scholarly journals Evidence for Individual Differences in Behaviour and for Behavioural Syndromes in Adult Shelter Cats

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Martínez-Byer ◽  
Andrea Urrutia ◽  
Péter Szenczi ◽  
Robyn Hudson ◽  
Oxána Bánszegi
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Behavioural Syndromes ◽  
Confinement Test ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Behavioural Tests ◽  
Live Mouse

Consistent inter-individual differences in behaviour have been previously reported in adult shelter cats. In this study, we aimed to assess whether repeatable individual differences in behaviours exhibited by shelter cats in different situations were interrelated, forming behavioural syndromes. We tested 31 adult cats in five different behavioural tests, repeated three times each: a struggle test where an experimenter restrained the cat, a separation/confinement test where the cat spent 2 min in a pet carrier, a mouse test where the cat was presented with a live mouse in a jar, and two tests where the cat reacted to an unfamiliar human who remained either passive or actively approached the cat. Individual differences in behaviour were consistent (repeatable) across repeated trials for each of the tests. We also found associations between some of the behaviours shown in the different tests, several of which appeared to be due to differences in human-oriented behaviours. This study is the first to assess the presence of behavioural syndromes using repeated behavioural tests in different situations common in the daily life of a cat, and which may prove useful in improving the match between prospective owner and cat in shelter adoption programmes.

Genetic and Environmental Causes of Individual Differences in Daily Life Positive Affect and Reward Experience and Its Overlap with Stress-Sensitivity

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 778-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Menne-Lothmann ◽  
Nele Jacobs ◽  
Catherine Derom ◽  
Evert Thiery ◽  
Jim van Os ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Environmental Causes

I Am There … but Not Quite: An Unfaithful Mirror That Reduces Feelings of Ownership and Agency

Perception ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noreen O'Sullivan ◽  
Christophe de Bezenac ◽  
Andrea Piovesan ◽  
Hannah Cutler ◽  
Rhiannon Corcoran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Auditory Hallucination ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Body Representations ◽  
Passive Touch ◽  
Common Experience ◽  
The Face ◽  
Sense Of Identity

The experience of seeing one's own face in a mirror is a common experience in daily life. Visual feedback from a mirror is linked to a sense of identity. We developed a procedure that allowed individuals to watch their own face, as in a normal mirror, or with specific distortions (lag) for active movement or passive touch. By distorting visual feedback while the face is being observed on a screen, we document an illusion of reduced embodiment. Participants made mouth movements, while their forehead was touched with a pen. Visual feedback was either synchronous (simultaneous) with reality, as in a mirror, or asynchronous (delayed). Asynchronous feedback was exclusive to touch or movement in different conditions and incorporated both in a third condition. Following stimulation, participants rated their perception of the face in the mirror, and perception of their own face, on questions that tapped into agency and ownership. Results showed that perceptions of both agency and ownership were affected by asynchrony. Effects related to agency, in particular, were moderated by individual differences in depersonalisation and auditory hallucination-proneness, variables with theoretical links to embodiment. The illusion presents a new way of investigating the extent to which body representations are malleable.

scholarly journals Emotion Regulation in Everyday Life: Mapping Global Self-Reports to Daily Processes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Koval ◽  
Elise Katherine Kalokerinos ◽  
Katharine Helen Greenaway ◽  
Hayley Medland ◽  
Peter Kuppens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Strategy Selection ◽  
Total N ◽  
Sampling Studies ◽  
Self Reports

Recent theory outlines emotion regulation as a dynamic process occurring across several stages: (i) identifying the need to regulate, (ii) selecting a strategy, and (iii) implementing that strategy to change an emotional state. Despite its dynamic nature, emotion regulation is typically assessed using static global self-report questionnaires that ask people to reflect on their general use of certain strategies. While these global measures are typically assumed to assess stable individual differences in the selection stage of emotion regulation, this assumption has not been tested systematically. Moreover, it is unclear whether global self-report scales also capture processes relevant to the identification and implementation stages of emotion regulation. To address these issues, we examined how global self-report measures correspond with the three stages outlined in emotion regulation theory, modelled using repeated sampling of strategy use, and affective antecedents and consequences of strategy use in daily life. We analyzed data from nine daily diary and experience sampling studies (total N=1,097), in which participants reported their use of cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and rumination using both global questionnaires and daily life methods. Results across studies revealed weak-to moderate convergent correlations between global self-reports and individual differences in strategy selection in daily life, as well as some cross-strategy correlations. We also found some evidence that certain global self-reports capture identification and implementation processes. Taken together, our findings suggest that global self-reports do not only assess trait strategy selection, but may also reflect individual differences in identification and implementation of emotion regulation strategies in daily life.

scholarly journals The Link between Parental Support and Adolescent Negative Mood in Daily Life: between-Person Heterogeneity in within-Person Processes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loes H. C. Janssen ◽  
Bernet M. Elzinga ◽  
Bart Verkuil ◽  
Manon H. J. Hillegers ◽  
Loes Keijsers
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Parental Support ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Perceived Parental Support ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Ecological Momentary

Abstract Lack of parental support is related to more adolescent negative mood. However, little is known about how fluctuations of parental support relate to fluctuations of negative mood within adolescents in daily life. The current study aimed to elucidate these processes at a day to day micro-level and examined to which extent adolescents would differ in the association between perceived parental support and adolescent negative mood. The sample consisted of 242 Dutch adolescents (Mage = 13.82, 63.2% female) who completed ecological momentary assessments of 3 weeks 3 months apart. Results from the multilevel regression analyses showed that, on average, adolescents experienced higher levels of negative mood on days when they perceived their parents to be less supportive. Substantial individual differences were found in this association, however, these were partially explained by the level of depressive symptoms and perceived parental intrusiveness. These findings suggest that advice on parental support should be tailored to the unique characteristics of the adolescent.

Absorption and openness to experience: An everyday tale of traits, states, and consciousness change with music

2019 ◽  
pp. 233-253
Author(s):  
Ruth Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Five Dimension ◽  
State Models ◽  
And Training

In what ways may individual differences in personality, age, and training shape subjective experiences with and of music? And how far is it possible to determine whether particular personality characteristics may predict the capacity for certain subtle shifts of consciousness such as episodes of spontaneous, effortless involvement? This chapter examines the construct of openness (the fifth and most variably defined ‘Big Five’ dimension) and the associated subconstruct of absorption, both of which have attracted increasing attention from researchers in the last five years. Drawing on a subset of findings from a mixed-methods study of 10–18 year olds’ involvement in music in daily life, the chapter outlines what trait and state models can and cannot reveal about the phenomenology of musical consciousness.

scholarly journals Linking behavioural syndromes and cognition: a behavioural ecology perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1603) ◽  
pp. 2762-2772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Sih ◽  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Risk Sensitivity ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Behavioural Syndromes ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Behavioural Types ◽  
Cognitive Speed ◽  
Speed Accuracy

With the exception of a few model species, individual differences in cognition remain relatively unstudied in non-human animals. One intriguing possibility is that variation in cognition is functionally related to variation in personality. Here, we review some examples and present hypotheses on relationships between personality (or behavioural syndromes) and individual differences in cognitive style. Our hypotheses are based largely on a connection between fast–slow behavioural types (BTs; e.g. boldness, aggressiveness, exploration tendency) and cognitive speed–accuracy trade-offs. We also discuss connections between BTs, cognition and ecologically important aspects of decision-making, including sampling, impulsivity, risk sensitivity and choosiness. Finally, we introduce the notion of cognition syndromes, and apply ideas from theories on adaptive behavioural syndromes to generate predictions on cognition syndromes.

scholarly journals Individual differences in the co-use of reappraisal and emotion suppression in daily life: Implications for daily positive and negative affect

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baljinder K. Sahdra ◽  
Robert Brockman ◽  
Steven C. Hayes ◽  
Stefan G. Hofmann ◽  
Todd Barrett Kashdan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Daily Diary ◽  
Diary Study ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Emotion Suppression ◽  
Daily Diary Study ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Single Strategy

High reappraisal and low suppression are generally seen as desirable outcomes of therapy, but this combination may not benefit those who typically use reappraisal and suppression together. A daily diary study (N=187; Mage = 23.9; 71% females; 3,852 days; M=20.59 days/person) showed that the group-level correlation between reappraisal and suppression was positive (r =.32), but the within-person correlations varied substantially (-0.78 to 0.94). When multiple strategies users employed reappraisal without suppression on a given day, their affect was worse than if they were using no strategy. When single strategy users employed reappraisal with suppression on a given day, their affect was worse than when they used no strategy. Clinicians need to consider how clients co-use strategies in daily life.

scholarly journals A behavioural dataset for studying individual differences in language skills

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Hintz ◽  
Marjolijn Dijkhuis ◽  
Vera van ‘t Hoff ◽  
James M. McQueen ◽  
Antje S. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Prescriptive Grammar ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Behavioural Tests ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

AbstractThis resource contains data from 112 Dutch adults (18–29 years of age) who completed the Individual Differences in Language Skills test battery that included 33 behavioural tests assessing language skills and domain-general cognitive skills likely involved in language tasks. The battery included tests measuring linguistic experience (e.g. vocabulary size, prescriptive grammar knowledge), general cognitive skills (e.g. working memory, non-verbal intelligence) and linguistic processing skills (word production/comprehension, sentence production/comprehension). Testing was done in a lab-based setting resulting in high quality data due to tight monitoring of the experimental protocol and to the use of software and hardware that were optimized for behavioural testing. Each participant completed the battery twice (i.e., two test days of four hours each). We provide the raw data from all tests on both days as well as pre-processed data that were used to calculate various reliability measures (including internal consistency and test-retest reliability). We encourage other researchers to use this resource for conducting exploratory and/or targeted analyses of individual differences in language and general cognitive skills.

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