scholarly journals Morphophysiology, Productivity and Quality of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cv. Merlin in Response to Row Spacing and Seeding Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Marta Jańczak-Pieniążek ◽  
Jan Buczek ◽  
Dorota Bobrecka-Jamro ◽  
Ewa Szpunar-Krok ◽  
Renata Tobiasz-Salach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Yield Structure ◽  
Soybean Plants

The appropriate row spacing and sowing density of soybeans are the basic non-input and pro-environmental agrotechnical factors. The optimal spacing of plants in the field can be crucial in terms of reducing competition between plants for water, nutrients and light, which is particularly important for photosynthesis and maximizes the use of environmental resources. The field experiment was carried out in the years 2017–2019 at the Experimental Station for Cultivar Assessment in Przecław, Poland, on Merlin cv. soybean plants. The experimental factors were: row spacing of 15 and 30 cm and the sowing density of 70, 90 and 110 pcs. m−2. During the research, the influence of row spacing and sowing density on yielding, seed quality, plant morphological features, nodulation and physiological processes in plants was assessed. The obtained soybean seed yield was not influenced by the experimental factors, but only by the weather conditions prevailing in the research years. The smaller row spacing and sowing density of 15/70 and 30/70 resulted in an increase in the parameters of the yield structure, the number and dry weight of root nodules, as well as the parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0 and PI). Greater plant density per area unit resulted in low yield structure parameters, lower number and dry weight of nodules, poorer parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence and higher protein content in seeds. With the increased sowing density, the plants were higher, the 1st. pod was placed higher and an LAI value was also higher.

Seed quality response of soybean to weed control timing using glyphosate

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1213-1219
Author(s):  
S. Y. C. Essah ◽  
U. R. Bishnoi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cold Test ◽  
Southeast United States ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Quality Response

Field and laboratory studies were conducted during 1997 and 1998 in the southeast United States to determine the influence of timing of glyphosate application on seed germination (standard germination and germination index) and vigor (cold test emergence, accelerated aged emergence, and seed conductivity) of three glyphosate-resistant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars that belong to different maturity groups (MG). The soybean cultivars used were H4994 (MG IV — early maturing), H5164 (MG V — medium maturing) and H6686 (MG VI — late maturing). Weeds were controlled by glyphosate applied at 1.1 kg a.i. ha-1 at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 wk after soybean emergence (WAE). Using glyphosate to control weeds at 5 WAE or later in the early- and medium-maturing cultivars (H4994 and H5164) results in soybean plants able to produce seeds with more vigor and germinability than when weeds are removed earlier. For late-maturing cultivar H6686, weed control at 4 WAE produces seeds with higher germination and vigor than when weeds are removed later. Key words: Glyphosate, weed control timing, soybean, seed germination and vigor, weed dry weight

scholarly journals Quality of Harvested Seed Associated with Soybean Cultivars and Herbicides Under Weed-Free Conditions

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 1036-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Bradley ◽  
G. L. Hartman ◽  
L. M. Wax ◽  
W. L. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
Field Plots

Different herbicides were applied to soybean plants in field plots planted to different soybean cultivars located at four locations in Illinois between 1997 and 2000. Treatments varied from hand weeded to preemergence herbicides to postemergence herbicides. Soybean seeds were harvested and evaluated for different seed quality parameters. The percentage of seeds infected with Phomopsis spp. ranged from 1 to 40%, and the percentage of seeds infected with Cercospora kikuchii was low, ranging from 0 to 4%. Herbicides had little or no effect on seed quality parameters such as percent germination and incidence of seed pathogens or on protein and oil concentrations. Soybean seed quality was affected by Phomopsis spp. in that there were significant (P ≤ 0.05) inverse correlations between Phomopsis spp. incidence and percentage seed germination. It appears that Phomopsis spp. may be a more prevalent seed pathogen than C. kikuchii for soybean fields in central to northern Illinois.

EFFECT OF ROW SPACING AND SEEDING RATES ON SUMMER RAPE IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. MORRISON ◽  
P. B. E. McVETTY ◽  
R. SCARTH
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Lower Plant

To determine the effects of varying plant densities on summer rape (Brassica napus L.), the cultivar Westar was seeded in 15- and 30-cm row spacings at seeding rates of 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, and 12.0 kg ha−1. Plants seeded in 15-cm rows yielded more per area, produced more pods per plant and lodged less than those in 30-cm rows. Higher yields were associated with a more even plant distribution and a lower degree of intra-row competition. There were no significant protein, oil and chlorophyll concentration differences between the row spacing treatments. The highest yields (kg ha−1) were achieved with the 1.5 and 3.0 kg ha−1 seeding rates. Summer rape compensated for lower plant densities with the production of more branch racemes. As seeding rate increased, competitive mortality increased, resulting in greater etiolation at bolting, and greater lodging at harvest. Seed oil and protein concentrations were not affected by seeding rate. However, seed chlorophyll concentration decreased with increased seeding rate.Key words: Brassica napus, plant density, seed quality, rape (summer)

scholarly journals Incidence of green soybean seeds as a function of environmental stresses during seed maturation

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilda Pizzolante De Pádua ◽  
José De Barros França-Neto ◽  
Maria Laene Moreira De Carvalho ◽  
Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski ◽  
Renato Mendes Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Seed Maturation ◽  
Green Seed ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Two Temperature

Hot and dry weather conditions during soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed maturation can cause forced maturation of the seed, resulting in the production of high levels of green seed, which may be detrimental to seed germination. These stressful conditions were imposed on soybean plants during seed maturation to investigate the production of green seeds and seed quality. Plants of the CD 206 cultivar were grown in a greenhouse until the R5.5 growing stage and then transferred to phytotrons at R6 and R7.2 for stress induction. Plants were subjected to two temperature regimes, high (28ºC to 36ºC) and normal (19ºC to 26ºC), and four soil water availability conditions, control (adequate water supply), 30% gravimetric moisture (GM), 20% GM and no water supply. Seed were harvested at R9. Green seed percentages and 100-seed weights from the lower, middle and upper thirds of each plant were determined. Seed quality was assessed by germination, tetrazolium (viability and vigor) and electrical conductivity tests. Occurrence of green seed varied from 9% to 86%, depending on the severity of the stresses imposed. High temperature, coupled with no water supply at R6, resulted in a pronounced occurrence of green seeds. There was no difference in the percentage of green seeds among the plant segments. Seed quality was negatively affected by the incidence of green seeds. A procedure for screening soybean genotypes in a phytotron for their tolerance and/or susceptibility to the production of green seeds was developed.

Dicamba translocation in soybean and accumulation in seed

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-339
Author(s):  
Maria Leticia M. Zaccaro ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Chad B. Brabham
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Soybean Plants

AbstractThe dicamba-resistant cropping system was developed to be used as a tool to control multiple-resistant weed species, particularly Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson). However, dicamba applications have resulted in off-target movement of the herbicide to susceptible neighboring vegetation, with frequent damage to non–dicamba resistant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Pod malformation and subsequent auxin-like injury to progeny is common when parent soybean plants are exposed to the herbicide post-flowering. Yet no publication to date has conveyed the presence of dicamba in seed. The objective of this study was to determine whether dicamba exists and at what quantities inside soybean seed following a low-dose exposure in the pod-filling stage using radiolabeled herbicide as a tracer. Non–dicamba resistant soybean plants were grown in the greenhouse until the pod-filling growth stage and then treated with 2.8 g ae ha−1 of dicamba (1/200 of the recommended rate of 560 g ae ha−1). Immediately afterward, [14C]dicamba (approximately 6.4 kBq per plant) was applied to the adaxial surface of one trifoliate leaf located in the midportion of each plant. The greatest amount of [14C]dicamba recovered was in seeds and in pods, and these plant parts accumulated 44% and 38% of the total absorbed, respectively. Chromatography results showed that the totality of the [14C]dicamba present in the soybean seeds was in the phytotoxic form, except for a single sample, in which one metabolite was detected (possibly 5-hydroxy dicamba). Precautions should be taken to avoid dicamba exposure to sensitive soybean fields, especially those dedicated to seed production, as this may result in low seed quality and symptomology on progeny plants.

Plant density affects soybean seed quality

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-525
Author(s):  
M.M. Rahman ◽  
M.G. Mwakangwale ◽  
J.G. Hampton ◽  
M.J. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Soybean Seed

Crop density and seed production of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber). 2. Reproductive components and seed characteristics

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seed Characteristics

The population density and spatial arrangement of plants may influence the productive life and performance characteristics of a perennial grass-seed crop. A study was conducted to determine the effects of the initial density (1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 plants m−2) and row spacing (20, 40, and 80 cm) of plants on reproductive yield components and seed characteristics of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber), over 3 consecutive production years (1991–1993) in the Peace region of Canada. The weight proportion of cleaned-to-uncleaned seed was 85–86% for the three lowest plant densities and then decreased, as density increased, to 82% at 12.5 plants m−2 and 66% at 100 plants m−2. The 1000-seed weight decreased as density increased and ranged from 1.68 to 2.22 g (i.e., 595 000 to 450 000 seeds kg−1). The specific seed weight ranged from 18 to 31 kg hL−1; it differed among years, but the effect of plant density was inconsistent. The germination capacity of the seed was unaffected by plant density, but differed among years; it averaged 87%, 88% and 59% in 1991, 1992 and 1993, respectively. The seed yield/plant, the number of panicles/plant, and the number of seeds/plant decreased exponentially as plant density increased. The number of clean seeds/panicle decreased, as plant density increased, in the first year but was less affected subsequently, particularly with the 20-cm row spacing. The seed yield was correlated closely with the number of panicles m−2 (r = 0.659***). An initial density no greater than 25 plants m−2 in rows spaced 20–40 cm apart enhanced seed quality by producing a greater proportion of clean seed which had a higher 1000-seed weight. Such a plant density, however, is at the low end of the optimum range for maximizing seed yield per unit land area. Key words: Tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreber, population density, plant and row spacing, yield components, seed quality

EFFECTS OF WITHIN-ROW PLANT UNIFORMITY ON GRAIN YIELD OF MAIZE

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 887-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. MULDOON ◽  
T. B. DAYNARD
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Seedling Size ◽  
Selection Of

Two experiments were conducted over 3 yr to study the effects of variability in intra-row spacing on grain yield of maize; effects of non-uniformity in seedling size were also investigated. Experiment 1 consisted of single-row plots which were thinned in the seedling stage to produce stands of equivalent mean densities (i.e., the same number of plants per plot row), but with different lengths of gaps within the row; two additional treatments involved the selection of seedling plants which were either very uniform, or non-uniform, in height. Yield was unaffected by the presence of gaps up to 1 m long within the row. In general, plots of uniform seedling size outyieldcd those where seedling size was more variable. Experiment 2 involved a comparison of plots seeded to produce one, two, three or four plants per hill at an equivalent mean plant density (same number of plants per plot row). On average, yield was not depressed until the number of plants per hill exceeded two. No treatment effect on the intra-plot standard deviation of ear dry weight per plant was measured in any test. Experimental results indicate that uniformity of spacing, within the range commonly encountered with properly adjusted, commercial maize planters, is unlikely to affect yield. Uniformity of seeding depth is likely to be more crucial.

scholarly journals Effect of sowing technology on the yield and harvest grain moisture content of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids with different genotypes

2016 ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Eszter Murányi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Significant Difference

From the aspect of the efficiency of maize production harvest grain moisture content shall be considered beside the amount of harvested grain yield. Hybrids with different genotypes and vegetation period length lose their moisture content different that is affected by row spacing and plant density – among agrotechnical production factors – depending on the given crop year. In the present research work three crop years with different weather conditions were studied (2013, 2014, and 2015). The small-plot field experiment was set up at the Látókép Field Research Centre of the University of Debrecen, Centre for Agricultural Sciences with four replications on a chernozem soil type. The effect of three factors was analysed in the experiment on yield amount and its moisture content. Factors were row spacing (45 and 76 cm), plant density (50, 70 and 90 thousand plants ha-1), while hybrids were of very early (Sarolta: FAO 290), early (DKC 4014: FAO 320, P 9175: FAO 330, P 9494: FAO 390) and medium (SY Afinity: FAO 470) ripening. In the crop year of 2013 the highest yield was produced – regarding the average of the hybrids – by the application of a row spacing of 45 cm (4.5%, 673 kg ha-1), however there was no significant difference between the yield of the populations of different row spacings. Significant difference (14.9%, 1751 kg ha-1; 6.3%, 583 kg ha-1) could be found in case of yield between different row spacing applications in 2014 and 2015. The effect of insufficiently distributed low amount of precipitation and lasting heat days in 2015 could be revealed in yield amounts and harvest grain yield moisture content results that were lower than in the previous years. In 2015 grain yield moisture content varied between 10.3 and 13.9% in case of a row spacing of 45 cm, while by 76 cm between 11.0 and 13.9%.

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