scholarly journals Sex Differences in Intestinal Microbial Composition and Function of Hainan Special Wild Boar

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1553
Author(s):  
Xiaozhe Wang ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Qiong Wen ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Zhixin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Membrane Transport ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

The gut microbiome plays an important role in the health and disease status of the host. Research on the effect of sex on animal intestinal microorganisms is still limited; and the effect of castration on the gut microbiome of male pigs has not been fully investigated. In this study, 30 Hainan special wild boars at the same growth stage were divided into three groups (10 entire males, 10 females, and 10 castrated males). High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate the fecal microbiota of the Hainan special wild boar. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria were the five dominant phyla found in the specimens. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher in the microbiota of female pigs than in male pigs, while Firmicutes was on the contrary. The percentage of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus was higher in males than females. The microbial diversity of females was significantly higher compared to males; castration increased the intestinal microbial diversity of males. Functional prediction showed that male fecal microorganisms were rich in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were rich in the female group; the fecal microorganisms of castrated males had higher membrane transport abundance.

scholarly journals Role of Biological Sex in the Cardiovascular-Gut Microbiome Axis

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangyue Li ◽  
Georgios Kararigas
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

There has been a recent, unprecedented interest in the role of gut microbiota in host health and disease. Technological advances have dramatically expanded our knowledge of the gut microbiome. Increasing evidence has indicated a strong link between gut microbiota and the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In the present article, we discuss the contribution of gut microbiota in the development and progression of CVD. We further discuss how the gut microbiome may differ between the sexes and how it may be influenced by sex hormones. We put forward that regulation of microbial composition and function by sex might lead to sex-biased disease susceptibility, thereby offering a mechanistic insight into sex differences in CVD. A better understanding of this could identify novel targets, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for men and women.

scholarly journals Longitudinal sampling of external mucosae in farmed European seabass reveals the impact of water temperature on bacterial dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Rosado ◽  
Raquel Xavier ◽  
Jo Cable ◽  
Ricardo Severino ◽  
Pedro Tarroso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Seasonal Effect ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
European Seabass ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

AbstractFish microbiota are intrinsically linked to health and fitness, but they are highly variable and influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors. Water temperature particularly limits bacterial adhesion and growth, impacting microbial diversity and bacterial infections on the skin and gills. Aquaculture is heavily affected by infectious diseases, especially in warmer months, and industry practices often promote stress and microbial dysbiosis, leading to an increased abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria. In this regard, fish mucosa health is extremely important because it provides a primary barrier against pathogens. We used 16 rRNA V4 metataxonomics to characterize the skin and gill microbiota of the European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax, and the surrounding water over 12 months, assessing the impact of water temperature on microbial diversity and function. We show that the microbiota of external mucosae are highly dynamic with consistent longitudinal trends in taxon diversity. Several potentially pathogenic genera (Aliivibrio, Photobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio) were highly abundant, showing complex interactions with other bacterial genera, some of which with recognized probiotic activity, and were also significantly impacted by changes in temperature. The surrounding water temperature influenced fish microbial composition, structure and function over time (days and months). Additionally, dysbiosis was more frequent in warmer months and during transitions between cold/warm months. We also detected a strong seasonal effect in the fish microbiota, which is likely to result from the compound action of several unmeasured environmental factors (e.g., pH, nutrient availability) beyond temperature. Our results highlight the importance of performing longitudinal studies to assess the impact of environmental factors on fish microbiotas.

scholarly journals The Glycine Lipids ofBacteroides thetaiotaomicronAre Important for Fitness during GrowthIn VivoandIn Vitro

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alli Lynch ◽  
Seshu R. Tammireddy ◽  
Mary K. Doherty ◽  
Phillip D. Whitfield ◽  
David J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Bacteroides Thetaiotaomicron ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Acyltransferase Activity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTAcylated amino acids function as important components of the cellular membrane in some bacteria. Biosynthesis is initiated by theN-acylation of the amino acid, and this is followed by subsequentO-acylation of the acylated molecule, resulting in the production of the mature diacylated amino acid lipid. In this study, we use both genetics and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to characterize the biosynthesis and function of a diacylated glycine lipid (GL) species produced inBacteroides thetaiotaomicron. We, and others, have previously reported the identification of a gene, namedglsBin this study, that encodes anN-acyltransferase activity responsible for the production of a monoacylated glycine calledN-acyl-3-hydroxy-palmitoyl glycine (or commendamide). In all of theBacteroidalesgenomes sequenced so far, theglsBgene is located immediately downstream from a gene, namedglsA, that is also predicted to encode a protein with acyltransferase activity. We use LC-MS to show that the coexpression ofglsBandglsAresults in the production of GL inEscherichia coli. We constructed a deletion mutant of theglsBgene inB. thetaiotaomicron, and we confirm thatglsBis required for the production of GL inB. thetaiotaomicron. Moreover, we show thatglsBis important for the ability ofB. thetaiotaomicronto adapt to stress and colonize the mammalian gut. Therefore, this report describes the genetic requirements for the biosynthesis of GL, a diacylated amino acid species that contributes to fitness in the human gut bacteriumB. thetaiotaomicron.IMPORTANCEThe gut microbiome has an important role in both health and disease of the host. The mammalian gut microbiome is often dominated by bacteria from theBacteroidales, an order that includesBacteroidesandPrevotella. In this study, we have identified an acylated amino acid, called glycine lipid, produced byBacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a beneficial bacterium originally isolated from the human gut. In addition to identifying the genes required for the production of glycine lipids, we show that glycine lipids have an important role during the adaptation ofB. thetaiotaomicronto a number of environmental stresses, including exposure to either bile or air. We also show that glycine lipids are important for the normal colonization of the murine gut byB. thetaiotaomicron. This work identifies glycine lipids as an important fitness determinant inB. thetaiotaomicronand therefore increases our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning colonization of the mammalian gut by beneficial bacteria.

scholarly journals Gut Microbial Composition and Function Are Altered in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunju Jeong ◽  
Ji-Won Kim ◽  
Hyun Ju You ◽  
Sang-Jun Park ◽  
Jennifer Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Early Ra ◽  
Microbial Distribution ◽  
Clusters Of Orthologous Groups ◽  
Associated Functions ◽  
And Function

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation of the joints and extra-articular manifestations. Recent studies have shown that microorganisms affect RA pathogenesis. However, few studies have examined the microbial distribution of early RA patients, particularly female patients. In the present study, we investigated the gut microbiome profile and microbial functions in early RA female patients, including preclinical and clinically apparent RA cases. Changes in microbiological diversity, composition, and function in each group were analyzed using quantitative insights into microbial ecology (QIIME) and phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt). The results revealed the dysbiosis due to decreased diversity in the early RA patients compared with healthy subjects. There were significant differences in the microbial distribution of various taxa from phylum to genus levels between healthy subjects and early RA patients. Phylum Bacteroidetes was enriched in early RA patients, while Actinobacteria, including the genus Collinsella, was enriched in healthy subjects. Functional analysis based on clusters of orthologous groups revealed that the genes related to the biosynthesis of menaquinone, known to be derived from gram-positive bacteria, were enriched in healthy subjects, while iron transport-related genes were enriched in early RA patients. Genes related to the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide, the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, were enriched in clinically apparent RA patients. The obvious differences in microbial diversity, taxa, and associated functions of the gut microbiota between healthy subjects and early RA patients highlight the involvement of the gut microbiome in the early stages of RA.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiome and Xenobiotics: Identifying Knowledge Gaps

2020 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki L Sutherland ◽  
Charlene A McQueen ◽  
Donna Mendrick ◽  
Donna Gulezian ◽  
Carl Cerniglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Breakout Group ◽  
Data Gaps ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
And Function

Abstract There is an increasing awareness that the gut microbiome plays a critical role in human health and disease, but mechanistic insights are often lacking. In June 2018, the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) held a workshop, “The Gut Microbiome: Markers of Human Health, Drug Efficacy and Xenobiotic Toxicity” (https://hesiglobal.org/event/the-gut-microbiome-workshop) to identify data gaps in determining how gut microbiome alterations may affect human health. Speakers and stakeholders from academia, government, and industry addressed multiple topics including the current science on the gut microbiome, endogenous and exogenous metabolites, biomarkers, and model systems. The workshop presentations and breakout group discussions formed the basis for identifying data gaps and research needs. Two critical issues that emerged were defining the microbial composition and function related to health and developing standards for models, methods and analysis in order to increase the ability to compare and replicate studies. A series of key recommendations were formulated to focus efforts to further understand host-microbiome interactions and the consequences of exposure to xenobiotics as well as identifying biomarkers of microbiome-associated disease and toxicity.

Alterations of gut microbiome in autoimmune hepatitis

Gut ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiran Wei ◽  
Yanmei Li ◽  
Li Yan ◽  
Chunyan Sun ◽  
Qi Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Hepatitis ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Naïve

ObjectiveThe significance of the liver-microbiome axis has been increasingly recognised as a major modulator of autoimmunity. The aim of this study was to take advantage of a large well-defined corticosteroids treatment-naïve group of patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) to rigorously characterise gut dysbiosis compared with healthy controls.DesignWe performed a cross-sectional study of individuals with AIH (n=91) and matched healthy controls (n=98) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. An independent cohort of 28 patients and 34 controls was analysed to validate the results. All the patients were collected before corticosteroids therapy.ResultsThe gut microbiome of steroid treatment-naïve AIH was characterised with lower alpha-diversity (Shannon and observed operational taxonomic units, both p<0.01) and distinct overall microbial composition compared with healthy controls (p=0.002). Depletion of obligate anaerobes and expansion of potential pathobionts including Veillonella were associated with disease status. Of note, Veillonella dispar, the most strongly disease-associated taxa (p=8.85E–8), positively correlated with serum level of aspartate aminotransferase and liver inflammation. Furthermore, the combination of four patients with AIH-associated genera distinguished AIH from controls with an area under curves of approximately 0.8 in both exploration and validation cohorts. In addition, multiple predicted functional modules were altered in the AIH gut microbiome, including lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis as well as metabolism of amino acids that can be processed by bacteria to produce immunomodulatory metabolites.ConclusionOur study establishes compositional and functional alterations of gut microbiome in AIH and suggests the potential for using gut microbiota as non-invasive biomarkers to assess disease activity.

scholarly journals Effects of cat ownership on the gut microbiota of owners

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253133
Author(s):  
Guankui Du ◽  
Hairong Huang ◽  
Qiwei Zhu ◽  
Li Ying
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Pet Ownership ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Pet ownership is an essential environmental exposure that might influence the health of the owner. This study’s primary objectives were to explore the effects of cat ownership on the gut microbial diversity and composition of owners. Raw data from the American Gut Project were obtained from the SRA database. A total of 214 Caucasian individuals (111 female) with cats and 214 individuals (111 female) without cats were used in the following analysis. OTU number showed significant alteration in the Cat group and Female_cat group, compared with that of the no cat (NC) group and Female_ NC group, respectively. Compared with the NC group, the microbial phylum Proteobacteria was significantly decreased in the Cat group. The microbial families Alcaligenaceae and Pasteurellaceae were significantly reduced, while Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae were significantly increased in the Cat group. Fifty metabolic pathways were predicted to be significantly changed in the Cat group. Twenty-one and 13 metabolic pathways were predicted to be significantly changed in the female_cat and male_cat groups, respectively. Moreover, the microbial phylum Cyanobacteria was significantly decreased, while the families Alcaligenaceae, Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were significantly changed in the normal weight cat group. In addition, 41 and 7 metabolic pathways were predicted to be significantly changed in the normal-weight cat and overweight cat groups, respectively. Therefore, this study demonstrated that cat ownership could influence owners’ gut microbiota composition and function, especially in the female group and normal-weight group.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut Microbiota in Lung Cancer: From Carcinogenesis to Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangjun Liu ◽  
Ye Cheng ◽  
Dan Zang ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Xiuhua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Immune Homeostasis ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function

The influence of microbiota on host health and disease has attracted adequate attention, and gut microbiota components and microbiota-derived metabolites affect host immune homeostasis locally and systematically. Some studies have found that gut dysbiosis, disturbance of the structure and function of the gut microbiome, disrupts pulmonary immune homeostasis, thus leading to increased disease susceptibility; the gut-lung axis is the primary cross-talk for this communication. Gut dysbiosis is involved in carcinogenesis and the progression of lung cancer through genotoxicity, systemic inflammation, and defective immunosurveillance. In addition, the gut microbiome harbors the potential to be a novel biomarker for predicting sensitivity and adverse reactions to immunotherapy in patients with lung cancer. Probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can enhance the efficacy and depress the toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors by regulating the gut microbiota. Although current studies have found that gut microbiota closely participates in the development and immunotherapy of lung cancer, the mechanisms require further investigation. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the underlying mechanisms of gut microbiota influencing carcinogenesis and immunotherapy in lung cancer and to provide new strategies for governing gut microbiota to enhance the prevention and treatment of lung cancer.

scholarly journals Effects of Maternal Low-Protein Diet on Microbiota Structure and Function in the Jejunum of Huzhu Bamei Suckling Piglets

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jipeng Jin ◽  
Liping Zhang ◽  
Jianlei Jia ◽  
Qian Chen ◽  
Zan Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Suckling Piglets ◽  
And Function ◽  
Protein Diets

The jejunum is the primary organ for digestion and nutrient absorption in mammals. The development of the jejunum in suckling piglets directly affects their growth performance post-weaning. The jejunum microbiome plays an important role in proliferation, metabolism, apoptosis, immune, and homeostasis of the epithelial cells within the organ. The composition and diversity of the gut microbiome is susceptible to the protein composition of the diet. Therefore, the effects of maternal low-protein diets on piglets’ intestinal microbial structure and function have become a hot topic of study. Herein, a maternal low-protein diet was formulated to explore the effects on jejunum microbiome composition and metabolic profiles in Bamei suckling piglets. Using 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing in conjunction with bioinformatics analysis, 21 phyla and 297 genera were identified within the gut microflora. The top 10 phyla and 10 genera are within the gut bacteria. Next, KEGG analysis showed that the low-protein diet significantly increased the gut microbial composition, transport and catabolism, immune system, global and overview maps, amino acid metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, endocrine system, biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, signal transduction, environmental adaptation, and cell motility. Taken together, low-protein diets do not appear to affect the reproductive performance of Bamei sows but improved the gut microbiome of the suckling piglets as well as reduced the probability of diarrhea. The data presented here provide new insights on the dietary protein requirements to support the Huzhu Bamei pig industry.

scholarly journals Interactions between Host and Oral Commensal Microorganisms are Key Events in Health and Disease Status

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Rouabhia
Keyword(s):  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
And Function ◽  
Key Events

The oral cavity has sometimes been described as a mirror that reflects a person's health. Systemic diseases such as diabetes or vitamin deficiency may be seen as alterations in the oral mucosa. A variety of external factors cause changes in the oral mucosa, thus altering mucosal structure and function, and promoting oral pathologies (most frequently bacterial, fungal and viral infections). Little is known, however, about immune surveillance mechanisms that involve the oral mucosa.There is no direct contact between specific immune cells in the basal epithelium and microorganisms in the upper layers of the oral mucosa. The author's hypothesis is that the protective immunity is conveyed through epithelial cells. The present brief review assesses the oral mucosa's role as the main defence in the interactions between the host and the oral microbial community. A unique model was used to investigate these interactions as the cause of oral disease and to develop new treatments that exploit our knowledge of the host-microorganism relationship.

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