scholarly journals Ontogeny of Expression and Activity of Digestive Enzymes and Establishment of gh/igf1 Axis in the Omnivorous Fish Chelon labrosus

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Gilannejad ◽  
Verónica de las Heras ◽  
Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha ◽  
Francisco J. Moyano ◽  
Manuel Yúfera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Feeding Preferences ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Carnivorous Species ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Chelon Labrosus

Thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus) is a candidate for sustainable aquaculture due to its omnivorous/detritivorous feeding habit. This work aimed to evaluate its digestive and growth potentials from larval to early juvenile stages. To attain these objectives the activity of key digestive enzymes was measured from three until 90 days post hatch (dph). Expression of genes involved in digestion of proteins (try2, ctr, pga2, and atp4a), carbohydrates (amy2a), and lipids (cel and pla2g1b), together with two somatotropic factors (gh and igf1) were also quantified. No chymotrypsin or pepsin activities were detected. While specific activity of trypsin and lipase were high during the first 30 dph and declined afterward, amylase activity was low until 57 dph and increased significantly beyond that point. Expression of try2, ctr, amy2a, and cel increased continuously along development, and showed a peak at the end of metamorphosis. Expression of pla2g1b, pga2 and atp4a increased until the middle of metamorphosis and decreased afterwars. Most of these trends contrast the usual patterns in carnivorous species and highlight the transition from larvae, with high protein requirements, to post-larvae/juvenile stages, with omnivorous/detritivorous feeding preferences. Somatotropic genes, gh and igf1, showed approximately inverse expression patterns, suggesting the establishment of the Gh/Igf1 axis from 50 dph.

scholarly journals Gut Digestive Function and Microbiome after Correction of Experimental Dysbiosis in Rats by Indigenous Bifidobacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Lyudmila V. Gromova ◽  
Elena I. Ermolenko ◽  
Anastasiya L. Sepp ◽  
Yulia V. Dmitrieva ◽  
Anna S. Alekseeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria ◽  
Dyspeptic Symptoms ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Impaired Motor Function

In recent years, great interest has arisen in the use of autoprobiotics (indigenous bacteria isolated from the organism and introduced into the same organism after growing). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of indigenous bifidobacteria on intestinal microbiota and digestive enzymes in a rat model of antibiotic-associated dysbiosis. Our results showed that indigenous bifidobacteria (the Bf group) accelerate the disappearance of dyspeptic symptoms in rats and prevent an increase in chyme mass in the upper intestine compared to the group without autoprobiotics (the C1 group), but significantly increase the mass of chyme in the colon compared to the C1 group and the control group (healthy animals). In the Bf group in the gut microbiota, the content of opportunistic bacteria (Proteus spp., enteropathogenic Escherichia coli) decreased, and the content of some beneficial bacteria (Bifidobacterium spp., Dorea spp., Blautia spp., the genus Ruminococcus, Prevotella, Oscillospira) changed compared to the control group. Unlike the C1 group, in the Bf group there was no decrease in the specific activities of maltase and alkaline phosphatase in the mucosa of the upper intestine, but the specific activity of maltase was decreased in the colon chyme compared to the control and C1 groups. In the Bf group, the specific activity of aminopeptidase N was reduced in the duodenum mucosa and the colon chyme compared to the control group. We concluded that indigenous bifidobacteria can protect the microbiota and intestinal digestive enzymes in the intestine from disorders caused by dysbiosis; however, there may be impaired motor function of the colon.

scholarly journals The Coordinated Upregulated Expression of Genes Involved in MEP, Chlorophyll, Carotenoid and Tocopherol Pathways, Mirrored the Corresponding Metabolite Contents in Rice Leaves during De-Etiolation

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1456
Author(s):  
Xin Jin ◽  
Can Baysal ◽  
Margit Drapal ◽  
Yanmin Sheng ◽  
Xin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Isoprenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Coordinated Expression ◽  
Rice Leaves ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

Light is an essential regulator of many developmental processes in higher plants. We investigated the effect of 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase 1/2 genes (OsHDR1/2) and isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase 1/2 genes (OsIPPI1/2) on the biosynthesis of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phytosterols in 14-day-old etiolated rice (Oyza sativa L.) leaves during de-etiolation. However, little is known about the effect of isoprenoid biosynthesis genes on the corresponding metabolites during the de-etiolation of etiolated rice leaves. The results showed that the levels of α-tocopherol were significantly increased in de-etiolated rice leaves. Similar to 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase 3 gene (OsDXS3), both OsDXS1 and OsDXS2 genes encode functional 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) activities. Their expression patterns and the synthesis of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and tocopherol metabolites suggested that OsDXS1 is responsible for the biosynthesis of plastidial isoprenoids in de-etiolated rice leaves. The expression analysis of isoprenoid biosynthesis genes revealed that the coordinated expression of the MEP (2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate) pathway, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and tocopherol pathway genes mirrored the changes in the levels of the corresponding metabolites during de-etiolation. The underpinning mechanistic basis of coordinated light-upregulated gene expression was elucidated during the de-etiolation process, specifically the role of light-responsive cis-regulatory motifs in the promoter region of these genes. In silico promoter analysis showed that the light-responsive cis-regulatory elements presented in all the promoter regions of each light-upregulated gene, providing an important link between observed phenotype during de-etiolation and the molecular machinery controlling expression of these genes.

scholarly journals Neuron-specific spinal cord translatomes reveal a neuropeptide code for mouse dorsal horn excitatory neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Rani Das Gupta ◽  
Louis Scheurer ◽  
Pawel Pelczar ◽  
Hendrik Wildner ◽  
Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Affinity Purification ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Dorsal Horn Neurons ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Excitatory Neurons ◽  
Genes Encoding

AbstractThe spinal dorsal horn harbors a sophisticated and heterogeneous network of excitatory and inhibitory neurons that process peripheral signals encoding different sensory modalities. Although it has long been recognized that this network is crucial both for the separation and the integration of sensory signals of different modalities, a systematic unbiased approach to the use of specific neuromodulatory systems is still missing. Here, we have used the translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) technique to map the translatomes of excitatory glutamatergic (vGluT2+) and inhibitory GABA and/or glycinergic (vGAT+ or Gad67+) neurons of the mouse spinal cord. Our analyses demonstrate that inhibitory and excitatory neurons are not only set apart, as expected, by the expression of genes related to the production, release or re-uptake of their principal neurotransmitters and by genes encoding for transcription factors, but also by a differential engagement of neuromodulator, especially neuropeptide, signaling pathways. Subsequent multiplex in situ hybridization revealed eleven neuropeptide genes that are strongly enriched in excitatory dorsal horn neurons and display largely non-overlapping expression patterns closely adhering to the laminar and presumably also functional organization of the spinal cord grey matter.

Distinct gene expression patterns in chronic lymphocytic leukemia defined by usage of specific VH genes

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 2090-2093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Kienle ◽  
Axel Benner ◽  
Alexander Kröber ◽  
Dirk Winkler ◽  
Daniel Mertens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Vh Genes ◽  
Signaling Activation

The mutation status and usage of specific VH genes such as V3-21 and V1-69 are potentially independent pathogenic and prognostic factors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). To investigate the role of antigenic stimulation, we analyzed the expression of genes involved in B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling/activation, cell cycle, and apoptosis control in CLL using these specific VH genes compared to VH mutated (VH-MUT) and VH unmutated (VH-UM) CLL not using these VH genes. V3-21 cases showed characteristic expression differences compared to VH-MUT (up: ZAP70 [or ZAP-70]; down: CCND2, P27) and VH-UM (down: PI3K, CCND2, P27, CDK4, BAX) involving several BCR-related genes. Similarly, there was a marked difference between VH unmutated cases using the V1-69 gene and VH-UM (up: FOS; down: BLNK, SYK, CDK4, TP53). Therefore, usage of specific VH genes appears to have a strong influence on the gene expression pattern pointing to antigen recognition and ongoing BCR stimulation as a pathogenic factor in these CLL subgroups.

scholarly journals Biochemical characterisation of α-glucosidase and β-glucosidase in the alimentary canal of larval Leptinotarsa decemlineata SAY, 1824 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Kazzazi ◽  
Fahimeh Dehghanikhah ◽  
Hossein Madadi ◽  
Vahid Hossseininaveh
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Leptinotarsa Decemlineata ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Pest Population ◽  
Biochemical Characterisation ◽  
Leptinotarsa Decemlineata Say ◽  
Environmentally Safe

ABSTRACT Host plant resistance is an environmentally safe method used for reducing a pest population. Basically, when developing resistant cultivars one needs to study the biochemical characteristics of the digestive enzymes in the insect’s midgut. In this study, the activities of α- and β-glucosidase were determined from Leptinotarsa decemlineata midgut using p-nitrophenyl-α-Dglucopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside as substrates respectively. The results showed that the specific activity of α- and β-glucosidase from 4th instar larvae midguts of L. decemlineata were 5.14 and 5.48 Umg-1 protein respectively. The activity of α-glucosidase was optimal at pH 4, whereas the maximum activity of β-glucosidase in the midgut of L. decemlineata occurred at pH 4-5.5. Both enzymes were stable at pH 3-8 over an incubation time of 8 hours. The respective activities of α- and β-glucosidase were at their highest at 45 °C and 50 °C, but they were not stable at 50 °C during an incubation time of 8 days. Furthermore, our data showed that MgCl2, Tris and urea have a moderate but SDS a severe inhibitory effect on enzyme activity. Biochemical characterisation revealed one and three bands of α- and β-glucosidase activities in the midgut of L. decemlineata respectively.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Dispersed Cells to Antimicrobial Agents Is Dependent on the Dispersion Cue and Class of the Antimicrobial Agent Used

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob R. Chambers ◽  
Kathryn E. Cherny ◽  
Karin Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Modification System ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dispersed Cells

ABSTRACT The biofilm life cycle is characterized by the transition of planktonic cells exhibiting high susceptibly to antimicrobial agents to a biofilm mode of growth characterized by high tolerance to antimicrobials, followed by dispersion of cells from the biofilm back into the environment. Dispersed cells, however, are not identical to planktonic cells but have been characterized as having a unique transitionary phenotype relative to biofilm and planktonic cells, with dispersed cells attaching in a manner similar to exponential-phase cells, but demonstrating gene expression patterns that are distinct from both exponential and stationary-phase planktonic cells. This raised the question whether dispersed cells are as susceptible as planktonic cells and whether the dispersion inducer or the antibiotic class affects the drug susceptibility of dispersed cells. Dispersed cells obtained in response to dispersion cues glutamate and nitric oxide (NO) were thus exposed to tobramycin and colistin. Although NO-induced dispersed cells were as susceptible to colistin and tobramycin as exponential-phase planktonic cells, glutamate-induced dispersed cells were susceptible to tobramycin but resistant to colistin. The difference in colistin susceptibility was independent of cellular c-di-GMP levels, with modulation of c-di-GMP failing to induce dispersion. Instead, drug susceptibility was inversely correlated with LPS modification system and the biofilm-specific transcriptional regulator BrlR. The susceptibility phenotype of glutamate-induced dispersed cells to colistin was found to be reversible, with dispersed cells being rendered as susceptible to colistin within 2 h postdispersion, though additional time was required for dispersed cells to display expression of genes indicative of exponential growth.

scholarly journals Spatially resolved transcriptomics in immersive environments

2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Bienroth ◽  
Hieu T. Nim ◽  
Dimitar Garkov ◽  
Karsten Klein ◽  
Sabrina Jaeger-Honz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Immersive Environments ◽  
Visualization System ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Fish Tank

AbstractSpatially resolved transcriptomics is an emerging class of high-throughput technologies that enable biologists to systematically investigate the expression of genes along with spatial information. Upon data acquisition, one major hurdle is the subsequent interpretation and visualization of the datasets acquired. To address this challenge, VR-Cardiomicsis presented, which is a novel data visualization system with interactive functionalities designed to help biologists interpret spatially resolved transcriptomic datasets. By implementing the system in two separate immersive environments, fish tank virtual reality (FTVR) and head-mounted display virtual reality (HMD-VR), biologists can interact with the data in novel ways not previously possible, such as visually exploring the gene expression patterns of an organ, and comparing genes based on their 3D expression profiles. Further, a biologist-driven use-case is presented, in which immersive environments facilitate biologists to explore and compare the heart expression profiles of different genes.

scholarly journals Optimization, Purification, and Starch Stain Wash Application of Two Newα-Amylases Extracted from Leaves and Stems ofPergularia tomentosa

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imen Lahmar ◽  
Hanen El Abed ◽  
Bassem Khemakhem ◽  
Hafedh Belghith ◽  
Ferjani Ben Abdallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Detergent Industry ◽  
Sepharose Column ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Commercial Detergents ◽  
Starch Substrate

A continuous research is attempted to fulfil the highest industrial demands of natural amylases presenting special properties. Newα-amylases extracted from stems and leaves ofPergularia tomentosa, which is widespread and growing spontaneously in Tunisia, were studied by the means of their activities optimization and purification. Some similarities were recorded for the two identified enzymes: (i) the highest amylase activity showed a promoted thermal stability at 50°C; (ii) the starch substrate at 1% enhanced the enzyme activity; (iii) the twoα-amylases seem to be calcium-independent; (iv) Zn2+, Cu2+, and Ag2+were considered as important inhibitors of the enzyme activity. Following the increased gradient of elution on Mono Q-Sepharose column, an increase in the specific activity of 11.82-fold and 10.92-fold was recorded, respectively, for leaves and stems with the presence of different peaks on the purification profiles.Pergulariaamylases activities were stable and compatible with the tested commercial detergents. The combination of plant amylase and detergent allowed us to enhance the wash performance with an increase of 35.24 and 42.56%, respectively, for stems and leaves amylases. Characterized amylases were reported to have a promoted potential for their implication notably in detergent industry as well as biotechnological sector.

scholarly journals Social history and exposure to pathogen signals modulate social status effects on gene regulation in rhesus macaques

2019 ◽  
Vol 117 (38) ◽  
pp. 23317-23322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Sanz ◽  
Paul L. Maurizio ◽  
Noah Snyder-Mackler ◽  
Noah D. Simons ◽  
Tawni Voyles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social History ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Type I ◽  
Gene Expression Response ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Social experience is an important predictor of disease susceptibility and survival in humans and other social mammals. Chronic social stress is thought to generate a proinflammatory state characterized by elevated antibacterial defenses and reduced investment in antiviral defense. Here we manipulated long-term social status in female rhesus macaques to show that social subordination alters the gene expression response to ex vivo bacterial and viral challenge. As predicted by current models, bacterial lipopolysaccharide polarizes the immune response such that low status corresponds to higher expression of genes in NF-κB–dependent proinflammatory pathways and lower expression of genes involved in the antiviral response and type I IFN signaling. Counter to predictions, however, low status drives more exaggerated expression of both NF-κB– and IFN-associated genes after cells are exposed to the viral mimic Gardiquimod. Status-driven gene expression patterns are linked not only to social status at the time of sampling, but also to social history (i.e., past social status), especially in unstimulated cells. However, for a subset of genes, we observed interaction effects in which females who fell in rank were more strongly affected by current social status than those who climbed the social hierarchy. Taken together, our results indicate that the effects of social status on immune cell gene expression depend on pathogen exposure, pathogen type, and social history—in support of social experience-mediated biological embedding in adulthood, even in the conventionally memory-less innate immune system.

Gene expression analysis in burn wounds of rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (4) ◽  
pp. R918-R930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Spies ◽  
Mohan R. K. Dasu ◽  
Nenad Svrakic ◽  
Olivera Nesic ◽  
Robert E. Barrow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Burn Wound ◽  
Oligonucleotide Arrays ◽  
Burn Wound Healing ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Systemic Responses

The events occurring early in the burn wound trigger a sequence of local and systemic responses that influence cell and tissue survival and, consequently, wound healing and recovery. Using high-density oligonucleotide arrays we identified gene expression patterns in skin samples taken from a region of injury in the burn rat model. The associated genomic events include the differential expression of genes involved in cell survival and death, cell growth regulation, cell metabolism, inflammation, and immune response. The functional gene cluster detected and their time appearance matched the time sequence known to occur in burn wound healing.

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