scholarly journals Susceptibility to Size Visual Illusions in a Non-Primate Mammal (Equus caballus)

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1673
Author(s):  
Anansi Cappellato ◽  
Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini ◽  
Angelo Bisazza ◽  
Marco Dadda ◽  
Christian Agrillo
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Material ◽  
Visual Illusions ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Illusory Effect ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Lyer Illusion ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
3D Information

The perception of different size illusions is believed to be determined by size-scaling mechanisms that lead individuals to extrapolate inappropriate 3D information from 2D stimuli. The Muller-Lyer illusion represents one of the most investigated size illusions. Studies on non-human primates showed a human-like perception of this illusory pattern. To date, it is not clear whether non-primate mammals experience a similar illusory effect. Here, we investigated whether horses perceive the Muller-Lyer illusion by using their spontaneous preference for the larger portion of carrot. In control trials, we presented horses with two carrot sticks of different sizes, and in test trials, carrot sticks of identical size were shown to the subjects together with arrowheads made of plastic material and arranged in a way meant to elicit the Müller-Lyer illusion in human observers. In control trials, horses significantly discriminated between the smaller and larger carrot stick. When presented with the illusion, they showed a significant preference for the carrot that humans perceive as longer. Further control trials excluded the possibility that their choices were based on the total size of the carrot stick and the arrowheads together. The susceptibility of horses to this illusion indicates that the perceptual mechanisms underlying size estimation in perissodactyla might be similar to those of primates, notwithstanding the considerable evolutionary divergence in the visual systems of these two mammalian groups.

scholarly journals Perception of the Müller–Lyer illusion in guppies

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Santacà ◽  
Christian Agrillo
Keyword(s):  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Learning Criterion ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Lyer Illusion ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Discriminative Cue

Abstract The Müller–Lyer illusion is a well-known distortion illusion that occurs when the spatial arrangement of inducers (i.e., inwards- or outwards-pointing arrowheads) influences a line’s perceived relative length. To date, this illusion has been reported in several animal species but only in 1 teleost fish (i.e., redtail splitfins Xenotoca eiseni), although teleost fish represent approximately 50% of vertebrate diversity. We investigated the perception of this illusion in another teleost fish: guppies Poecilia reticulata, a species that diverged from the redtail splitfin 65 million years ago. The guppies were trained to select the longer between 2 lines; after meeting the learning criterion, illusory trials were presented. Control trials were also arranged to exclude the possibility that their choices were based on potential spatial biases that relate to the illusory pattern. The guppies’ overall performance indicated that they were susceptible to the Müller–Lyer illusion, perceiving the line with the inwards-pointing arrowheads as longer. The performance in the control trials excluded the possibility that the subjects used the physical differences between the 2 figures as the discriminative cue in the illusory trials. Our study suggests that sensibility to the Müller–Lyer illusion could be widespread across teleost fish and reinforces the idea that the perceptual mechanisms underlying size estimation might be similar across vertebrates.

Neuroanatomy and function in two visual systems

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-536
Author(s):  
Bruce Bridgeman
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Visual Illusions ◽  
Sensorimotor System ◽  
Reverse Link ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Two Visual Systems ◽  
Direct Cross ◽  
Normal Humans ◽  
And Function

Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology are insufficient to specify function. Modeling is essential to elucidate function, but psychophysics is also required. An example is the cognitive and sensorimotor branches of the visual system: anatomy shows direct cross talk between the branches. Psychophysics in normal humans shows links from cognitive to sensorimotor, but the reverse link is excluded by visual illusions affecting the cognitive system but not the sensorimotor system.

Retinal Size in the Visual Cliff Situation

1970 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 903-911
Author(s):  
John W. Somervill ◽  
Sara Sharratt
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Retinal Size ◽  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Depth Discrimination ◽  
Shallow Side

300 one-day-old chicks were used in two experiments. Exp. I was designed to test an hypothesis that unequal retinal size is an insufficient cue for depth discrimination in a visual cliff situation. One group of Ss was exposed to mirrors on deep and shallow sides which reflected only their image and a white ceiling. A second group was exposed to white patterns, and a third to stripe patterns equated for retinal size. No significant preferences were found. No conclusions were made regarding the cue of unequal retinal size. In Exp. II, motion parallax was maximized by the use of three-dimensional patterns. One group was exposed to 3-D patterns equated for retinal size, a second to 2-D patterns unequated, and a third to 3-D patterns unequated. A significant preference for the shallow side was found only for the first group. Results of both experiments suggested that the total size of the pattern areas was too small to permit consistent depth discrimination. Implications for studies attempting to define thresholds were discussed.

Mueller-Lyer illusion and size estimation performance in schizophrenics compared to normal controls

1994 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJØRN RISHOVD RUND ◽  
NILS INGE LANDRØ ◽  
ANNE LILL ORBECK ◽  
GJERMUND NYSVEEN
Keyword(s):  
Size Estimation ◽  
Estimation Performance ◽  
Lyer Illusion ◽  
Normal Controls

scholarly journals Flashed Müller-Lyer and Poggendorff Virtual Illusions

i-Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 204166952110156
Author(s):  
Stuart Anstis ◽  
Patrick Cavanagh
Keyword(s):  
Poggendorff Illusion ◽  
Moving Frame ◽  
Illusory Effect ◽  
Line Segments ◽  
Lyer Illusion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Position Shift ◽  
Initial Arrangement

A moving frame can dramatically displace the perceived location of stimuli flashed before and after the motion. Here, we use a moving frame to rearrange flashed elements into the form of classic illusions. Without the moving frame, the initial arrangement of the flashed elements has no illusory effect. The question is whether the frame-induced displacement of position precedes or follows the processes underlying the illusions. This illusory offset of flashed chevrons does generate a Müller-Lyer illusion and the illusory offset of two line segments does create a Poggendorff illusion. We conclude that the site where the frame-induced position shift emerges must precede the site at which the Müller-Lyer and Poggendorf illusions arise.

Weighted Positional Averaging in the Illusions of the Müller-Lyer Type

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Bulatov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Visual Illusions ◽  
Limited Ability ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Lyer Illusion ◽  
Linear Extent

The limited ability to estimate properly the linear extent or spatial separation of objects is one of the well-tested and documented features of visual perception. However, despite a large amount of experimental data collected in various studies of the Müller-Lyer illusion and related visual illusions of extent, the generally accepted view concerning the origin of this phenomenon is still absent. This chapter addresses a possible role of the perceptual positional shifts of the stimulus parts in occurrence of the illusions. It also discusses the most important features of the computational model based on the hypothesis of positional coding via centroids.

Why the Concept of “Visual Illusions” Is Misleading

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Purves ◽  
William T. Wojtach ◽  
R. Beau Lotto
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Visual Illusions ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
The Past ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Common Misconception ◽  
The World ◽  
Special Circumstances

A common misconception is that we see the world in accord with physical reality but are sometimes fooled in special circumstances that give rise to discrepancies between reality and what we perceive (visual illusions). Evidence accumulated over the past decade, however, indicates that all visual perceptions are at odds with the physical parameters of the world. Since biological visual systems cannot measure the world but must nonetheless afford the ability to behave in it, animals create biologically determined visual stimuli based on their value to reproductive success. In light of this evidence, the phrase “visual illusions” is misleading and should be abandoned.

scholarly journals Fiber Optic Particle Plasmon Resonance-Based Immunoassay Using a Novel Multi-Microchannel Biochip

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3086
Author(s):  
Chang-Yue Chiang ◽  
Chien-Hsing Chen ◽  
Chien-Tsung Wang
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Plasmon Resonance ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Sensor System ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Particle Plasmon

A novel multi-microchannel biochip fiber-optic particle plasmon resonance (FOPPR) sensor system for the simultaneous detection of multiple samples. The system integrates a novel photoelectric system, a lock-in module, and an all-in-one platform incorporating optical design and mechanical design together to improve system stability and the sensitivity of the FOPPR sensor. The multi-microchannel FOPPR biochip has been developed by constructing a multi-microchannel flow-cell composed of plastic material to monitor and analyze five samples simultaneously. The sensor system requires only 30 μL of sample for detection in each microchannel. Moreover, the total size of the multi-microchannel FOPPR sensor chip is merely 40 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm; thus, it is very compact and cost-effective. The analysis was based on calibration curves obtained from real-time sensor response data after injection of sucrose solution, streptavidin and anti-dinitrophenyl (anti-DNP) antibody of known concentrations over the chips. The results show that the multi-microchannel FOPPR sensor system not only has good reproducibility (coefficient of variation (CV) < 10%), but also excellent refractive index resolution (6.23 ± 0.10 × 10−6 refractive index unit (RIU)). The detection limits are 2.92 ± 0.28 × 10−8 g/mL (0.53 ± 0.01 nM) and 7.48 ± 0.40 × 10−8 g/mL (0.34 ± 0.002 nM) for streptavidin and anti-DNP antibody, respectively.

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