scholarly journals The Influence of a Hyperglycemic Condition on the Population of Somatostatin Enteric Neurons in the Porcine Gastrointestinal Tract

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Michał Bulc ◽  
Katarzyna Palus ◽  
Jarosław Całka
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Chemical Coding ◽  
Elevated Glucose ◽  
High Glucose Level

Somatostatin (SOM) is the most common agent in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that is involved in the regulation of several gastric functions, as well as in gastric disorders. Hyperglycemia, which develops as a consequence of improperly treated diabetes, can cause numerous disturbances in the appropriate functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. High glucose level is toxic to neurons. One of the lines of defense of neurons against this glucotoxicity are changes in their chemical coding. To better understood the role of SOM secreted by enteric neurons in neuronal response on elevated glucose level, pancreatic β cells were destroyed using streptozotocin. Due to the close similarity of the pig to humans, especially the GI tract, the current study used pigs as an animal model. The results revealed that the number of enteric neurons immunoreactive to SOM (SOM-IR) in a physiological state clearly depend on the part of the GI tract studied. In turn, experimentally induced diabetes caused changes in the number of SOM-IR neurons. The least visible changes were observed in the stomach, where an increase in SOM-IR neurons was observed, only in the submucosal plexus in the corpus. However, diabetes led to an increase in the population of myenteric and submucosal neurons immunoreactive to SOM in all segments of the small intestine. The opposite situation occurred in the descending colon, where a decrease in the number of SOM-IR neurons was visible. This study underlines the significant role of SOM expressed in enteric nervous system neurons during diabetes.

Chemical coding and electrophysiology of enteric neurons expressing neurofilament 145 in guinea pig gastrointestinal tract

2001 ◽  
Vol 442 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Zhen Hu ◽  
Na Gao ◽  
Zhong Lin ◽  
Chuanyun Gao ◽  
Sumei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Chemical Coding

Anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Jennie Burch ◽  
Brigitte Collins
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Pelvic Cavity ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
And Function

The anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract chapter provides information on the parts, structure, and function of the gut. The hollow tube of the gastrointestinal tract begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The GI tract in part lies within the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity. There are also the accessory organs of the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder. The nerves, hormones, secretions, and blood supply to the gut are also explored. The role of the GI tract is to ingest food and fluids. These are digested through mechanical and chemical means such as chewing. The nutrients are then absorbed, predominantly in the ileum. Waste products are finally eliminated via the anus.

scholarly journals Review: Occurrence and Distribution of Galanin in the Physiological and Inflammatory States in the Mammalian Gastrointestinal Tract

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Brzozowska ◽  
Jarosław Całka
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Experimental Colitis ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Digestive Disorders

Galanin (GAL) is a broad-spectrum peptide that was first identified 37 years ago. GAL, which acts through three specific receptor subtypes, is one of the most important molecules on an ever-growing list of neurotransmitters. Recent studies indicate that this peptide is commonly present in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and GAL distribution can be seen in the enteric nervous system (ENS). The function of the GAL in the gastrointestinal tract is, inter alia, to regulate motility and secretion. It should be noted that the distribution of neuropeptides is largely dependent on the research model, as well as the part of the gastrointestinal tract under study. During the development of digestive disorders, fluctuations in GAL levels were observed. The occurrence of GAL largely depends on the stage of the disease, e.g., in porcine experimental colitis GAL secretion is caused by infection with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Many authors have suggested that increased GAL presence is related to the involvement of GAL in organ renewal. Additionally, it is tempting to speculate that GAL may be used in the treatment of gastroenteritis. This review aims to present the function of GAL in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract under physiological conditions. In addition, since GAL is undoubtedly involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes, and the aim of this publication is to provide up-to-date knowledge of the distribution of GAL in experimental models of gastrointestinal inflammation, which may help to accurately determine the role of this peptide in inflammatory diseases and its potential future use in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

Vitamin A: dietologist’s position

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
S. V. Orlova ◽  
E. A. Nikitina ◽  
L. I. Karushina ◽  
Yu. A. Pigaryova ◽  
O. E. Pronina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Therapeutic Practice ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Mucous Membranes

Vitamin A (retinol) is one of the key elements for regulating the immune response and controls the division and differentiation of epithelial cells of the mucous membranes of the bronchopulmonary system, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, eyes, etc. Its significance in the context of the COVID‑19 pandemic is difficult to overestimate. However, a number of studies conducted in the past have associated the additional intake of vitamin A with an increased risk of developing cancer, as a result of which vitamin A was practically excluded from therapeutic practice in developed countries. Our review highlights the role of vitamin A in maintaining human health and the latest data on its effect on the development mechanisms of somatic pathology.

STEROID HORMONE METABOLISM IN RESPONSIVE TISSUES IN VITRO

1971 ◽  
Vol 68 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S279-S294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Robel
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Relationship Of

ABSTRACT Of the information available on steroid hormone metabolism in responsive tissues, only that relating hormone metabolism to physiological activity is reviewed, i. e. metabolite activity in isolated in vitro systems, binding of metabolites to target tissue receptors, specific steroid hormone metabolizing enzymes and relationship of hormone metabolism to target organ physiological state. Further, evidence is presented in the androgen field, demonstrating 5α-reduced metabolites, formed inside the target cells, as active compounds. This has led to a consideration of testosterone as a »prehormone«. The possibility that similar events take place in tissues responding to progesterone is discussed. Finally, the role of hormone metabolism in the regulation of hormone availability and/or renewal in target cells is discussed. In this context, reference is made to the potential role of plasma binding proteins and cytosol receptors.

Stages of the formation of temporary and permanent occlusion and the impact of early tooth extraction on the dentition state. Literature review

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-24
Author(s):  
G.A. Murachueva ◽  
I.M. Rasulov ◽  
S.G. Gusenov
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Full Development ◽  
Permanent Occlusion ◽  
The Impact

A review of the literature on the stages of the formation of temporary and permanent occlusion has been performed. This stages play an important role not only for the full development of the maxillofacial apparatus, temporomandibular joint, but also the whole organism. The role of early tooth extraction in the formation of the physiological state of the dentoalveolar system is considered. The conclusion is drawn about the need for a deeper study of this problem in the structure of general dental morbidity.

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