of piglets at weaning, and individual and litter weight gains. Colostrum and milk at L7 and L-End had lower (p < 0.05) ω6:ω3 ratio in LR sows. Interaction between dietary treatments on sows and piglets was revealed for all examined growth parameters at most time points (p < 0.05). LR diet did not affect plasma leptin levels and oxidative status. These findings suggest that the seaweed supplement during post-weaning could not improve growth rate and oxidative status of piglets born from mothers receiving a low dietary ω6:ω3 ratio (4:1) during gestation and lactation. However, this low ratio was beneficial for weaning survival rate, sucking piglets’ weight gain, and ω3 enrichment in colostrum and milk.

scholarly journals Branched-chain fatty acid composition of human milk and the impact of maternal diet: the Global Exploration of Human Milk (GEHM) Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly A Dingess ◽  
Christina J Valentine ◽  
Nicholas J Ollberding ◽  
Barbara S Davidson ◽  
Jessica G Woo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Impact

Piglets' gut microbiota dynamics.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (048) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela R. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Swine Production ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Weaning Piglets ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The gut microbiota has been a subject of great interest in recent years because the composition and diversity are associated with the maintenance of piglets' health and welfare. This review aims to summarise the composition and diversity of piglet microbiome, the impact on health maintenance, influence of feed and nutrients, impact of stress situations, and the effect of growth promoters and antimicrobials on gut microbiota. The composition and diversity of microbiota are influenced by animal early experiences, the appropriate development of microbiota is essential for intestinal function, and influence animal health, growth and productivity. Interactions between the gut microbiota and the immune system help maintain epithelial barrier, and protect from post-weaning diarrhoea pathogenies. After weaning, the piglets' diet changes abruptly, affecting the microbiota and the physiology, but this can be modulated through nutrients such as fibre, protein and minerals. Stress situations contribute to the appearance of intestinal disorders, possibly changing the microbiota and epithelial cell structure, facilitating colonisation of pathogenic bacteria, decreased performance and increase the use of antimicrobials. In swine production, growth promoters and antibiotics are used to reduce mortality and morbidity, especially in weaning piglets, reducing and controlling potential pathogenic bacteria, resulting in more feed intake and body weight. Antimicrobial use reduces the entire gut microbial population; the replacers are probiotics, prebiotics and organic acids, which helps maintain intestinal microbial populations, and inhibits pathogenic bacteria development. Knowing the animal microbiome dynamics helps improve immunity, productive performance and welfare, and also reduce the use of antimicrobials in animal production.

1 CUMULUS CELLS PROTECT OOCYTES AGAINST POTENTIAL LIPOTOXICITY FROM ELEVATED FREE FATTY ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN FOLLICULAR FLUID

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
H. Aardema ◽  
F. Lolicato ◽  
B. A. J. Roelen ◽  
P. L. A. M. Vos ◽  
J. B. Helms ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
The Impact

Metabolic conditions characterized by elevated free fatty acid levels in the blood are often associated with reduced fertility performance. Increased concentrations of saturated free fatty acids can induce lipotoxicity in cumulus–oocyte-complexes in vitro, while unsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid are mostly harmless and able to counteract the impact of saturated fatty acids (Aardema et al. 2011 Biol. Reprod. 85, 62–69). This study investigates the impact of elevated free fatty acids in the blood on the follicular fluid and the lipid of cumulus and oocytes derived from these follicles. Furthermore, in vitro maturing oocytes were exposed to free fatty acid concentrations measured in follicles of control and metabolically stressed animals from this study to determine the impact on oocyte developmental competence. Cyclic heifers (n = 12) were synchronized (7 days CIDR®) and superstimulated from Day 10 of the synchronized cycle [4 days of Folltropin-V® (Bioniche Animal Health Inc., Belleville, ON, Canada) in decreasing doses; in total 200 mg]. Heifers received ad libitum grass silage, apart from the experimental group (n = 6), which was metabolically stressed during the period of superstimulation. Ovaries were collected by ovariectomy at final maturation, 22 h after the induced LH peak. Follicular fluids and cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) were collected from follicles of ≥8 mm. To determine the free fatty acid and lipid composition, blood, follicular fluid, cumulus cells, and oocytes were analyzed with mass spectrometry. The COC (4 runs, 400 per group) derived from slaughterhouse ovaries were in vitro matured in a standard medium without or with the dominating free fatty acids, saturated palmitic and stearic and unsaturated oleic acid, in concentrations measured in follicular fluid of control (80, 70, and 100 µM) and experimental heifers (150, 100, and 200 µM) and fertilized and cultured until the blastocyst stage. Culture data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and lipid data by two-sample t-test (P ≤ 0.05 considered significant). Procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Metabolic stress resulted in elevated free fatty acid levels in blood (from 430 ± 70 to 1048 ± 190 µM) and follicular fluid (from 357 ± 72 to 670 ± 133 µM), with relatively high oleic acid concentrations in follicular fluid (+10%). The increased levels of free fatty acids in follicular fluid resulted in a massive increase of fatty acids in the cumulus cells, but oocytes did only show marginal changes. In line with this, maturation in the presence of elevated palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid did not impair oocyte developmental competence and resulted in comparable blastocyst rates for the standard medium and the free fatty acid control and metabolic stress medium (31 ± 8.7, 34 ± 7.8, and 28 ± 1.7%). Thus, cumulus cells appear to protect oocytes against potential lipotoxicity from elevated free fatty acid concentrations by the accumulation of these fatty acids. This work was funded by Pfizer Animal Health.

Lower Oral Doses of Micellized α-Tocopherol Compared to α-Tocopheryl Acetate in Feed Modify Fatty Acid Profiles and Improve Oxidative Status in Pigs

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 229-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rey ◽  
Daniel Amazan ◽  
Gustavo Cordero ◽  
Alvaro Olivares ◽  
Clemente J. López-Bote
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Oral Supplementation ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Weaning Piglets

Abstract. This study evaluated the effect of vitamin E supplementation source, and the dose given to sows or piglets, on the fatty acid profile of colostrum, milk, subcutaneous and intramuscular fat, and the oxidative status of piglets at 39 days of age. Sows (n = 10) were given 150 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/d in feed, or 75 or 50 mg micellized-d-α-tocopherol/d in water from Day 103 of pregnancy. Weaning piglets from each group of sows (n = 7) received 3.33 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/d in feed, or 1.7 mg micellized-d-α-tocopherol/d or 1.1 mg micellized-d-α-tocopherol/d in water for 14 days. Colostrum from sows supplemented with micellized-d-α-tocopherol had a lower proportion of C20:0 (P = 0.02), C18:4 n-3 (P = 0.03) and a higher C18:1 n-9 to C18:0 ratio than those given dl-α-tocopheryl acetate. Supplementation with micellized-d-α-tocopherol decreased the C18:0 proportion (P = 0.04) and the C18:1 n-9 to C18:0 ratio (P = 0.03) in milk, whereas the C18:1 n-7 proportion increased (P = 0.03) compared to dl-α-tocopheryl acetate. Composition was affected by the d-α-tocopherol dose. A similar trend to that observed in milk was observed in fatty acid composition in piglet fat. Piglets supplemented with micellized-d-α-tocopherol at low doses did not have different ferric reducing antioxidant power in muscle tissues (P = 0.31) than when they were supplemented with dl-α-tocopheryl acetate. Piglets given 1.7 mg micellized-d-α-tocopherol/d had lower oxidized glutathione than those given 1.1 mg/d (P = 0.0055). In conclusion, oral supplementation of sows (75 mg/d) and piglets (1.7 mg/d) with micellized natural vitamin E modified the fatty acid profile of piglet tissues and improved their oxidative status.

scholarly journals Cocoa husks fed to lactating dairy ewes affect milk fatty acid profile and oxidative status of blood and milk

2021 ◽  
pp. 106599
Author(s):  
Silvia Carta ◽  
Eleni Tsiplakou ◽  
Christina Mitsiopoulou ◽  
Giuseppe Pulina ◽  
Anna Nudda
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Ewes

scholarly journals The effects of enzymatically treated soybean meal on growth performance and intestinal structure, barrier integrity, inflammation, oxidative status, and volatile fatty acid production of nursery pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh A Ruckman ◽  
Amy L Petry ◽  
Stacie A Gould ◽  
Brian J Kerr ◽  
John F Patience
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Barrier Integrity ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fecal Score

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the impact of diets containing increasing amounts of enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM) but decreasing amounts of soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance, intestinal structure, and barrier integrity, inflammation, and oxidative status in weaned pigs. A total of 480 pigs [6.3 ± 1.2 kg body weight (BW)] were blocked by initial BW and pens (n = 12 per treatment) were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments. Diets were fed in three phases (days 0–14, 14–28, and 28–35) over a 35-d period. The four dietary treatments consisted of a negative control diet (NC): the NC with 7.0% ESBM (ESBM1), the NC with 14.0% ESBM (ESBM2), and the NC with 21.0% ESBM (ESBM3). Soybean meal was reduced proportionately in each treatment. In phase 2, ESBM inclusion was decreased by 50% (3.5%, 7.0%, and 10.5% ESBM, respectively); phase 3 was a common diet and contained no ESBM. Fecal score was visually ranked weekly using a four-point scale. Intestinal tissue, digesta, and blood samples were collected from 48 pigs (1 per pen) on day 10. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (9.4) with pen as the experimental unit; diet and block were considered fixed effects. Linear and quadratic contrasts were used to determine the effect of increasing ESBM. Overall, ESBM2 and ESBM3 decreased final BW, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake compared to NC and ESBM1 (diet, P &lt; 0.05; linear, P &lt; 0.05). Overall fecal score (diet, P &lt; 0.05) and fecal dry matter (P &lt; 0.05) were improved by feeding ESBM diets compared to NC. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total VFA in ileal contents increased as ESBM inclusion increased (P &lt; 0.05). Colonic VFA concentration was not impacted (P &gt; 0.10). Total antioxidant capacity was increased by ESBM (P &lt; 0.05). The concentration of mucosal interleukin-4 increased as the inclusion of ESBM increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05). Messenger ribonucleic acid abundance of occludin and zonula-occludens-1 in ileal tissue was increased by ESBM1 or ESBM2 (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, increasing the dietary levels of ESBM over 7% had a negative impact on nursery pig performance, but ESBM positively impacted fecal score. Feeding ESBM improved oxidative status and intestinal barrier integrity while increasing ileal VFA production but had minimal impact on intestinal inflammation or morphology. Further research is needed to determine the optimal inclusion level of ESBM.

Antioxidant dynamics in the live animal and implications for ruminant health and product (meat/milk) quality: role of vitamin E and selenium

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surinder S. Chauhan ◽  
Pietro Celi ◽  
Eric N. Ponnampalam ◽  
Brian J. Leury ◽  
Fan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antioxidant Supplementation ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
The Impact

The global population is predicted to grow to over 9 billion by the middle of 21st century, with 70% of people living in urban areas, and food demand is projected to grow by 70% by 2050. Climate change presents a series of challenges for global animal agriculture. As a result of thermal challenges associated with climate variability, availability of quality pasture, animal behaviour, physiological and immunological functions are potentially impacted. Oxidative status plays an important role in the regulation and maintenance of several physiological and immunological functions of the body. Ruminants are exposed to several environmental and metabolic challenges that can trigger oxidative stress. In this scenario, it is possible for an increase in free radical production and a depletion of antioxidant reserves, resulting in damage to lipids, proteins and DNA. Since oxidative stress can affect animal health and the quality of their products (meat/milk), antioxidant supplementation of ruminant diets represents a useful tool to sustain redox homeostasis when the ruminants are exposed to oxidative stress. This paper will examine the roles that oxidative stress plays in some physiological functions, and it will discuss the implications of antioxidant supplementation on ruminant health and production. Physiological levels of dietary antioxidants underpin efficient energy utilisation, optimal antioxidant potential, and balanced mitochondrial function to enhance protein deposition without impacting animal health. The research conducted over the last decade has improved the understanding of physiological functions of antioxidants, with selenium and vitamin E receiving particular attention. There is evidence that the functions of selenium and vitamin E extend beyond the classical antioxidant properties to immunomodulation especially when administered at higher doses than recommended. Improving the oxidative status of ruminants will play an important role in delivering high-quality milk and meat products to consumers. Considering the growing awareness among consumers of the benefits of antioxidant-rich food, there is a great opportunity for the livestock industries to focus on producing antioxidant-enriched milk and meat products or functional foods. Therefore, the premise of this paper is to review the recent developments in understanding antioxidant dynamics in ruminants and their role in reducing the impact of environmental stress and metabolic diseases. In addition, the paper will explore the putative implications that antioxidant supplementation has on the quality animal products and how the improved understanding can be best utilised to achieve efficient and sustainable animal production systems to ensure quality animal products for human consumption.

scholarly journals The Impact of Maternal Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation on the Fatty Acid Composition of Erythrocytes and Breast Milk of Chilean Women

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Barrera ◽  
Rodrigo Valenzuela ◽  
Rodrigo Chamorro ◽  
Karla Bascuñán ◽  
Jorge Sandoval ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chilean Women
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