scholarly journals Intersowing Cover Crops into Standing Soybean in the US Upper Midwest

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan T. Peterson ◽  
Marisol T. Berti ◽  
Dulan Samarappuli
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Nitrate Losses ◽  
The Us ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Glycine Max L

Nutrient losses and soil erosion after soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) harvest are common in the US Upper Midwest. Cover crops need to provide adequate growth and cover to prevent soil degradation throughout the winter and early spring months. The objective of this study was to determine the establishment of intersown cover crops and their impacts on a soybean-wheat rotation. Four cover crops—winter camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz), winter pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense (L.) Poir), winter rye (Secale cereale L.), and radish (Raphanus sativus L.)—were directly sown at the R4 and R6 stages of soybean at two locations, Prosper and Fargo, ND in 2016–2017. Cover crops above ground biomass in the fall ranged from 0.4 to 3.0 Mg ha−1 and N accumulation ranged from 28.7 to 73.2 kg ha−1. Winter camelina and winter rye reduced subsequent spring wheat yield compared with the no cover crop treatment. Fall soil residual NO3-N levels were lowest where cover crops were sown compared with the check. Spring NO3-N levels were lowest in winter camelina and winter rye compared with all the other cover crops and the check. Results indicated intersowing cover crops have no impact on soybean yield, and show potential to mitigate soil nitrate losses in areas that grow soybean as a cash crop.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Cover Cropping on Weed Seedbanks

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Nichols ◽  
Lydia English ◽  
Sarah Carlson ◽  
Stefan Gailans ◽  
Matt Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Cover Cropping ◽  
Crop Biomass

Cool-season cover crops have been shown to reduce soil erosion and nutrient discharge from maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production systems. However, their effects on long-term weed dynamics are not well-understood. We utilized five long-term research trials in Iowa to quantify germinable weed seedbank densities and compositions after 10+ years of cover cropping treatments. All five trials consisted of zero-tillage maize-soybean rotations managed with and without the inclusion of a yearly winter rye (Secale cereal L.) cover crop. Seedbank sampling was conducted in the early spring before crop planting at all locations, with three of the five trials having grown a soybean crop the preceding year, and two a maize crop. Two of the trials (both previously soybean) showed significant and biologically relevant decreases (4,070 and 927 seeds m−2, respectively) in seedbank densities in cover crop treatments compared to controls. In another two trials, one previously maize and one previously soybean, no difference was detected in seedbank densities. In the fifth trial (previously maize), there was a significant, but biologically unimportant increase of 349 seeds m−2. All five trials' weed communities were dominated by common waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.)], and changes in seedbank composition from cover-cropping were driven by changes in this species. Although previous studies have shown that increases in cover crop biomass are strongly correlated with weed suppression, in our study we did not find a relationship between seedbank changes and the mean amount of cover crop biomass produced over a 10-years period (experiment means ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 Mg ha−1 yr−1), the stability of the cover crop biomass production, nor the amount produced going into the previous crop's growing season. We conclude that long-term use of a winter rye cover crop in a maize-soybean system has the potential to meaningfully reduce the size of weed seedbanks compared to winter fallows. However, identifying the mechanisms by which this occurs requires further research into processes such as seed predation and seed decay in cover cropped systems.

scholarly journals Drainage Conditions Influence Corn-Nitrogen Management in the US Upper Midwest

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2491
Author(s):  
Gabriel Dias Paiao ◽  
Fabián G. Fernández ◽  
Seth L. Naeve
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
The Us ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
N Management

Soil drainage is not considered in the N fertilizer guidelines for corn (Zea mays L.) in the US Midwest. This study investigated the influence of soil drainage on corn grain yield, N requirement, and residual soil N, and evaluated the utility of in-season soil N measurements to guide N application. This 6-year study in Minnesota, US on a corn–soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) rotation had drained and undrained conditions and six at planting (PL) (0–225 in 45 kg N ha−1 increments) and four split (SP) N fertilizer rates (at planting/V6-V8—45/45, 45/90, 45/135, 45/179 kg N ha−1). The drained compared to undrained soil produced 8% more grain yield (12.8 vs. 11.9 Mg ha−1), 12% more N uptake (169 vs. 151 kg N ha−1), 16% lower optimal N rate (ONR) (160 vs. 193 kg N ha−1), 3.1% greater grain yield at ONR (13.5 vs. 13.1 Mg ha−1), and similar in season and residual soil N. Compared to SP, PL lowered ONR (151 vs. 168 kg N ha−1) in drained soils, and the opposite occurred for undrained soils (206 vs. 189 kg N ha−1). These results substantiate the agronomic benefits of artificial drainage and the need to incorporate drainage conditions into N management guidelines.

scholarly journals Interseeding Camelina and Rye in Soybean with Varying Maturity Provides Soil Cover without Affecting Soybean Yield

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Kory L. Johnson ◽  
Hans J. Kandel ◽  
Dulan P. Samarappuli ◽  
Marisol T. Berti
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Northern Plains ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

Low adoption to utilize cover crops interseeded into soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), in the northern Plains in the USA, is due to a short growing season and a few adapted winter-hardy species. The objective was to evaluate the impact of interseeded winter camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) using different soybean relative maturities on soybean yield, canopy coverage, spring cover crop biomass, and subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. Cover crops interseeded into early-maturing (0.4–0.8) soybean cultivars had more fall coverage compared with the 0.9 maturity cultivar, but the spring biomass was similar for all maturities. The soybean yield of the 0.9 cultivar was significantly higher, 2365 kg ha−1 compared with 2037 kg ha−1 for the 0.4 cultivar. Rye outperformed winter camelina and had higher fall canopy cover (15 vs. 7%), spring canopy cover (16% vs. 4%), and higher spring biomass (313 vs. 100 kg ha−1 dry matter). Spring wheat, after rye, yielded 90% of the check. It is not recommended to plant spring wheat following winter rye, but there was no negative yield effect from winter camelina. Interseeding cover crops into soybean in the northern Plains is possible but needs further research to optimize interseeding systems.

Weed Control in Tomato Production using Spring-sown Cover Crops Killed by Undercutting

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 495b-495
Author(s):  
Akemo Mary Christine ◽  
Mark Bennett ◽  
Emily Regnier
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Field Peas

A cover crop study in Spring 1996 showed that mowing did not completely kill the cover crops. In 1997 the study was repeated with the same cover crop treatments using winter rye `Wheeler' (Secale cereale) and field peas (Pisum sativum). Cover crops were eastablished in pure stands and bi-cultures in decreasing levels and varying proportions in early Spring 1997. They were undercut under the soil 2 months later, prior to transplanting tomato seedlings. Three controls were included in each replicate. Tomato plants in treatments with higher seeding rates of field peas had higher leaf areas and dry weights 1 month after transplanting. Weeds, especially dicotyledons, grew through the cover crop mulch 1.5 months after undercutting, but by then the tomato plants were at an advanced stage of growth. Tomato fruit yields were much higher than those of 1996 and had significant differences (P = 0.05). Highest yields were from treatments with highest rates of 0.25 rye + 0.75 peas, 0.5 rye + 0.5 peas, pure peas, and the conventionally hand-weeded control. Lowest yields were from the weedy checks. Undercutting the cover crops improved yields in all plots so treated probably because the soil was loosened and the tomato plants' roots accessed nutrients and water better. Spring sowing and undercutting cover crops definitely has a potential for weed control.

scholarly journals Soil Nitrogen in Response to Interseeded Cover Crops in Maize–Soybean Production Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1439
Author(s):  
Yesuf Assen Mohammed ◽  
Swetabh Patel ◽  
Heather L. Matthees ◽  
Andrew W. Lenssen ◽  
Burton L. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Soil N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
The Impact

Improved agronomic management strategies are needed to minimize the impact that current maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production practices have on soil erosion and nutrient losses, especially nitrogen (N). Interseeded cover crops in standing maize and soybean scavenge excess soil N and thus reduce potential N leaching and runoff. The objectives were to determine the impact that pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) (PC), winter camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) (WC), and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) (WR) cover crops have on soil N, and carbon (C) and N accumulation in cover-crop biomass. The cover crops were interseeded in maize at the R5 growth stage and in soybean at R7 in four replicates over two growing seasons at four locations. Soil and aboveground biomass samples were taken in autumn and spring. Data from the maize and soybean systems were analyzed separately. The results showed that cover crops had no effect on soil NH4+-N under both systems. However, winter rye decreased soil NO3−-N up to 76% compared with no-cover-crop treatment in the soybean system. Pennycress and WC scavenged less soil N than WR. Similarly, N and C accumulation in PC and WC biomass were less than in WR, in part because of their poor growth performance under the interseeding practice. Until PC and WC varieties with improved suitability for interseeding are developed, other agronomic practices may need to be explored for improving N scavenging in maize and soybean cropping systems to reduce nutrient leaching and enhance crop diversification.

scholarly journals Extending Cover Crop Benefits with Zone Till Management in Northern Organic Summer Squash Production

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 983
Author(s):  
Peyton Ginakes ◽  
Julie M. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Winter annual legume cover crops often fail to reach full maturity by spring vegetable planting dates in northern climates, which prevents maximum nitrogen (N) contributions. To determine if delayed termination improved cover crop biomass and N content, we evaluated winter rye + hairy vetch (Secale cereale L. + Vicia villosa Roth) and oat + field pea (Avena sativa L. + Pisum sativum L.) cover crop mixtures in 2015 and 2016, and medium red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in 2016, in zone-tilled organic yellow crookneck squash (Cucurbita pepo var. torticollis Harz). In-row regions where cover crops were terminated in early spring during crop row preparation were compared to between-row regions where termination was delayed until legume maturation in late spring. Soil quality (soil inorganic N, permanganate oxidizable C (POXC), and potentially mineralizable N (PMN)) was also determined for in-row and between-row regions at four time points throughout the growing season. In 2015, winter rye + hairy vetch biomass N more than doubled between early and late termination times, with 120 and 258 kg N ha−1, respectively. Permanganate oxidizable C was not responsive to cover crop systems or tillage, and only slightly decreased over time in 2016. Soil inorganic N and PMN after cover crop termination in 2016 provided evidence of localized soil N cycling responses to cover crop termination in in-row and between-row regions. The extended growing period for cover crops between crop rows in the first several weeks of crop growth had no negative effect on crop yield, and appeared to enhance soil fertility.

scholarly journals Seeding Rates and Productivity of Broadcast Interseeded Cover Crops

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1723
Author(s):  
Katja Koehler-Cole ◽  
Roger W. Elmore
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Crop Season ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
South Central ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Glycine Max L

Broadcast interseeding cover crops into corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) instead of drill-planting after harvest extends the cover crop season and improves productivity, but establishment can be insufficient. Our objectives were to find broadcast seeding rates that result in maximum spring biomass and N uptake. We tested cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) in south-central and eastern Nebraska in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018. Seeding rates for rye were 341, 512, and 682 seeds∙m−2, and 119, 178, and 238 seeds∙m−2 for vetch. We broadcast in late September and terminated by early May. Fall emergence was between 3 and 54% of broadcast seeds, and greater for vetch. When broadcast into corn, rye spring biomass was 1472 kg∙ha−1 with N uptake of 38 kg∙ha−1. Vetch biomass was 361 kg∙ha−1 with 13 kg∙ha−1 N uptake. In soybean, rye produced 2318 kg∙ha−1 with 59 kg N∙ha−1 and vetch produced 535 kg∙ha−1 with 21 kg N∙ha−1. Higher seeding rates increased biomass and N uptake only for rye broadcast into corn. Year and site effects and possibly differences in main crops influenced cover crop productivity.

scholarly journals Field Studies on the Effect of Rye Cover Crop on Soybean Root Disease and Productivity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grazieli Araldi Da Silva ◽  
Gang Han ◽  
Yuba Raj Kandel ◽  
Daren S. Mueller ◽  
Matthew Helmers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Canopy Reflectance ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Cover crops improve soil and water quality in annual cropping systems, but knowledge of their impact on soybean (Glycine max L.) seedling and root diseases is limited. The effects of winter rye cover crops (Secale cereale L.) on soybean population, biomass, root morphology, seedling and root diseases, pathogen incidence, canopy reflectance, and yield were assessed over two years in Iowa and Missouri, USA. Plots without a rye cover crop were compared to plots with early-kill rye and late-kill rye cover crops, which were terminated 34 to 49 days or 5 to 17 days before soybean planting, respectively. Soybean shoot dry weight, root rot severity, and incidence of Fusarium spp. and Pythium spp. on roots were not influenced by the treatments. Soybean grain yield and plant population were reduced in the presence of rye in two site-years, increased in one site-year, and not changed in the remaining site-years. Soybean canopy reflectance was measured at 810 nm and measurements were first made at 70 to 80 days after planting (DAP). At least five measurements were obtained at 7- to 15- day intervals, ending at 120 to 125 DAP. Measurements at approximately 120 to 125 DAP differed by treatments but were not consistently associated with the presence or absence of a rye cover crop. Our field studies suggest that Iowa and Missouri soybean farmers can use winter rye as a cover crop in soybean fields with low seedling disease pressure without increasing the risk of seedling and root diseases or suppressing yield.

LATE-FALL APPLICATION OF POTASH TO WINTER RYE TO IMPROVE GROUND COVER EFFECTIVENESS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINNELL M. EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
K Concentration

In view of the difficulty of establishing a winter cover crop after potato harvesting in the late fall in Prince Edward Island, a study was done to test the effect of three levels of banded K on the cool-season establishment and survival of two cultivars of winter rye (Secale cereale L.). There was no significant effect of K level on shoot or root dry weight in either late fall or early spring, or on shoot or root K content. There were significant cultivar differences in shoot and root dry wt in late fall and early spring, but no interaction between K level and rye cultivar. Key words: Cold stress, winter ground cover, critical K concentration

Effects of Cover Crops and Tillage on Sweet Corn Production

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 476d-476
Author(s):  
Gary R. Cline ◽  
Anthony F. Silvernail
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Total N ◽  
No Till ◽  
Winter Cover ◽  
Winter Cover Crops

A split-plot factorial experiment examined effects of tillage and winter cover crops on sweet corn in 1997. Main plots received tillage or no tillage. Cover crops consisted of hairy vetch, winter rye, or a mix, and N treatments consisted of plus or minus N fertilization. Following watermelon not receiving inorganic N, vetch, and mix cover cropsproduced total N yields of ≈90 kg/ha that were more than four times greater than those obtained with rye. However, vetch dry weight yields (2.7 mg/ha) were only about 60% of those obtained in previous years due to winter kill. Following rye winter cover crops, addition of ammonium nitrate to corn greatly increased (P < 0.05) corn yields and foliar N concentrations compared to treatments not receiving N. Following vetch, corn yields obtained in tilled treatments without N fertilization equaled those obtained with N fertilization. However, yields obtained from unfertilized no-till treatments were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than yields of N-fertilized treatments. Available soil N was significantly (P < 0.05) greater following vetch compared to rye after corn planting. No significant effects of tillage on sweet corn plant densities or yields were detected. It was concluded that no-tillage sweet corn was successful, and N fixed by vetch was able to sustain sweet corn production in tilled treatments but not in no-till treatments.In previous years normal, higher-yielding vetch cover crops were able to sustain sweet corn in both tilled and no-till treatments.

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