scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Farm Animals in Brazil: An Update Overview

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata F. Rabello ◽  
Raquel R. Bonelli ◽  
Bruno A. Penna ◽  
Julia P. Albuquerque ◽  
Rossiane M. Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Management ◽  
On Farm

In animal husbandry, antimicrobial agents have been administered as supplements to increase production over the last 60 years. Large-scale animal production has increased the importance of antibiotic management because it may favor the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and select resistant strains. Brazil is a significant producer and exporter of animal-derived food. Although Brazil is still preparing a national surveillance plan, several changes in legislation and timely programs have been implemented. Thus, Brazilian data on antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with animals come from official programs and the scientific community. This review aims to update and discuss the available Brazilian data on this topic, emphasizing legal aspects, incidence, and genetics of the resistance reported by studies published since 2009, focusing on farm animals and derived foods with the most global public health impact. Studies are related to poultry, cattle, and pigs, and mainly concentrate on non-typhoid Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. We also describe legal aspects of antimicrobial use in this context; and the current occurrence of genetic elements associated with resistance to beta-lactams, colistin, and fluoroquinolones, among other antimicrobial agents. Data here presented may be useful to provide a better understanding of the Brazilian status on antimicrobial resistance related to farm animals and animal-derived food products.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirijan Santajit ◽  
Nitaya Indrawattana
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Public Health Challenges ◽  
Eskape Pathogens

The ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium,Staphylococcus aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Acinetobacter baumannii,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andEnterobacterspecies) are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world. Most of them are multidrug resistant isolates, which is one of the greatest challenges in clinical practice. Multidrug resistance is amongst the top three threats to global public health and is usually caused by excessive drug usage or prescription, inappropriate use of antimicrobials, and substandard pharmaceuticals. Understanding the resistance mechanisms of these bacteria is crucial for the development of novel antimicrobial agents or other alternative tools to combat these public health challenges. Greater mechanistic understanding would also aid in the prediction of underlying or even unknown mechanisms of resistance, which could be applied to other emerging multidrug resistant pathogens. In this review, we summarize the known antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of ESKAPE pathogens.

scholarly journals Genomic analysis reveals fifty years of antimicrobial resistance evolution in husbandry Escherichia coli from China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Yang ◽  
Yingbo Shen ◽  
Junyao Jiang ◽  
Xueyang Wang ◽  
Dongyan Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Genome ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Abstract Antimicrobial agents have been used in meat production for decades and its consumption is considered an key driver for the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, large-scale studies on AMR changes in animal isolates since the introduction of antimicrobial usage remain scarce. We applied whole genome sequencing analysis to 982 animal-derived Escherichia coli collected in China from 1970s to 2019 and found increasing trends for the presence of numerous antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), including those conferring resistance to critically important agents for veterinary (florfenicol and norfloxacin) and human medicine (colistin, cephalosporins, and meropenem). Extensive diversity and increasing complexity of ARGs and their associated mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as plasmids were also observed. The plasmids, IncC, IncHI2, IncK, IncI, IncX and IncF played a key role as highly effective vehicles for disseminating ARGs. Correlation analysis also revealed an association between antimicrobial production and emergence of ARGs at a spatial and temporal level. Prohibiting or strictly curtailing antimicrobial use in animals will potentially negate the current trends of AMR as the bacterial genome is highly changeable and using different drugs of the same class, or even unrelated classes, may co-select for MGEs carrying a plethora of co-existing ARGs. Therefore, limiting or ceasing antimicrobial use in animals to control AMR requires careful consideration.

scholarly journals Characterization of Multidrug Resistance Patterns of Emerging Salmonella enterica Serovar Rissen along the Food Chain in China

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 660
Author(s):  
Xuebin Xu ◽  
Silpak Biswas ◽  
Guimin Gu ◽  
Mohammed Elbediwi ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Salmonella spp. are recognized as important foodborne pathogens globally. Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen is one of the important Salmonella serovars linked with swine products in numerous countries and can transmit to humans by food chain contamination. Worldwide emerging S. Rissen is considered as one of the most common pathogens to cause human salmonellosis. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance properties and patterns of Salmonella Rissen isolates obtained from humans, animals, animal-derived food products, and the environment in China. Between 2016 and 2019, a total of 311 S. Rissen isolates from different provinces or province-level cities in China were included here. Bacterial isolates were characterized by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 14 clinically relevant antimicrobials were obtained by broth microdilution method. S. Rissen isolates from humans were found dominant (67%; 208/311). S. Rissen isolates obtained from human patients were mostly found with diarrhea. Other S. Rissen isolates were acquired from food (22%; 69/311), animals (8%; 25/311), and the environment (3%; 9/311). Most of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and ampicillin. The S. Rissen isolates showed susceptibility against ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin. In total, 92% of the S. Rissen isolates were multidrug-resistant and ASSuT (27%), ACT (25%), ACSSuT (22%), ACSSuTAmc (11%), and ACSSuTFox (7%) patterns were among the most prevalent antibiotic resistance patterns found in this study. The widespread dissemination of antimicrobial resistance could have emerged from misuse of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in China. These findings could be useful for rational antimicrobial usage against Salmonella Rissen infections.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis and Combating Approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Morshad Alam ◽  
Muzahidul Islam ◽  
Abrar Wahab ◽  
Mamun Billah
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Antibacterial Drug ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Drug Identification ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Public Health Challenge

Antimicrobial resistance is a major global public health challenge threatening the utility of antibiotics. Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and sales, using outside of the health sectors, and genetic factors are mainly influencing the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Antibiotics abuse in human, wildlife, and farming practices have an enormous health impact. Recently approved antibiotics are anticipated to help stem this crisis. To fight against antibiotic resistance crisis, development of collaboration among concerned stakeholders to establish policies, initiatives, and investments for new agents can be auspicious. New methods of antibacterial drug identification and strategies, neutralize virulence factors, are the substitute approaches to address the AMR threat. Some novel approaches have also been taken to develop alternatives to typical antibiotics for bacterial infection. Here, we tried to highlight some of the key reasons behind antibiotic resistance, management, and burden. Moreover, this paper also discusses recent developments in this area and a brief overview of future antibacterial agents. J MEDICINE JUL 2019; 20 (1) : 38-45

scholarly journals A Model to Investigate the Impact of Farm Practice on Antimicrobial Resistance in UK Dairy Farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Lanyon ◽  
John R. King ◽  
Dov J. Stekel ◽  
Rachel L. Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Waste Management Practices ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe ecological and human health impact of antibiotic use and the related antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animal husbandry is poorly understood. In many countries, there has been considerable pressure to reduce overall antibiotic use in agriculture or to cease or minimise use of human critical antibiotics. However, a more nuanced approach would consider the differential impact of use of different antibiotic classes; for example, it is not known whether reduced use of bacteriostatic or bacteriolytic classes of antibiotics would be of greater value. We have developed an ordinary differential equation model to investigate the effects of farm practice on the spread and persistence of AMR in the dairy slurry tank environment. We model the chemical fate of bacteriolytic and bacteriostatic antibiotics within the slurry and their effect on a population of bacteria, which are capable of resistance to both types of antibiotic. Through our analysis, we find that changing the rate at which a slurry tank is emptied may delay the proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacteria by up to five years depending on conditions. This finding has implications for farming practice and the policies that influence waste management practices. We also find that, within our model, the development of multidrug resistance is particularly sensitive to the use of bacteriolytic antibiotics, rather than bacteriostatic antibiotics, and this may be cause for controlling the usage of bacteriolytic antibiotics in agriculture.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli as Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria among Food-Producing Animals: Health Implications of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Production

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2239
Author(s):  
Sónia Ramos ◽  
Vanessa Silva ◽  
Maria de Lurdes Enes Dapkevicius ◽  
Manuela Caniça ◽  
María Teresa Tejedor-Junco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Neonatal Meningitis ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli

Escherichia coli are facultative, anaerobic Gram-negative rods with many facets. Within resistant bacterial populations, they play an important ecological role and can be used as a bioindicator of antimicrobial resistance. All animal species used for food production, as well as humans, carry E. coli in their intestinal tracts; plus, the genetic flexibility and adaptability of this bacteria to constantly changing environments allows it to acquire a great number of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Thus, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in these commensal bacteria (or others, such as enterococci) can be a good indicator for the selective pressure caused by the use of antimicrobial agents, providing an early warning of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in pathogens. As many as 90% of E. coli strains are commensals inhabiting the intestinal tracts of humans and warm-blooded animals. As a commensal, it lives in a mutually beneficial association with its hosts and rarely causes diseases. However, E. coli also remains as one of the most frequent causes of several common bacterial infections in humans and animals. In humans, it is the prominent cause of enteritis, community- and hospital-acquired urinary tract infection (UTI), septicemia, postsurgical peritonitis, and other clinical infections, such as neonatal meningitis, while, in farm animals, it is more prominently associated with diarrhea. On a global scale, E. coli can be considered the most important human pathogen, causing severe infection along with other major bacterial foodborne agents, such as Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter. Thus, the importance of resistance in E. coli, typically considered a benign commensal, should not be underestimated.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Species in Diarrheal Patients in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Md. Ashikur Rahman ◽  
Priyanka Rani Paul ◽  
Nazmul Hoque ◽  
Sk Shaheenur Islam ◽  
A. K. M. Ziaul Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Agar Disc ◽  
Campylobacter Species ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacter enteritis is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide including Bangladesh. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial-resistance status of Campylobacter spp. in human diarrheal samples collected from Surya Kanta Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. In this study, we evaluated a total of 330 clinical samples for the presence Campylobacter spp. via cultural and biochemical tests and molecular assays. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Campylobacter species was accomplished by the standard agar disc diffusion technique against eight commercially available antimicrobial agents. A pretested semistructured questionnaire was used to capture the data on socioanthropological factors from the diarrheal patients. Pearson’s chi-square test was performed, and a p value of <0.05 was considered for the level of significance. Nearly one in three diarrheal patients admitted in this hospital were infected with Campylobacter spp. Overall prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was estimated to be 31.5% (104/330) that comprised the prevalence of C. jejuni, 21.8% ( n = 72 ), and C. coli, 9.6% ( n = 32 ). Among the positive cases, the prevalence of Campylobacter was higher in the age group 0-5 years (52%) followed by 6-18 years (42.7%), 19-40 years (34.0%), 41-60 years (25.4%), and >60 years (10.5%). Age, family level’s personal hygiene, and involvement with animal husbandry were captured as potential determinants to be associated with the Campylobacter positive status. Among the isolates, 27.3% ( n = 20 ) of C. jejuni and 31.2% ( n = 10 ) of C. coli demonstrated as multidrug-resistant (MDR) to three or more antimicrobial agents. The present study shows that Campylobacter spp. is most prevalent among the hospital-admitted diarrheal patients, and proper measures should be taken to reduce the burden focusing on the potential determinants.

scholarly journals Old Problems and New Solutions: Antibiotic Alternatives in Food Animal Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celine Stoica ◽  
Georgina Cox
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Global Health ◽  
One Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Antivirulence Agents

The antimicrobial resistance crisis is a Global Health challenge that impacts humans, animals, and the environment alike. In response to increased demands for animal protein and by-products, there has been a substantial increase in the use of antimicrobial agents in the animal industry. Indeed, they are extensively used to prevent, control, and/or treat disease in animals. In addition to infection control, in-feed supplementation with antimicrobials became common practice for growth promotion of livestock. Unfortunately, the global overuse of antimicrobials has contributed to the emergence and spread of resistance. As such, many countries have implemented policies and approaches to eliminate the use of antimicrobials as growth promoters in food animals, which necessitates the need for alternate and One Health strategies to maintain animal health and welfare. This review summarizes the antimicrobial resistance crisis from Global Health and One Health perspectives. In addition, we outline examples of potential alternate strategies to circumvent antimicrobial use in animal husbandry practices, including antivirulence agents, bacteriophages, and nutritional measures to control bacterial pathogens. Overall, these alternate strategies require further research and development efforts, including assessment of efficacy and the associated development, manufacturing, and labor costs.

scholarly journals Suboptimal antimicrobial stewardship in the COVID-19 era: is humanity staring at a postantibiotic future?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oloche Owoicho ◽  
Kesego Tapela ◽  
Alexandra Lindsey Djomkam Zune ◽  
Nora Nganyewo Nghochuzie ◽  
Abiola Isawumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Slow Pace ◽  
High Propensity

In the absence of potent antimicrobial agents, it is estimated that bacterial infections could cause millions of deaths. The emergence of COVID-19, its complex pathophysiology and the high propensity of patients to coinfections has resulted in therapeutic regimes that use a cocktail of antibiotics for disease management. Suboptimal antimicrobial stewardship in this era and the slow pace of drug discovery could result in large-scale drug resistance, narrowing future antimicrobial therapeutics. Thus, judicious use of current antimicrobials is imperative to keep up with existing and emerging infectious pathogens. Here, we provide insights into the potential implications of suboptimal antimicrobial stewardship, resulting from the emergence of COVID-19, on the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Proteus mirabilis isolates from dogs

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 1561-1567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuki Harada ◽  
Ayaka Niina ◽  
Takae Shimizu ◽  
Yujiro Mukai ◽  
Ken Kuwajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Quinolone Resistance ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Resistant Strains

Large-scale monitoring of resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents was performed using 103 Proteus mirabilis strains isolated from dogs in Japan. Resistant strains were analysed to identify their resistance mechanisms. Rates of resistance to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, kanamycin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cephalothin, gentamicin, cefoxitin and cefotaxime were 20.4, 15.5, 12.6, 10.7, 9.7, 8.7, 5.8, 2.9, 2.9, 1.9 and 1.9 %, respectively. No resistance to ceftazidime, aztreonam or imipenem was found. Class 1 and 2 integrases were detected in 2.9 and 11.7 % of isolates, respectively. Class 1 integrons contained aadB or aadB–catB-like-blaOXA10 –aadA1, whereas those of class 2 contained sat–aadA1, dhfr1–sat–aadA1 or none of the anticipated resistance genes. Of five distinct plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance (PMQR) genes, only qnrD gene was detected in 1.9 % of isolates. Quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC from 13 enrofloxacin-intermediate and -resistant isolates were sequenced. Seven strains had double mutations and three had single mutations. Three of nine ampicillin-resistant isolates harboured AmpC-type β-lactamases (i.e. bla CMY-2, bla CMY-4 and bla DHA-1). These results suggest that canine Proteus mirabilis deserves continued surveillance as an important reservoir of antimicrobial resistance determinants. This is the first report, to our knowledge, describing integrons, PMQRs and QRDR mutations in Proteus mirabilis isolates from companion animals.

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