scholarly journals Optimisation of Weed Control in Organic Processing Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.): Impacts of Cultivar, Seeding Rate, Plant Spacing and Integrated Weed Management Strategy

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Benny De Cauwer ◽  
Lieven Delanote ◽  
Michaël Devos ◽  
Sander De Ryck ◽  
Dirk Reheul
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
The Impact

Weed control in organic spinach for the processing market is challenging because of the low tolerance of weed contamination in the harvested produce and the limited physical weeding options. Optimisation of weed control systems is therefore urgently needed. Three field experiments with autumn spinach were carried out in organic fields to evaluate the impact of cultivar choice, seeding rate (300 and 400 seeds m−2), plant spacing management (10.5-cm-wide single rows and 21-cm-wide single or twin rows) and integrated weed management strategy (combinations of pre-sowing, pre-emergence and post-emergence tactics) on weed biomass and spinach yield and quality. Spinach cultivars with a planophile growth habit and a high growth rate were more weed suppressive than the cultivar with an erectophile growth habit and a slower growth rate. Spinach density was significantly negatively correlated with weed biomass and weed biomass fraction in the harvested produce, but significantly positively correlated with (marketable) spinach biomass and petiole fraction in the harvested produce. Narrow row spacing systems with post-emergence broadcast harrowing had the lowest weed biomass and weed biomass fraction but also the lowest (marketable) spinach biomass as a result of the thinning action of harrowing. Post-emergence harrowing is of key importance for reducing weed biomass in any integrated weed control strategy. Weediness was lowest in systems comprising flaming on false seedbed or in pre-emergence followed by post-emergence harrowing. To mitigate the risk of crop failure, the field should preferably be cropped with quickly growing spinach plants arranged in narrow spaced rows at high plant density and weeded by pre-sowing or pre-emergence flaming followed by post-emergence harrowing.

Effect of Seeding Rate on Dose Response of Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis) to Fluthiacet-Methyl

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collen Redlick ◽  
Hema S. N. Duddu ◽  
Lena D. Syrovy ◽  
Christian J. Willenborg ◽  
Eric N. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Seed Yields

Concern over the development of herbicide-resistant weeds has led to interest in integrated weed management systems that reduce selection pressure by utilizing mechanical and cultural weed control practices in addition to herbicides. Increasing crop seeding rate increases crop competitive ability and thus can enhance herbicide efficacy. However, it is unknown how increasing the seeding rate affects an herbicide’s efficacy. The objective of this study was to examine the interaction between increasing seeding rate and herbicide dose to control weeds. To meet this objective, the herbicide fluthiacet-methyl was applied to field-grown lentil, with Indian mustard, a proxy for wild mustard, used as a model weed. The experiment was a factorial design with four lentil seeding rates and seven herbicide rates. Overall the herbicide dose response was altered by changing lentil seeding rate. Increasing lentil seeding rate decreased the weed biomass production when herbicides were not applied. In two of the four site-years, increasing lentil seeding rate lowered the herbicide ED50, the dose required to result in a 50% reduction in weed biomass. Increasing the crop seeding rate altered the dose response to provide greater weed control at lower herbicide rates compared with normal crop seeding rates. Increased seeding rates also resulted in higher and more stable crop seed yields across a wider range of herbicide dosages. These results suggest that dose–response models can be used to evaluate the efficacy of other weed management practices that can interact with herbicide performance.

Herbicide Timing and Rate Effects on Weed Management in Three Herbicide-Resistant Canola Systems

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1006-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
George W. Clayton ◽  
John T. O'Donovan ◽  
Robert E. Blackshaw ◽  
F. Craig Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Rate Effects ◽  
Herbicide Timing ◽  
Weed Removal

Herbicide-resistant canola dominates the canola market in Canada. A multiyear field experiment was conducted at three locations to investigate the effect of time of weed removal (two-, four-, or six-leaf canola) and herbicide rate (50 or 100% recommended) in three herbicide-resistant canola systems. Weeds were controlled in glufosinate-resistant canola (GLU) with glufosinate, in glyphosate-resistant canola (GLY) with glyphosate, and in imidazolinone-resistant canola (IMI) with a 50:50 mixture of imazamox and imazethapyr. Canola yields were similar among the three canola cultivar–herbicide systems. Yields were not influenced by 50 vs. 100% herbicide rates. Timing of weed removal had the greatest effect on canola yield, with weed removal at the four-leaf stage giving the highest yields in most cases. Percent dockage was often greater for GLU and IMI than for GLY. In comparison with the other treatments, dockage levels doubled for GLU after application at 50% herbicide rates. The consistency of monocot weed control was usually greater for GLY than for GLU or IMI systems. However, weed biomass data revealed no differences in dicot weed control consistency between IMI and GLY systems. Greater dockage and weed biomass variability after weed removal at the six-leaf stage or after low herbicide rates suggests higher weed seed production, which could constrain the adoption of integrated weed management practices in subsequent years.

scholarly journals Weed Management in Cranberries: A Historical Perspective and a Look to the Future

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Sandler
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
The Impact

Integrated weed management (IWM) has been part of cranberry cultivation since its inception in the early 19th century. Proper site and cultivar selection, good drainage, rapid vine establishment, and hand weeding are as important now for successful weed management as when the industry first started. In 1940, Extension publications listed eight herbicides (e.g., petroleum-based products, inorganic salts and sulfates) for weed control. Currently, 18 herbicides representing 11 different modes of action are registered for use on cranberries. Nonchemical methods, such as hand weeding, sanding, flooding, and proper fertilization, remain integral for managing weed populations; new tactics such as flame cultivation have been added to the toolbox. Priority ratings have been developed to aid in weed management planning. Despite many efforts, biological control of weeds remains elusive on the commercial scale. Evaluation of new herbicides, unmanned aerial systems (UAS), image analysis, and precision agriculture technology; investigation of other management practices for weeds and their natural enemies; utilization of computational decision making and Big Data; and determination of the impact of climate change are research areas whose results will translate into new use recommendations for the weed control of cranberry.

scholarly journals The Impact of Herbicide Application and Defoliation on Barley Grass (Hordeum murinum subsp. glaucum) Management in Mixed Pasture Legumes

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Jane Kelly ◽  
Allison Chambers ◽  
Paul Weston ◽  
William Brown ◽  
Wayne Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Hordeum Murinum ◽  
The Impact

Barley grass (Hordeum murinum subsp. glaucum.) is an annual weed associated with grain revenue loss and sheep carcass damage in southern Australia. Increasing herbicide resistance led to a recent investigation into effective integrated weed management strategies for barley grass in southern Australia. Field studies in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales (NSW) during 2016 and 2017 examined the effect of post-emergent herbicide applications and strategic defoliation by mowing on barley grass survival and seed production in a mixed legume pasture. Statistically significant differences between herbicide-only treatments in both years showed propaquizafop to be more than 98% effective in reducing barley grass survival and seed production. Paraquat was not effective in controlling barley grass (58% efficacy), but led to a 36% and 63.5% decrease in clover and other weed biomass, respectively, after 12 months and increased lucerne biomass by over three-fold after 24 months. A single repeated mowing treatment resulted in a 46% decline in barley grass seedling emergence after 12 months and, when integrated with herbicide applications, reduced other weed biomass after 24 months by 95%. Resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides observed in local barley grass populations led to additional and more focused investigation comparing the efficacy of other pre- and post-emergent herbicides for barley grass management in legume pastures. Haloxyfop-R + simazine or paraquat, applied at early tillering stage, were most efficacious in reducing barley grass survival and fecundity. Impact of defoliation timing and frequency on barley grass seedlings was also evaluated at various population densities, highlighting the efficacy of repeated post-inflorescence defoliations in reducing plant survival and seed production. Results highlight the importance of optimal environmental conditions and application timing in achieving efficacious control of barley grass and improving pasture growth and biomass accumulation.

scholarly journals Weed Management Practices for Organic Production of Trailing Blackberry, II. Accumulation and Loss of Biomass and Nutrients

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee H. Harkins ◽  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
David R. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
First Year ◽  
The Third ◽  
Leaf Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
The Impact

A study was conducted in western Oregon to assess the impact of cultivar and weed management strategy on accumulation and loss of plant biomass and nutrients during the first 3 years of establishment when using organic fertilizer. The study was conducted in trailing blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) planted in May 2010 and certified organic in May 2012. Treatments included two cultivars, Marion and Black Diamond, each with either no weed control after the first year after planting or with weeds managed by hand-weeding or the use of weed mat. Each treatment was amended with organically approved fertilizers at pre-plant and was drip-fertigated with fish emulsion each spring. Most primocane leaf nutrient concentrations were within the range recommended for blackberry. However, leaf nitrogen (N) was low in ‘Black Diamond’, especially when grown without weed control, whereas leaf boron (B) was low in all treatments. In many cases, leaf nutrient concentrations were affected by cultivar and weed management in both the primocanes and the floricanes. The concentration of several nutrients in the fruit differed between cultivars, including calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), B, and zinc (Zn), but only fruit Ca was affected by weed management and only in ‘Marion’. In this case, fruit Ca was higher when the cultivar was grown with weed mat than with hand-weeding or no weeding. Total biomass production of primocanes increased from an average of 0.3 t·ha−1 dry weight (DW) during the first year after planting to 2.0 t·ha−1 DW the next year. Plants were first cropped the third year after planting and gained an additional 3.3 t·ha−1 DW in total aboveground biomass (primocanes, floricanes, and fruit) by the end of the third season. Fruit DW averaged 1.4 t·ha−1 in non-weeded plots, 1.9 t·ha−1 in hand-weeded plots, and 2.3 t·ha−1 in weed mat plots. Biomass of senesced floricanes (removed after harvest) averaged 3.2 t·ha−1 DW and was similar between cultivars and among the weed management treatments. ‘Marion’ primocanes accumulated a higher content of N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Mg, S, iron (Fe), B, copper (Cu), and aluminum (Al) than in ‘Black Diamond’. Weeds, however, reduced nutrient accumulation in the primocanes in both cultivars, and accumulation of nutrients was greater in the floricanes than in the previous year’s primocanes. Total nutrient content declined from June to August in the floricanes, primarily through fruit removal at harvest and senescence of the floricanes after harvest. Depending on the cultivar and weed management strategy, nutrient loss from the fruit and floricanes averaged 34 to 79 kg·ha−1 of N, 5 to 12 kg·ha−1 of P, 36 to 84 kg·ha−1 of K, 23 to 61 kg·ha−1 of Ca, 5 to 15 kg·ha−1 of Mg, 2 to 5 kg·ha−1 of S, 380 to 810 g·ha−1 of Fe, 70 to 300 g·ha−1 of B, 15 to 36 g·ha−1 of Cu, 610 to 1350 g·ha−1 of manganese (Mn), 10 to 260 g·ha−1 of Zn, and 410 to 950 g·ha−1 of Al. Overall, plants generally accumulated (and lost) the most biomass and nutrients with weed mat and the least with no weed control.

Integrated Weed Management Using Planting Pattern, Cultivar, and Herbicide in Dry-Seeded Rice in Northwest India

Weed Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulshan Mahajan ◽  
Vikas Poonia ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Planting Pattern ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Northwest India

Field experiments were conducted in Punjab, India, in 2011 and 2012 to study the integrated effect of planting pattern [uniform rows (20-cm spacing) and paired rows (15-, 25-, and 15-cm spacing)], cultivars (PR-115 and IET-21214), and weed control treatments (nontreated control, pendimethalin 750 g ai ha−1, bispyribac-sodium 25 g ai ha−1, and pendimethalin 750 g ha−1 followed by bispyribac-sodium 25 g ha−1) on weed suppression and rice grain yield in dry-seeded rice. In the nontreated control, IET-21214 had higher grain yield than PR-115 in both planting patterns. However, such differences were not observed within the herbicide treatment. IET-21214 in paired rows, even in nontreated control, provided grain yield (4.7 t ha−1) similar to that in uniform rows coupled with the sole application of pendimethalin (4.3 t ha−1) and bispyribac-sodium (5.0 t ha−1). In uniform rows, sequential application of pendimethalin (PRE) and bispyribac-sodium (POST) provided the highest grain yield among all the weed control treatments and this treatment produced grain yield of 5.9 and 6.1 t ha−1 for PR-115 and IET-21214, respectively. Similarly, in paired rows, PR-115 in paired rows treated with sequential application of pendimethalin and bispyribac-sodium had highest grain yield (6.1 t ha−1) among all the weed control treatments. However, IET-21214 with the sole application of bispyribac-sodium produced grain yield similar to the sequential application of pendimethalin and bispyribac-sodium. At 30 days after sowing, PR-115 in paired rows coupled with pendimethalin application accrued weed biomass (10.7 g m−2) similar to the sequential application of pendimethalin and bispyribac-sodium coupled with uniform rows (8.1 g m−2). Similarly, IET-21214 with bispyribac-sodium application provided weed control similar to the sequential application of pendimethalin and bispyribac-sodium. Our study implied that grain yield of some cultivars could be improved by exploring their competitiveness through paired-row planting patterns with less use of herbicides.

scholarly journals ​Effect of Integrated Weed Management on Weed and Yield of Direct Seeded Rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suryakanta Kashyap ◽  
V.P. Singh ◽  
S.K. Guru ◽  
Tej Pratap ◽  
S.P. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
The Impact

Background: Weeds are the major threat to direct seeded rice and a single strategy of weed control may not be effective for season-long weed control. Intending to accomplish the long-term and sustainable weed management of direct seeded rice, the integration approach of weed management strategies seems a better alternative. The current field study was aimed to evaluate the impact of integration of different weed control methods on direct seeded rice under irrigated ecosystem on weed growth and rice yield. Methods: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and twelve treatments during 2017 at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. The twelve treatments included the combination of cultural, mechanical, physical and chemical weed management methods. Result: Combination of stale seedbed technique integrated with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin with mechanical weeding at 25 DAS followed by 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS, Sesbania (line sowing) fb application of pendimethalin (PE) fb 1 mechanical weeding at 25 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS, stale seedbed with application of pendimethalin (PE) with Sesbania brown manuring supplemented with mechanical weeding (25 DAS) fb hand weeding at 45 DAS, mulching with wheat straw mulch along with post-emergence application of penoxsulam (20 DAS) fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS and application of pendimethalin (PE) fb penoxsulum (PoE) at 20 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS with a row spacing of 25 cm found to be similar in the suppression of weed population and weed density at 40 and 60 DAS and crop yields (4.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.0 and 4.2 t/ha, respectively) were on par with weed free plot i.e. 4.4t/ha. Application of pendimethalin (PE) fb penoxsulum (PoE) at 20 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 45 DAS with row spacing of 25cm recorded 93.7%, 90.6% and 4.5% weed control efficiency, weed control index and weed index respectively, which was similar with above integrated weed management treatments. A negative correlation of the weed density and dry matter with the yield of rice was recorded.

Seeding rate, herbicide timing and competitive hybrids contribute to integrated weed management in canola (Brassica napus)

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Harker ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
J. T. O’Donovan ◽  
F. C. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Herbicide Timing ◽  
Crop Health ◽  
Weed Removal

Implementing a favourable agronomic practice often enhances canola production. Combining several optimal practices may further increase production, and, given greater crop health and competitiveness, could also improve weed control. A field experiment was conducted at Lacombe and Lethbridge, Alberta, from 1998 to 2000, to determine the optimal combination of glufosinate-tolerant cultivar (hybrid InVigor 2153 or open-pollinated Exceed), crop seeding rate (100, 150, or 200 seeds m-2) and time of weed removal (two-, four-, or six-leaf stage of canola) for canola yield and weed suppression. At equal targeted seeding rates, the hybrid cultivar had greater seedling density (8 plants m-2 higher) and seed yield (22% higher) when compared with the open-pollinated cultivar. Combining the better cultivar with the highest seeding rate, and the earliest time of weed removal led to a 41% yield increase compared with the combination of the weaker cultivar, the lowest seeding rate and the latest time of weed removal. The same optimal factor levels also favoured higher levels of weed control and lower weed biomass variability. Managing these factors at optimal levels may help increase net returns, reduce herbicide dependence and favour the adoption of more integrated weed management systems. Key words: Crop health, direct seeding, glufosinate, integrated weed management, weed population variability

Economics of integrated weed management in herbicide-resistant canola

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharat M. Upadhyay ◽  
Elwin G. Smith ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Weed Removal

Integrated weed management (IWM) decision strategies in herbicide-resistant canola-production systems were assessed for net returns and relative risk. Data from two field experiments conducted during 1998 to 2000 at two locations in Alberta, Canada, were evaluated. A herbicide-based experiment included combinations of herbicide system (glufosinate-, glyphosate-, and imazethapyr-resistant canola varieties), herbicide rate (50 and 100% of recommended dose), and time of weed removal (two-, four-, and six-leaf stages of canola). A seed-based experiment included canola variety (hybrid and open-pollinated), seeding rate (100, 150, and 200 seeds m−2), and time of weed removal (two-, four-, and six-leaf stages of canola). For the herbicide-based experiment, strategies with glyphosate were profitable at Lacombe, but both imazethapyr and glyphosate strategies were profitable at Lethbridge. Weed control at the four-leaf stage was at least as profitable as the two-leaf stage at both sites. For the seed-based experiment, the hybrid was more profitable than the open-pollinated cultivar, seed rates of 100 and 150 seeds m−2were more profitable than 200 seeds m−2, and weed control at the two- and four-leaf stages was more profitable than at the six-leaf stage. When risk of returns and statistical significance was considered, several strategies were included in the risk-efficient set for risk-averse and risk-neutral attitudes at each location. However, the glyphosate-resistant cultivar, the 50% herbicide rate, and weed control at four-leaf stage were more frequent in the risk-efficient IWM strategy set. The open-pollinated cultivar, 200 seeds m−2rate, and weed control at the six-leaf stage were less frequent in the set. The risk-efficient sets of IWM strategies were consistent across a range of canola prices.

scholarly journals Herbicide Resistance: Another Hot Agronomic Trait for Plant Genome Editing

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 621
Author(s):  
Amjad Hussain ◽  
Xiao Ding ◽  
Muna Alariqi ◽  
Hakim Manghwar ◽  
Fengjiao Hui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Impact

Weeds have continually interrupted crop plants since their domestication, leading to a greater yield loss compared to diseases and pests that necessitated the practice of weed control measures. The control of weeds is crucial to ensuring the availability of sufficient food for a rapidly increasing human population. Chemical weed control (herbicides) along with integrated weed management (IWM) practices can be the most effective and reliable method of weed management programs. The application of herbicides for weed control practices calls for the urgency to develop herbicide-resistant (HR) crops. Recently, genome editing tools, especially CRISPR-Cas9, have brought innovation in genome editing technology that opens up new possibilities to provide sustainable farming in modern agricultural industry. To date, several non-genetically modified (GM) HR crops have been developed through genome editing that can present a leading role to combat weed problems along with increasing crop productivity to meet increasing food demand around the world. Here, we present the chemical method of weed control, approaches for herbicide resistance development, and possible advantages and limitations of genome editing in herbicide resistance. We also discuss how genome editing would be effective in combating intensive weed problems and what would be the impact of genome-edited HR crops in agriculture.

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