scholarly journals Effects of the Dietary Inclusion of Buriti Oil on Lamb Performance, Carcass Traits, Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance, Ingestive Behavior and Blood Metabolites

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1973
Author(s):  
Luciana Diogénes ◽  
Leilson Bezerra ◽  
José Pereira Filho ◽  
Jarbas Silva Junior ◽  
Juliana Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
Mauritia Flexuosa ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Buriti Oil ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Ground Corn

Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) oil (BO) is a byproduct that can be incorporated into the diet of lambs, thus increasing the energy density. The study aimed to evaluate the optimum BO inclusion level in lamb diets. Sixty-five Santa Ines lambs were distributed in two completely randomized experiments with five treatments each (BO inclusion at 0 (control), 12, 24, 36 and 48 g/kg dry matter (DM) total). The BO supplementation to partially replace ground corn linearly decreased the nutrient intake and digestibility of DM, ether extract and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), N° chews/bolus, DM and NDF rumination or eating efficiencies, the N intake and N balance, carcass weights and yields, and dressing content of lamb carcasses (p < 0.05). The addition of BO responded quadratically to DM eating efficiency and N-fecal and N-urinary excretion (p < 0.05). The linear response plateau (LRP) analysis demonstrated that the levels of 0 and 12 g/kg of BO were similar, and improved intake and digestibility and consequently performance (p < 0.001). There was a linear increase in feed efficiency and shrinkage after chilling with the BO inclusion replacing ground corn. The inclusion of 12 g/kg BO in the total DM of diet is recommended, because it improves feeding intake, digestibility and performance of lambs.

scholarly journals Ingestive behavior of lambs fed with guava agro-industrial waste ( Psidium guajava )

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Torres NOBRE ◽  
Roberto Germano COSTA ◽  
Neila Lidiany RIBEIRO ◽  
Francisco Fernando Ramos de CARVALHO ◽  
George Rodrigo Beltrão da CRUZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Santa Inês

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of guava agro-industrial waste (GAW) on the ingestive behavior of Santa Inês lambs. Forty non-castrated sheep of the Santa Inês breed were used, at an initial weight of 21.33 ± 2.62 kg, and at the age of 120 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and fed with increasing GAW levels (0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5 and 30.0%). The average daily gain (ADG) showed orthogonal contrast (P <0.05), in which the animals that ingested the control diet had lower performances. The animals with GAW added to the diet obtained more significant weight gains reflected by a better feed conversion. Among the variables, idleness, feeding, and total chewing time had a significant effect (P<0.05); animals spent more time idle at the 30.0% inclusion level and less time in the control group. However, the means of the 7.5, 15.0, and 22.5% GAW inclusion levels were statistically similar to the control group and the 30.0% level. There was a significant effect (P<0.05) on feed efficiency, with the lowest values being presented for the control group and the highest values at the 30% inclusion level of GAW. The 30.0% GAW feed for lambs in confinement reduces feed time, and total chewing prolongs idleness and increases feed efficiency without compromising dry matter intake, neutral detergent fiber intake, and ADG.

scholarly journals Correlations of intake, digestibility and performance with the ingestive behavior of lambs fed diets containing ammoniated buffel grass hay

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Fernandes Perazzo ◽  
Sansão De Paula Homem Neto ◽  
Ossival Lolato Ribeiro ◽  
Edson Mauro Santos ◽  
Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
And Performance

<p>This study aimed to evaluate the correlations of intake, digestibility and performance with the ingestive behavior of lambs fed diets containing ammoniated buffel grass hay. Buffel grass hay was treated with four levels of urea (0, 18, 36 and 54 g/kg DM basis) and eight repetitions. Thirty-two sheep with no defined breed and an average body weight of 17.7 ± 1.8 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design. It was observed positive correlations were found between the feeding time and the intake of dry matter (r = 0.3120), organic matter (r = 0.3242), neutral detergent fiber (r = 0.3800), total carbohydrates (r = 0.3343) and total digestible nutrients (r = 0.3233). Positive correlations (P &lt; 0.05) were found among the rumination efficiencies, g of DM/h and g of NDF/h with nutrient intake variables, except for ether extract intake. Positive correlations were observed (P &lt; 0.05) between both total weight gain (TWG) and average daily gain (ADG) and the rumination efficiency, g of DM/h (r = 0.3330) and g of NDF/h (r = 0.3304). The feeding and rumination efficiencies have a positive relationship with the total digestible nutrients. The correlation among intake, digestibility and performance variables with the ingestive behavior, it was important for the understanding of diet containing ammoniated buffel grass hay, in which the positive correlation of rumination efficiency with intake and weight gain explained the favorable effect on productive performance of feedlot sheep.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>

scholarly journals Effect of glycerin on digestibility of diets for pigs determined with different methodologies

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2803
Author(s):  
Guiomar Helena Verussa ◽  
Anderson Corassa ◽  
Ana Paula Silva Ton ◽  
Cláudia Marie Komiyama ◽  
Douglas Dos Santos Pina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Proportional Relationship ◽  
Inclusion Level

Glycerin is a by-product from the biodiesel chain whose energy value can be beneficial to pig diets. In this study, eight barrows were distributed individually into metabolic cages in a completely randomized block design. The animals were fed diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% glycerin from soybean oil and subjected to the methods of total feces and urine collection and chromic oxide marker. We determined the digestibility coefficients (DC); the dietary levels of digestible dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), an neutral detergent fiber (NDF); digestible energy (DE); metabolizable energy (ME); and these last two variables corrected for the nitrogen content (DEn and MEn). Digestible OM values increased linearly with glycerin inclusion in the diets. The digestible CP of the diets showed an inversely proportional relationship with glycerin inclusion levels. Digestible MM decreased linearly when determined by the total collection method and quadratically when determined by the marker method. There was a linear increase in the digestible and metabolizable coefficients of energy, DE, DEn, ME and MEn of the diets as the glycerin inclusion level was increased. Inclusion of up to 15% glycerin obtained from soybean oil production increased the digestible fractions of organic matter and energy of the diets.

scholarly journals Effect of glycerin on digestibility of diets for pigs determined with different methodologies

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2803
Author(s):  
Guiomar Helena Verussa ◽  
Anderson Corassa ◽  
Ana Paula Silva Ton ◽  
Cláudia Marie Komiyama ◽  
Douglas Dos Santos Pina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Proportional Relationship ◽  
Inclusion Level

Glycerin is a by-product from the biodiesel chain whose energy value can be beneficial to pig diets. In this study, eight barrows were distributed individually into metabolic cages in a completely randomized block design. The animals were fed diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% glycerin from soybean oil and subjected to the methods of total feces and urine collection and chromic oxide marker. We determined the digestibility coefficients (DC); the dietary levels of digestible dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), an neutral detergent fiber (NDF); digestible energy (DE); metabolizable energy (ME); and these last two variables corrected for the nitrogen content (DEn and MEn). Digestible OM values increased linearly with glycerin inclusion in the diets. The digestible CP of the diets showed an inversely proportional relationship with glycerin inclusion levels. Digestible MM decreased linearly when determined by the total collection method and quadratically when determined by the marker method. There was a linear increase in the digestible and metabolizable coefficients of energy, DE, DEn, ME and MEn of the diets as the glycerin inclusion level was increased. Inclusion of up to 15% glycerin obtained from soybean oil production increased the digestible fractions of organic matter and energy of the diets.

PSX-B-2 Effect of feedlot days on intake and performance of Nellore heifers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 454-454
Author(s):  
Igor M Ferreira ◽  
Iorrano A Cidrini ◽  
William Souza ◽  
Mateus I Abreu ◽  
Laura F Prados ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Ground Corn

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of feedlot days (FD) on intake (DMI) and performance of Nellore heifers. Fifty-one Nellore heifers [325±19.3 kg of body weight (BW); 16±1 months], blocked by initial BW and stratified by carcass ultrasound, were divided into three treatments: 45, 75 or 105 FD; and placed in 18 pens [17 heifers/treatment; 6 pens/treatment (5 pens with 3 heifers and 1 pen with 2 heifers)]. The animals were fed ad libitum allowing 3% of refusals. The diet consisted of corn silage, ground corn, soybean meal, protected fat and minerals. The adaptation diet [16% CP and 79% TDN; roughage:concentrate (R:C) = 44:56] was offered from day 1 to 15 and the finishing diet from day 16 to 105 (14.5 % CP and 86% TDN; R:C = 25:75). At the end of each FD, heifers were weighted to obtain the shrunk final BW and slaughtered in the same slaughterhouse. The final BW and hot carcass weight (HCW) were greater (linear effect; P ≤ 0.01), respectively, for heifers on 105FD (442 and 244 kg) compared to 75FD (411 and 228 kg) and 45FD (374 and 206 kg). The DMI, backfat thickness and longissimus area increased over FD (linear effect; P ≤ 0.01; 45FD = 7.10 kg/d, 5.05 mm and 64.3 cm2; 75FD = 7.68 kg/d, 5.69 mm and 68.5 cm2 and 105FD=7.79 kg/d, 7.04 mm and 73.3 cm2). The FD did not affect carcass gain (P = 0.38) and feed efficiency based on carcass gain (P = 0.84). However, total carcass gain increased over FD (linear effect; P ≤ 0.01; 29, 51.4 and 75.9 kg, respectively to treatments 45, 75 and 105 FD). In conclusion, the feedlot days increase the BW, backfat thickness and longissimus area. However, the feed efficiency based on carcass gain does not reduce when the heifers are submitted for a long time on feedlot.

scholarly journals Substituting corn grain for passion fruit peels in feed for confined sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Dirceu PAZDIORA ◽  
Bruna Rafaela Caetano Nunes PAZDIORA ◽  
Edicarlos Oliveira QUEIROZ ◽  
Talita Oliveira MENDONÇA ◽  
Fernanda dos Santos CÂNDIDO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Corn Grain

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate diets substituting corn grain with passion fruit peels on the consumption, ingestive behavior, digestibility of diets and sheep performance. A total of 20 sheep were used, confined in individual pens, fed twice a day, with diets which included passion fruit peels in the proportions of 0; 25; 50; 75 and 100% replacing corn grain. The corn grain represented 70% of the dry matter of the diet and the passion fruit peels were supplied in dehydrated form. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replicates. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression analysis at the significance level of 5%. There was a linear increase in dry matter consumption with an increase of 3.89 g for each inclusion level of passion fruit peel. The apparent digestibility of dry matter decreased and neutral detergent fiber increased linearly with the substitution of corn grain with passion fruit peels. The feeding, rumination, leisure and water intake times presented averages of 3.74; 2.92; 16.92 and 0.42 hours, and were not influenced by the diets (P>0.05). The average daily weight gain was similar for the animals in the different diets and consequently the final weight presented average values of 0.226 kg day-1 and 32.1 kg, respectively. The inclusion of passion fruit peels in the sheep diet is an interesting alternative because even with the reduced dry matter digestibility, it increased the consumption and promoted similar weight gains.

scholarly journals Intake, performance, and feeding behavior of Holstein and Holstein x Gyr heifers grazing intensive managed tropical grasses during the rainy season

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiana F Quirino ◽  
Marcos I Marcondes ◽  
Luciana N Renno ◽  
Camila S Cunha ◽  
Alex L Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fiber Material ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
And Performance

Holstein × Gyr and Holstein are the primary dairy breed used in tropical systems, but when rearing under pasture, feed intake, behavior, and performance might differ between them. This study aimed to evaluate the voluntary intake, nutrient digestibility, performance, and ingestive behavior of Holstein and Holstein × Gyr (½ Holstein × ½ Gyr) heifers managed in an intermittent grazing system of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaca). The experiment was conducted during the summer season throughout four periods of 21 d. Two 8-heifers (four Holstein and four Holstein × Gyr) groups, averaging 258.6 ± 24.8 kg and 157.1 ± 24.99 kg body weight, were used. Each group grazed a separate set of 16 paddocks, and all heifers received a concentrate supplement daily. Heifers were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment. Fecal, forage and concentrate samples were evaluated for their dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat, ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and indigestible NDF. Feeding behavior was evaluated through 24 h of live observation for 48 h of each experimental period. Grazing, ruminating, resting, and intake of concentrate times were recorded, and rumination criteria, bout criteria, mealtime, meal frequency, and meal duration were estimated. There was no difference in dry matter intake (DMI). The Holstein × Gyr heifers had greater NDF intake and average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency tended to show greater CP and NDF digestibilities. The forage DMI of Holstein × Gyr was 11.70% greater than the Holstein heifers. Holstein grazed less than Holstein × Gyr heifers in the afternoon. Ruminating time was 18.43% lower for Holstein than Holstein × Gyr heifers, and rumination criteria were greater for Holstein heifers. Holstein heifers presented more prolonged rumination bouts and resting time than Holstein × Gyr heifers. Holstein × Gyr can ingest and ruminate greater amounts of fibrous material. Holstein heifers select lower fiber material, and they need to spend more time ruminating small portions of feed. Overall, we do not recommend using young Holstein heifers in tropical pasture conditions because their ADG is low because of its lower adaptability to fibrous feed and heat stress. However, this management condition is appropriate for Holstein × Gyr heifers and results in an adequate performance.

scholarly journals Intake, digestibility, and performance of lambs fed spineless cactus cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1284-1291
Author(s):  
Levi Auto Lopes ◽  
Marcelo de Andrade Ferreira ◽  
Ângela Maria Vieira Batista ◽  
Michel do Vale Maciel ◽  
Rodrigo Barbosa de Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ultrasound Measurements ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
And Performance

Objective: To evaluate the effects of the carmine cochineal-resistant spineless cactus genotypes cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (<i>Opuntia</i>) and Miúda (<i>Nopalea</i>) on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, ingestive behavior, performance, and ultrasound measurements of growing lambs.Methods: Thirty-six male (non-castrated) Santa Inês lambs were used, with an average age of 6 months and an initial average weight of 22.0±2.9 kg. They were distributed in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments (Tifton hay, <i>Nopalea</i> and <i>Opuntia</i>) and 12 replications, using initial weight as a covariate. The experimental period was 86 days, with the first 30 days used for the adaptation of the animals to the facilities, diets and management, and the remaining 56 days used for evaluation and data collection.Results: The intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) showed a significant difference (p<0.05) as a function of the diets, with the <i>Nopalea</i> treatment (p<0.05) increasing DM intake (g/kg and % body weight [BW]), CP, TDN, and TC digestibility, whereas the Tifton hay diet led to a high (p<0.001) neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) g/d intake, NDFap (BW %) and digestibility of said nutrient. There was no effect of treatments (p>0.05) on feeding time, however, rumination time and total chewing time were higher (p<0.05) for animals fed Tifton hay. The performance of the animals was similar (p>0.05). For the ultrasound measurements, <i>Nopalea</i> promoted an increase in the final loin eye area, compared to Tifton hay.Conclusion: The use of spineless cactus variety Miúda leads to the greater intake and digestibility of nutrients. The evaluated carmine cochineal-resistant spineless cactus genotypes are alternatives for semi-arid regions as they do not negatively affect the performance of growing lambs.

scholarly journals 268 Administering an appeasing substance to optimize welfare and performance of receiving cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 193-193
Author(s):  
Eduardo Colombo ◽  
Reinaldo F Cooke ◽  
Alice Brandão ◽  
Jacob Wiegand ◽  
Kelsey Schubach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract This experiment evaluated the impacts of bovine appeasing substance (BAS) administration on performance, health, and physiological responses of feedlot cattle during a 45-d receiving period. A total of 342 recently-weaned Angus-influenced steers, originating from 16 cow-calf operations, were obtained from an auction yard on d -1 and road-transported (12 h) to the feedlot. Upon arrival on d 0, body weight (BW) was recorded and steers were ranked by BW and source and assigned to receive BAS (Nutricorp, Araras, SP, Brazil; n = 171) or placebo (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; CON; n = 171). Treatments (5 mL) were topically applied to the nuchal skin area of each animal. Within treatment, calves were allocated to 1 of 24 drylot pens (12 pens/treatment) and received a free choice total-mixed ration from d 1 to 45. Calves were assessed for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) signs and feed intake was recorded from each pen daily. Steer BW was again recorded on d 1, 7, 17, 31, and 45, whereas blood samples were collected from 5 steers/pen concurrently with each BW assessment. Average daily gain was greater (P = 0.05) in BAS vs. CON calves, although final BW did not differ (P = 0.36) between treatments. No treatment effects were detected for feed intake (P = 0.95), resulting in greater (P = 0.05) feed efficiency in BAS vs. CON steers. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.37) for plasma concentrations of haptoglobin, whereas plasma cortisol concentrations were greater (P = 0.05) in CON vs. BAS steers on d 7 (treatment × day; P = 0.07). Incidence of BRD was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in BAS vs. CON on d 6 to 10 and d 18 to 21 (treatment × day; P &lt; 0.01), although overall BRD incidence did not differ (P = 0.24) between treatments. The number of antimicrobial treatments required per steer diagnosed with BRD symptoms to recover from sickness was greater (P = 0.04) in CON vs. BAS calves. No treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.41) for mortality incidence, or proportion of steers removed from the experiment due to extreme sickness. Results from this experiment indicate BAS administration upon feedlot entry improved average daily gain by enhancing feed efficiency. Administration of BAS facilitated earlier detection of BRD and reduced the need for antimicrobial treatments. Collectively, these results suggest BAS administration as a promising strategy to benefit performance and immunocompetence of feedlot receiving cattle.

PSIV-2 A comparison of feedlot growth and performance of beef x Holstein crossbred steers and Holstein steers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 298-299
Author(s):  
Bailey L Basiel ◽  
Chad D Dechow ◽  
Tara L Felix
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Objectives were to compare feedlot performance and carcass traits of F1 beef × Holstein steers and Holstein steers. Angus or Limousin × Holstein crossbred [n = 27; age = 12 ± 3 months; body weight (BW) = 435 ± 8 kg] and Holstein (n = 20; age = 11 ± 2 months; BW = 400 ± 9 kg) steers were fed at the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Livestock Evaluation Center for 111 days. Feed intake was recorded using the GrowSafe Feed Intake Monitoring System (Model 4000E, GrowSafe Systems Ltd., Calgary AB, Canada). The diet contained corn silage, dried distillers grains, soybean meal, and cracked corn and was formulated to meet or exceed the requirements of beef cattle (NASEM, 2016). Growth performance variables of interest and carcass measurements were analyzed with the Mixed procedure of SAS (SAS 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). USDA assigned quality grades (QG) and yield grades (YG) were analyzed the with GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Breed was a fixed effect in all models. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) between breeds in average daily gain or feed efficiency. Crossbreds exceeded Holsteins in initial (P &lt; 0.01) and final BW (P = 0.01), dry matter intake (P = 0.03), hot carcass weight (P &lt; 0.01), backfat (P = 0.03), and ribeye area (REA; P &lt; 0.01). Thirty-five percent (35%) of the Holsteins received a QG of Choice or above while 74% of crossbreds graded USDA Choice or above (P = 0.01). However, 75% of Holsteins were YG 2 or lower while only 45% of crossbreds achieved YG 2 or less (P = 0.05). There was no improvement in efficiency when crossbreds were compared to Holsteins; however, carcasses from crossbreds were more likely to grade USDA Choice or above while yielding greater REA and backfat than Holsteins.

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