scholarly journals Time-Budget of Horses Reared for Meat Production: Influence of Stocking Density on Behavioural Activities and Subsequent Welfare

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1334
Author(s):  
Federica Raspa ◽  
Martina Tarantola ◽  
Domenico Bergero ◽  
Joana Nery ◽  
Alice Visconti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Budget ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Frequency Standard ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Behavioural Activity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Breeding Farms ◽  
Young Horses ◽  
Intensive Breeding

Horses reared for meat production can be kept in intensive breeding farms where they are housed in group pens at high stocking densities. The present study aimed to evaluate whether the expressed behaviours correlated with stocking density, and to compare their time-budget with that of wild-living horses. An ethogram of 13 mutually exclusive behavioural activities was developed. Behavioural observations were performed over a 72 h period on group pens selected on the basis of stocking density and the homogeneity of breed, age, height at the withers, and time since arriving at the farm. Scan sampling (n = 96 scans/horse/day) was used on 22 horses. The mean frequency (%) ± standard deviation (±SD) for each behavioural activity was calculated to obtain the time-budget. The associations between time-budget and stocking density were evaluated using a bivariate analysis. The relationships were analysed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Our results show that locomotion, playing, and self-grooming positively correlated with a reduction in stocking density, indicating the potential to use these behaviours as positive welfare indicators for young horses kept in group pens. The data also revealed an unusual time-budget, where the main behavioural activity expressed was standing (30.56% ± 6.56%), followed by feeding (30.55% ± 3.59%), lying (27.33% ± 2.05%), and locomotion (4.07% ± 1.06%).

scholarly journals Stocking Density Affects Welfare Indicators in Horses Reared for Meat Production

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Raspa ◽  
Martina Tarantola ◽  
Domenico Bergero ◽  
Claudio Bellino ◽  
Chiara Maria Mastrazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
Welfare Indicators ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Breeding Farms ◽  
Tail Condition

Horses kept for meat production are reared in intensive breeding farms. We employed a checklist adapted from the Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) assessment protocol. Our evaluation aims to assess whether welfare indicators are influenced by stocking densities (m2/horse) and feeding strategies applied. An analysis was carried out on the data obtained from 7 surveys conducted at a single horse farm designed for meat production. In each survey, the same 12 pens were assessed, but on each occasion, the horses in the pens had been changed as had the stocking densities. Briefly, 561 horses aged 16 ± 8 months (mean ± standard deviation) were evaluated. Two stocking density cut-off values (median and 75th percentile: 3.95 and 4.75 m2/horse, respectively) were applied to investigate the effect of stocking density on horse welfare. Data were analysed using Mann–Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests (p < 0.05). When cut-off was set as the median percentile, lower stocking density was associated with improvements in body condition score (BCS), coat cleanliness and bedding quantity, less coughing, less resting in a standing position, and less feeding related to the greater space available at the feed bunk. When the 75th percentile cut-off was used, indicators that improved were coat cleanliness, bedding quantity and mane and tail condition, as well as less resting in standing position and less feeding related to the greater space available at the feed bunk. Accordingly, the use of two different stocking density cut-off values showed that the increase of space allowance affected specific welfare indicators. Further increment of space and/or changes in management regimes should be investigated to improve all the indicators. Moreover, results related to feeding indicated the need to intervene as starch intakes exceeded recommended safe levels, negatively affecting horse welfare.

scholarly journals Heat Stress and Goat Welfare: Adaptation and Production Considerations

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1021
Author(s):  
Veerasamy Sejian ◽  
Mullakkalparambil V. Silpa ◽  
Mini R. Reshma Nair ◽  
Chinnasamy Devaraj ◽  
Govindan Krishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Tropical Climates

This review attempted to collate and synthesize information on goat welfare and production constraints during heat stress exposure. Among the farm animals, goats arguably are considered the best-suited animals to survive in tropical climates. Heat stress was found to negatively influence growth, milk and meat production and compromised the immune response, thereby significantly reducing goats’ welfare under extensive conditions and transportation. Although considered extremely adapted to tropical climates, their production can be compromised to cope with heat stress. Therefore, information on goat adaptation and production performance during heat exposure could help assess their welfare. Such information would be valuable as the farming communities are often struggling in their efforts to assess animal welfare, especially in tropical regions. Broadly three aspects must be considered to ensure appropriate welfare in goats, and these include (i) housing and environment; (ii) breeding and genetics and (iii) handling and transport. Apart from these, there are a few other negative welfare factors in goat rearing, which differ across the production system being followed. Such negative practices are predominant in extensive systems and include nutritional stress, limited supply of good quality water, climatic extremes, parasitic infestation and lameness, culminating in low production, reproduction and high mortality rates. Broadly two types of methodologies are available to assess welfare in goats in these systems: (i) animal-based measures include behavioral measurements, health and production records and disease symptoms; (ii) resources based and management-based measures include stocking density, manpower, housing conditions and health plans. Goat welfare could be assessed based on several indicators covering behavioral, physical, physiological and productive responses. The important indicators of goat welfare include agonistic behavior, vocalization, skin temperature, body condition score (BCS), hair coat conditions, rectal temperature, respiration rate, heart rate, sweating, reduced growth, reduced milk production and reduced reproductive efficiency. There are also different approaches available by which the welfare of goats could be assessed, such as naturalistic, functional and subjective approaches. Thus, assessing welfare in goats at every production stage is a prerequisite for ensuring appropriate production in this all-important species to guarantee optimum returns to the marginal and subsistence farmers.

Speaking Fundamental Frequency Characteristics of Five- and Six-Year-Old Children with Mongolism

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Weinberg ◽  
Marsha Zlatin
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Trisomy 21 ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Frequency Standard ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voice Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Speaking Fundamental Frequency

Spontaneous speech samples of 27 children with trisomy-21 type Down’s syndrome and 66 normal children were tape-recorded and analyzed for mean fundamental frequency, standard deviation, and range. Results indicate that the mean speaking fundamental frequency (SFF) level for the sample of children with mongolism was significantly higher than the mean SFF level for the control sample. Approximately 50% of the children with mongolism had mean SFF levels exceeding the highest mean SFF level of their matched controls. In only two cases did the mean SFF for a child with mongolism fall below the mean SFF level for control children of the same age and sex. No child with mongolism exhibited a mean SFF level below the lowest mean SFF for any control subject. The subject in question is the clinical observation that children with mongolism typically have low voice fundamental frequency levels.

scholarly journals Effects of stocking density on growth of zebrafish (Danio rerio, Hamilton, 1822)

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Golam Rabbane ◽  
Md Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Md Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Md Anwar Hossain ◽  
Md Anwar Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Laboratory System ◽  
Zebra Fish ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Length Gain

The effect of stocking density on growth of zebra fish was examined. Total five different stocking densities (5, 15, 25, 35 and 45 individuals per 2 liters of water) were maintained in triplicate for a period of 60 days. One month old zebrafish were randomly stocked into 15 tanks and fish were fed with commercial diet. The mean weight gain, specific growth rate and length gain for treatment 1 (5 fish/2liter) and treatment 2 (15 fish/2 liter) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than treatment 3 (25 fish/2 liter), treatment 4 (35 fish/2 liter) and treatment 5 (45 fish/2 liter). The gender weight gain, survival rate and condition factor did not show any significant (p > 0.05) difference among treatments. The result of this study suggests that the stocking density of zebrafish could be 15 fish per 2 litre of water in a laboratory system with aeration.Bangladesh J. Zool. 44(2): 209-218, 2016

scholarly journals Acute renal failure in children: outcome and prognostic factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Partini P Trihono ◽  
Ommy A Soesilo ◽  
Rulina Suradi
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Acute Renal Failure ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
The Mean

Background Acute renal failure (ARF) is an emergency conditionwith a high mortality rate despite the long-known dialysis and ad-vanced supportive care. Only few studies on prognostic factors ofARF in children are available in the literature, which are difficult tocompare to each other due to the different definitions of the ARFoutcome used.Objective To find out the clinical and laboratory characteristics ofchildren with acute renal failure and the prognostic factors affect-ing the outcome.Methods This observational prospective study was conducted onchildren with acute renal failure hospitalized in the Department ofChild Health, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, between July andDecember 2001. Patients with acute on chronic renal failure wereexcluded. Clinical and laboratory data were taken at the time ofdiagnosis and the outcomes were noted after 2 weeks of observa-tion. We classified the outcome as cured, uncured, and dead. Ana-lytical study was done to find out the relationships among variousprognostic factors.Results Fifty-six children with ARF were recruited in this study.Male to female ratio was 1.3:1; the mean age was 4.4 year-old.The most frequent presenting symptom was dyspnea (34%), fol-lowed by oliguria (29%). The most frequent primary disease wasmalignancy (20%). Most of the patients had renal-type of ARF(73%). The outcomes were cure (71%), no cure (16%), and death(13%). Bivariate analysis and logistic regression revealed thatyounger age (OR=13.6; 95%CI 1.01;183.60) and the need for di-alysis (OR=10; 95%CI 1.53;65.97) had significant relationships withmortality or no cure.Conclusion We should be aware when finding ARF patientsless than 5 year-old and have the indications for dialysis, due tothe poor prognosis they might have

scholarly journals Density-dependent Growth of Endangered Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822) in Nursery Ponds

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
MA Samad ◽  
MM Rasid ◽  
MR Haque ◽  
AK Paul ◽  
H Ferdaushy
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Labeo Bata ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dependent Growth

The effect of stocking density on growth performance and survival rate of endangered Labeo bata, was conducted in nursery ponds from 14th June to 13th August, 2013. Three different stocking densities viz. 500, 600 and 700 piece-1 decimal were assigned as treatment T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The initial average weight of L. bata was 0.15±008 g. Hatchlings in all the nursery ponds were fed indigenous feed (26.95% crude protein) for 8 weeks. Temperature, ammonia nitrogen, pH had no significant differences (P<0.05). Final weight (g) was found to be the highest (4.06±0.06) in T1 and the lowest (3.20±0.03) in T3. The mean values of weight gain (g) was the highest (3.91±0.06) in T1 and the lowest (3.05±0.03) in T3. SGR was highest (5.49±0.02) in T1 and lowest (5.09±0.02) in T3. Yet again, survival rate was highest (70.33±0.88) in T1 where stocking density was the lowest among those aforementioned three treatments and lowest (61.00±0.58) in T3 where the stocking density was the highest among the treatments. And finally production (kg-1ha) was found highest (352.66±4.42) in T1 and lowest (337.50±3.19) in T3. Rearing of the Labeo bata fry in those three different stocking densities showed significant (p<0.05) variation both in highest survival and growth performance. Overall production of L. bata in treatment T1 was significantly higher than that of the other two treatments T2 and T3. Despite of this, consistently higher CBR was found from treatments T1 (1:1.78) than from treatment T2 (1:1.25) and T3 (1:1.06).J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 9(1): 67-73 2016

Does the transport stocking density of 30-kg live weight pigs affect their heart rate and choice of posture?

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 102-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Riches ◽  
H. J. Guise
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Journey Time ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
European Directive ◽  
Common Weights ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
The Mean

There is currently no published information on the conditions under which young pigs are transported. European Directive 95/29/EC concerns the protection of animals during transport but recommends no stocking density for pigs moved by road other than those of 100 kg live weight. A survey of 97 farms showed store pigs accounted for 64% of all inter-farm journeys. The most common weights were 26 to 30 kg. The mean stocking density for transport was 162kg/m2 (range 72-214 (s.d. 25) kg/m2). The mean journey time was 165 min and the distance 228 km. This experiment was designed within the range of stocking densities and distances travelled found in current commercial practice. Pigs were transported at high, medium and low densities. Posture and heart rate during transport were recorded.

scholarly journals Impact of Global Warming on Broiler Meat Production Estimated from Changes of the Mean Ambient Temperature

2006 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto YAMAZAKI ◽  
Hitoshi MURAKAMI ◽  
Kazuki NAKASHIMA ◽  
Hiroyuki ABE ◽  
Toshihiko SUGIURA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
The Mean

scholarly journals The importance of nutrition in alleviating high stocking density stress in poultry

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esra Tuğçe Gül ◽  
Alpönder Yildiz ◽  
Osman Olgun
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract In recent decades, the number of birds reared per unit area has dramatically spiked to increase profitability in egg and meat production. However, nowadays, the increase in sensitivity to animal welfare and consumer demands brings along with it a raised interest in stocking density. Stocking density is defined either as the number of animals or body weight per unit area or as the area per animal. High stocking density, which is a stress factor, can be defined as an increase in the number of animals per unit area or a decrease in the area per animal. Stress caused by high stocking density negatively affects the bird’s physiology and performance as well as the quality of the product obtained. The ideal stocking density should be 9 laying hens, 35 kilogrammes for broilers, and 45 quails per square metre. Otherwise, one will observe stress indicators in birds reared in more than the recommended stocking density per unit area and, consequently, a decrease in bird growth, egg production, feed efficiency, and egg or meat quality. Apart from increasing the concentrations of amino acids such as lysine, methionine, tryptophan and arginine, minerals such as selenium and chromium, and vitamins such as C and E in the diet, the addition of additives such as probiotics, humates, phytophenol compounds, and propolis is also effective in reducing or eliminating these negative effects caused by high stocking density. As a result, regulations in the nutrition of animals are effective in reducing/preventing such negative effects, thus improving animal welfare and ensuring the maintenance of optimum yield.

scholarly journals Sustainable Semi-Intensive Aquaculture of Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus) in Mymensingh Region, Bangladesh: A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-22
Author(s):  
Umme Habiba Mumu ◽  
Md. Nazir Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Anabas Testudineus ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intensive Aquaculture

This study examines the growth and yield of Vietnamese koi with Thai koi for developing a suitable culture management technique of koi for sustainable production and unveiling the most cost effective culture of koi species. The study was conducted for a rearing period of 100 days in four farms at Gauripur upazila in Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. The treatment 1 (T1), treatment 2  (T2) are considered for Vietnamese koi and treatment 3 (T3), treatment 4 (T4) are considered for Thai koi with stocking density 1,72,900 per hectare for T1 and T3 and 2,47,000 for T2 and T4 at four different farms of study area. The ponds were stocked with an initial length of 0.75±0.01 cm and weight of 0.20 g in all the treatments. The culture period has the optimum level of physicochemical parameters. The study reveals that the maximum weight gain was in treatment T1 of Vietnamese koi and lowest in treatment T4 of Thai koi. Similarly, physical length, weight and survival of Anabas testudineus also followed the same trends as weight gain. Individually treatment T1 shows significantly higher specific growth rate than the other treatments. Besides, food conversion ratio was significantly higher in treatment T1 followed by treatment T2, T3 and T4. However, the mean fish production were 17092, 15000, 10746 and 10469 kg/ha in treatment T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Consistently, highest growth, survival and higher net economic benefit from A. testudineus were found in treatment T1 among the four treatments. Vietnamese koi population of treatment T1 has appeared to be most suitable for good quality aquaculture practice for 100 days rearing semi-intensive system among the four treatments. Therefore, monoculture practice of Vietnamese koi is a perfect scheme of choice for a commercially viable and sustainable koi culture to meet up the protein deficit and as well as to accelerate the sustainable development of Bangladesh.

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