scholarly journals Who Is Pulling the Leash? Effects of Human Gender and Dog Sex on Human–Dog Dyads When Walking On-Leash

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao-Yu Shih ◽  
Mandy B. A. Paterson ◽  
Fillipe Georgiou ◽  
Nancy A. Pachana ◽  
Clive J. C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Physical Contact ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
High Position ◽  
Pull Strength ◽  
Behavioural Interactions ◽  
Shelter Dogs ◽  
Walking Exercise ◽  
Women Volunteers

Previous studies have indicated that human gender and canine sex influences human–dog interactions. However, the majority of studies have considered the interaction when dogs were off-leash and the behavioural interactions when dogs are walked on a leash have not been addressed. This study investigated human–dog interactions when shelter volunteers take shelter dogs for an on-leash walk. Video records were made of 370 walks, involving 74 volunteers and 111 shelter dogs, and a leash tension meter was used to determine the pull strength of dogs and walkers. Human gender and canine sex had dyadic effects during the walk. Male dogs tended to pull more frequently and created increased leash tensions. Dogs displayed more stress related behaviours when interacting with men than women, with the signs being spending less time holding the tail in the high position, and more frequent gazing and lip-licking behaviours. Finally, there was a greater pre-disposition in women to use verbal commands, and language typically used with babies, while men were more inclined to have physical contact with dogs. This study’s results may be used to match shelter dogs with appropriate men and women volunteers for walking exercise of the dog, and to improve potential dog socialisation efforts by shelters.

scholarly journals Do Canine Behavioural Assessments and Characteristics Predict the Human-Dog Interaction When Walking on a Leash in a Shelter Setting?

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Hao-Yu Shih ◽  
Mandy B. A. Paterson ◽  
Fillipe Georgiou ◽  
Clive J. C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Body Language ◽  
Animal Shelter ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
High Position ◽  
Pull Strength ◽  
Behavioural Assessment ◽  
Shelter Dogs ◽  
Common Problems

Inappropriate leash reactivity is one of the most common problems in shelter dogs, which negatively affects the health of dogs and reduces their adoptability. We explored 370 human-dog interactions, involving 74 volunteers and 111 dogs, in an animal shelter when volunteers walked shelter dogs on a leash, considering the effects of canine demographics and the results of the shelter’s canine behavioural assessments. The interaction was video recorded and coded using ethograms, and a leash tension meter was used to measure the pull strength of dogs and handlers. Results showed that dogs that were more relaxed during the shelter assessment (i.e., when socialising with humans or being left alone in a new environment) were less reactive on the leash, with lower tension and pulling frequency. Moreover, socialised and relaxed dogs displayed more positive body language, such as tail in a high position, gazing at the handler, and exploring the environment. When walking with these dogs, volunteers utilised fewer verbal cues and body language during the walk. In addition to the canine behaviour assessment, there were correlations between canine demographics and the behavioural interaction and humans’ perception. Finally, volunteers perceived the walk as less satisfactory when they needed to pull the leash harder during the walk. This research suggests that the RSPCA behavioural assessment may be useful in predicting the behaviour of shelter dogs when walked by volunteers.

scholarly journals Volunteers' Demographics That Affect the Human-Dog Interaction During Walks in a Shelter

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao-Yu Shih ◽  
Mandy B. A. Paterson ◽  
Nancy A. Pachana ◽  
Clive J. C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Body Language ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Hand Gestures ◽  
Older Volunteers ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Behavioural Interactions ◽  
Shelter Dogs

Different people relate to dogs in different ways. We investigated differences between volunteers in their behavioural interactions with shelter dogs when they were walked on a leash. Cameras were used to record and quantify the behaviour of volunteers and a leash tension metre was used to measure pulling by both volunteers and shelter dogs. Effects of volunteers' age, body height, educational level, marital status, and experiences of living and working with dogs, and living with children, were examined. Older volunteers talked to the dogs more often during the walk than younger ones. Taller volunteers had reduced physical contact with dogs, and dogs pulled more frequently on the leash while walking with them. Volunteers with a postgraduate degree more frequently praised dogs and rewarded dogs with food and used more body language in the form of hand gestures and physical contact. Married and partnered volunteers more often praised dogs, while separated/divorced or widowed volunteers initiated more frequent physical contacts. Dogs pulled less when walking with volunteers who had experience of living with dogs, and these volunteers interacted with dogs using fewer verbal and body languages. Finally, those living with children more frequently communicated with dogs using body language (e.g., hand gestures and physical contact). We conclude that shelters should carefully consider volunteers' demographics when selecting them to walk dogs with various behavioural characteristics.

scholarly journals Effects of Human Presence and Voice on the Behaviour of Shelter Dogs and Cats: A Preliminary Study

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 406
Author(s):  
Adele Tuozzi ◽  
Christine Arhant ◽  
Kristina Anderle ◽  
Jessica Backes ◽  
Catherine Cords ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Vertical Dimension ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Human Presence ◽  
Reading Condition ◽  
Shelter Dogs ◽  
Preliminary Study

Reading books to shelter animals combining auditory enrichment with human presence is increasingly used although its effects on animal welfare have not yet been investigated. This study compared the behaviour of single-housed shelter dogs and cats during a prerecorded reading condition in the absence or presence of an unfamiliar human (without direct physical contact). Fourteen dogs and twenty-one cats were observed in their enclosure in the two conditions in a counterbalanced order. Behaviours such as scratching the door, gaze direction and location in relation to the audio source/human were analysed from video recording for 10 min per condition. Dogs spent more time in their bed (p < 0.047) and looking at the auditory source (p < 0.004) when a human was present. Cats showed door scratching and rubbing when a human was present (p < 0.043), whereas they tended to spend more time in the vertical dimension (p = 0.051), where the hiding boxes were located, during auditory stimulation without a human present. These results show that the presence of a human induces greater interest compared to just audio stimulation in shelter dogs and cats but may induce frustration likely due to not being able to physically interact in some animals.

scholarly journals Alleen maar een verlangen? jobgerelateerde risicofactoren en seksueel grensoverschrijdend gedrag in de Vlaamse cultuur- en mediasector

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-181
Author(s):  
Mart Willekens ◽  
Jessy Siongers ◽  
John Lievens
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Professional Network ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Secondary Factor ◽  
Status Position

In this paper, we analyse how characteristics of the work environment in the cultural industries influence the likelihood of experiencing sexual harassment. We differentiate between communicational (remarks, jokes and infantilization) and behavioural (physical contact and force) forms of sexual harassment. Experiencing the work environment as highly competitive and having a large professional network prove to be the most important explanatory factors. Doing artistic work is a secondary factor that helps explain the prevalence of sexual harassment. Occupational status is also important, but this effect differs for men and women. Men experience sexual harassment more often when they have a lower status position within the cultural and media industries, while this is not the case for women.

scholarly journals Two Ends of the Leash: Relations Between Personality of Shelter Volunteers and On-leash Walking Behavior With Shelter Dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao-Yu Shih ◽  
Mandy B. A. Paterson ◽  
Fillipe Georgiou ◽  
Leander Mitchell ◽  
Nancy A. Pachana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Video Recording ◽  
Body Language ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Hand Gestures ◽  
Walking Behavior ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Human Personality ◽  
Shelter Dogs ◽  
Neo Five Factor Inventory ◽  
And Behavior

Human personality influences the way people interact with dogs. This study investigated the associations between the personality of animal shelter volunteers and behavior during on-leash walks with shelter dogs. Video recording and a canine leash tension meter were used to monitor the on-leash walking. Personality was measured in five dimensions (neurotic, extroverted, open, agreeable and conscientious) with the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Neurotic volunteers pulled the leash harder and tended to interact with dogs using more body language; dogs being walked by neurotic volunteers in turn displayed more lip-licking and body shaking and were more likely to be rated as well-behaved. Extroverted volunteers were associated with stronger maximal leash tension at both the human and dog ends of the leash, and they praised the dog more, often in a high pitched voice. These volunteers eliciting more tail-wagging and body shaking by the dog. Extroverted volunteers were also more tolerant of different dog behaviors. Volunteers with personalities characterized by “openness to experiences” were less likely to verbally attract the attention of dogs, praise dogs and talk to them in a high-pitched voice; however, dogs walked by these volunteers were more likely to pull on the leash, and engaged in more lip-licking but less sniffing. “Agreeable” volunteers liked to verbally attract the attention of the dogs and more commonly initiated hand gestures and physical contact, causing the dogs to pull less frequently; dogs in these dyads displayed more gazing and lip-licking behaviors. Conscientious volunteers were less likely to pull the leash and tended to have more physical contact with the dogs but did not favor verbal communication and did not use a high pitched voice.

scholarly journals The Status and dignity of Women in Islam and Hinduism

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (Extra-1) ◽  
pp. 130-145
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Afroogh ◽  
Ali Reza Fahim
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
High Position ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
Women In Islam ◽  
Ideal Woman ◽  
The Status ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Women In India

The heavenly religions have spoken much about the creation of man and his place in the world of creation. The position of women in these religions, known as the revelation religions, is very high. In the ancient Hindus, woman was not dignified and regarded as much as men, although in the Upanishads the woman was intrinsically valued, and man and woman are half halves that complement each other. There is no legal difference between men and women in India today, and women can engage in political, economic, and cultural activities as men. In Hinduism, woman holds a high position as a mother, from the point of view of Hinduism, the ideal woman is a woman who loves her husband and provides his with comfort. But the Hindu girl is far less valuable than the Hindu boy, and many Hindus do not generally favor the girl child. From the Islamic point of view, men and women have equal value in terms of humanity, and no one has superiority over others in their humanity. But this does not mean that any physical and mental differences between the two are denied. The holy religion of Islam considers women the first and foremost task of marrying and raising children, by assigning specific duties to women that are commensurate with their type of creation, but at the same time permits women to adhere to the principles of a Muslim woman participate in the community and engage in social and economic activities.

scholarly journals Sex of Walker Influences Scent-marking Behavior of Shelter Dogs

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty McGuire ◽  
Kentner Fry ◽  
Destiny Orantes ◽  
Logan Underkofler ◽  
Stephen Parry
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Scent Marking ◽  
Animal Shelters ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Standard Practice ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Shelter Dogs ◽  
And Behaviors

Interactions with humans influence the behavior and physiology of other animals, and the response can vary with sex and familiarity. Dogs in animal shelters face challenging conditions and although contact with humans typically reduces stress and behaviors associated with stress, evidence indicates that shelter dogs react differently to unfamiliar men and women. Given that some aspects of canine scent-marking behavior change under fearful conditions, we examined whether sex of an unfamiliar walker would influence scent-marking behavior of 100 shelter dogs during leash walks. Male dogs urinated at higher rates when walked by unfamiliar women than when walked by unfamiliar men; female dogs urinated at similar rates when walked by unfamiliar women and unfamiliar men. Sex of walker influenced urinary posture in male dogs, but not in female dogs. Both male and female dogs were more likely to defecate when walked by unfamiliar women than by unfamiliar men. Based on our findings that shelter dogs behave differently in the presence of unfamiliar men and women, we suggest that researchers conducting behavioral studies of dogs record, consider in analyses, and report the sex of observers and handlers as standard practice. We also recommend recording the sex of shelter staff present at behavioral evaluations because the results of these evaluations can impact dog welfare.

Contact Avoidance toward People with Stigmatized Attributes: Mate Choice

2011 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuaki Kawano ◽  
Takashi Hanari ◽  
Kimio Ito
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
University Students ◽  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Mate Selection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Other Hand

If contact avoidance is used to avoid harmful people, then this can play an important role when people choose a spouse, by eliminating undesirable people from the list of candidates. The purpose of this study was to reveal the sex difference in contact avoidance toward people with stigmatic attributes, who are therefore disadvantaged as spouse candidates. A total of 228 university students (101 men, 127 women) participated in the survey. Seven types of men and women with stigmatic characteristics were presented and the respondents asked how much they wanted to avoid contact with each type of person in eight physical contact situations. Female respondents wanted to avoid contact with stigmatized men more than with stigmatized women. On the other hand, male respondents showed comparable responses to both stigmatized men and women. The results were considered from the perspective of mate selection based on evolutionary psychology.

scholarly journals Sleep deprivation effect on concentration of some reproductive hormones in healthy men and women volunteers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
Dhamia Ahmed Attia ◽  
Najdat Ali Al-kadhi ◽  
Iktefa Abdul Hamid Mohammed Saeed ◽  
Kasim Sakran Abass
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Deprivation Effect ◽  
Women Volunteers

“We All Play Pretty Much the Same, Except. . .”: Gender-Integrated Quidditch and the Persistence of Essentialist Ideology

2021 ◽  
pp. 089124162110402
Author(s):  
Rachel Allison ◽  
Adam Love
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
First Year ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Positional Segregation ◽  
Natural Result ◽  
Over Time

We use the case of a recreational college Quidditch class to examine the consequences of gender-integrated sport for gender essentialist ideology. Data include ethnographic observations and course journal data from 23 first-year undergraduates playing Quidditch over four months. While a gender-integrated sport provided numerous opportunities for participants to witness similarities in performance among men and women, we found only limited challenge to gender essentialist ideas. Despite rules intended to reduce competitiveness and physical contact, play became increasingly aggressive over time, particularly among men, and an emergent positional segregation located women in less central defensive positions. Students frequently understood these trends as the “natural” result of gender difference. Ultimately, participants’ experiences in Quidditch often drew on and solidified ideas about women’s athletic inferiority to men.

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