Root Lignin Composition and Content in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Genotypes with Different Defense Responses to Ganoderma boninense

Nisha Govender; Idris Abu-Seman; Wong Mui-Yun

doi:10.3390/agronomy10101487

Root Lignin Composition and Content in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Genotypes with Different Defense Responses to Ganoderma boninense

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10101487 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1487

Author(s):

Nisha Govender ◽

Idris Abu-Seman ◽

Wong Mui-Yun

Keyword(s):

Functional Traits ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Plant Functional Traits ◽

White Rot ◽

Ganoderma Boninense ◽

Lignin Composition ◽

One Year ◽

G Ratio

Basal stem rot of oil palms (OPs) is caused by Ganoderma boninense, a white-rot fungus. Root tissues are the primary route for G. boninense penetration and subsequent pathogenesis on OPs. Little is known on the host lignin biochemistry and selectivity for G. boninense degradation. Oil palm genotypes with different defense responses to G. boninense (highly tolerant, intermediately tolerant, and susceptible) were assessed for root lignin biochemistry (lignin content and composition), plant functional traits (height, fresh weight, girth), chlorophyll content, and root elemental nutrient content. One-year-old seedlings and five-year-old trees were screened for root thioglycolic acid lignin (TGA) content, lignin composition, and elemental nutrient depositions, while plant functional traits were evaluated in the one-year-old seedlings only. The TGA lignin in all the oil palm seedlings and trees ranged from 6.37 to 23.72 pM µg−1, whereas the nitrobenzene oxidation products showed a syringyl (S)-to-guaiacyl (G) ratios of 0.18–0.48. Tolerant genotypes showed significantly lower lignin content compared to the intermediately tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Likewise, the S/G ratio was higher in genotypes with lower lignin content. The depositions of root Fe, Si, Ti, S, and Cu were significantly different among the oil palm genotypes with the susceptible genotypes showing greater content than the tolerant genotypes.

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Identification of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase in Ganoderma boninense Pat. that was expressed during the interaction with oil palm

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-95549-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Neda Shokrollahi ◽

Chai-Ling Ho ◽

Nur Ain Izzati Mohd Zainudin ◽

Mohd As’wad Bin Abul Wahab ◽

Mui-Yun Wong

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Peptide Sequence ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

Ganoderma Boninense ◽

Nrps Gene ◽

Peptide Synthetases ◽

Peptide Synthetase ◽

High Disease Severity

AbstractBasal stem rot (BSR) of oil palm is a disastrous disease caused by a white-rot fungus Ganoderma boninense Pat. Non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are a group of secondary metabolites that act as fungal virulent factors during pathogenesis in the host. In this study, we aimed to isolate NRPS gene of G. boninense strain UPMGB001 and investigate the role of this gene during G. boninense-oil palm interaction. The isolated NRPS DNA fragment of 8322 bp was used to predict the putative peptide sequence of different domains and showed similarity with G. sinense (85%) at conserved motifs of three main NRPS domains. Phylogenetic analysis of NRPS peptide sequences demonstrated that NRPS of G. boninense belongs to the type VI siderophore family. The roots of 6-month-old oil palm seedlings were artificially inoculated for studying NRPS gene expression and disease severity in the greenhouse. The correlation between high disease severity (50%) and high expression (67-fold) of G. boninense NRPS gene at 4 months after inoculation and above indicated that this gene played a significant role in the advancement of BSR disease. Overall, these findings increase our knowledge on the gene structure of NRPS in G. boninense and its involvement in BSR pathogenesis as an effector gene.

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Increasing Lignin Accumulation in Arabidopsis and Poplar by Overexpressing a CCoAOMT Gene from Dove Tree (Davidia involucrata Baill.)

10.20944/preprints202005.0454.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jian Li ◽

Xiaomin Ji ◽

XuJie Dong ◽

Fuxiang Cao ◽

Meng Li

Keyword(s):

Lignin Content ◽

Critical Role ◽

Biological Significance ◽

Lignin Biosynthesis ◽

Compact Structure ◽

Transgenic Lines ◽

Lignin Composition ◽

Lignin Accumulation ◽

G Ratio ◽

Em Gene

Rapid lignification occurring in the endocarp of dove tree results in the formation of a rigid and compact structure, which seriously hinders seed germination. A gene named DiCCoAOMT1, which encodes a hyperactive O-methyltransferase, was identified and thought to play a critical role in the process of endocarp lignification. In this study, the DiCCoAOMT1 gene was introduced into A. thaliana and poplar, respectively, to further verify its function. The lignin content was increased by 45% and 20% in the stems of transgenic A. thaliana and poplar lines, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the expression levels of DiCCoAOMT1 and lignin amount in transgenic lines. Furthermore, the shifts of lignin composition was indicated by the elevated S/G ratio in transgenic poplar lines. Lignin accumulation was promoted specifically in the phloem cells, and the cells in secondary xylem was thickened in transgenic plants. In addition, lengthened pods and elevated plant height, and elongated petioles and internodes were observed in transgenic A. thaliana and poplar lines, respectively. Taken together, our data indicated that an endocarp-specific DiCCoAOMT1 gene could effectively increase lignin accumulation and alter lignin composition in both herbs and woody plants, which provides new insights to understand the regulatory mechanism of lignin biosynthesis and the biological significance of lignification in specific tissues.

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Characteristic of oil palm empty fruit bunch pretreated with Pleurotus floridanus (Pretreatment biologi tandan kosong kelapa sawit menggunakan Pleurotus floridanus)

E-Journal Menara Perkebunan ◽

10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v85i2.234 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

Author(s):

. ISROI

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Lignin Degradation ◽

Lignin Content ◽

White Rot Fungi ◽

Ligninolytic Enzyme ◽

White Rot ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Biological Pretreatment ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Pleurotus Floridanus

Pleurotus floridanus have ability on lignin degradation by producing ligninolytic enzyme and prefer to degrade lignin than carbohydrate (hemicellulose and cellulose). Oil palm empty fruit bunches has been pretreated using P. floridanus. Addition of cation (Cu2+) on biological pretreatment reduced lignin content and increased digestibility of the empty fruit bunches. P. floridanus reduce lignin and hemicellulose content from 23.9% to 10.1% and from 20.8% to 16.9%, respectively. P. floridanus did not degrade cellulose. Cellulose content of empty fruit bunches increase from 40.4% to 51.7%. Crystallinity of empty fruit bunches reduced after biological pretreatment. Crystallinity presented as LOI (lateral order index) of un-treated and biological pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunches are 2.08 and 1.44. Digestibility of the empty fruit bunches increased from 17.2% to 60.3% by biological pretreatment.[Key words: biological pretreatment, oil palm empty fruit bunches, Pleurotus floridanus, biofuel, white-rot fungi, lignocellulose]AbstrakPleurotus floridanus memiliki kemampuan untuk mendegradasi lignin dengan memproduksi enzim ligninolitik dan lebih memilih untuk mendegradasi lignin daripada karbohidrat (hemiselulosa dan selulosa). Kemampuan unik P. floridanus ini dimanfaatkan dalam pretreatment biologi tandan kosong kelapa sawit. Penambahan kation (Cu2+) pada pretreatment biologi menurunkan kandungan lignin dan meningkatkan digestibiliti tandan kosong kelapa sawit. Perlakuan P. floridanus mengurangi kandungan lignin dan hemiselulosa dari 23,9% menjadi 10,1% dan dari 20,8% menjadi 16,9%. Perlakuan P. floridanus tidak menurunkan kandungan selulosa. Kandungan selulosa tandan kosong kelapa sawit meningkat dari 40,4% menjadi 51,7%. Kristalinitas tandan kosong menurun setelah pretreatment biologi. Kristalinitas yang dinyatakan dalam LOI (LOI, Lateral Order Index) adalah 2,08 untuk tandan kosong tanpa pretreatment biologi dan 1,44 untuk tandan kosong dengan pretreatment biologi. Digestibiliti itandan kosong meningkat dari 17,2% menjadi 60,3%.[Kata kunci: Pretreatment biologi, tandan kosong kelapa sawit, jamur pelapuk putih, lignoselulosa, Pleurotus floridanus]

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Characteristics of guaiacyl-syringyl lignin in reaction wood in the gymnosperm Gnetum gnemon L.

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2015-0107 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 70 (7) ◽

pp. 593-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Deded Sarip Nawawi ◽

Wasrin Syafii ◽

Takuya Akiyama ◽

Yuji Matsumoto

Keyword(s):

Tension Wood ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Root Bark ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Minor Components ◽

Lower Side ◽

Syringyl Lignin ◽

Lignin Composition ◽

Gnetum Gnemon ◽

G Ratio

Abstract Gnetum gnemon L. is a unique gymnosperm species showing angiosperm-like features in terms of its morphology and chemical composition of the cell wall. Xylan is the main hemicellulose component, and its lignin is primarily composed of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) units and small amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units. In the present study, in addition to branch, root, bark, and leaf samples, the reaction wood (RW) taken from the leaning stem of G. gnemon, was investigated mainly by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, ozonation and NMR spectroscopy. The leaning stem was wider on the lower side of the wood stem (lsW) than on the upper side (usW), similar to the case for compression wood (CW) in gymnosperms. The usW contained lignin with a higher S/G ratio, and β-O-4 structure had a higher erythro/threo ratio, while both ratios decreased around the periphery of the stem towards the lsW. The lignin content was higher towards the lsW. Overall, the lignin composition in the RW of this tree was similar to that in the tension wood of angiosperms. The H-units were minor components in the lignin, but the content was higher towards the lsW, which resembles the distribution of the H-units in a gymnosperm CW.

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Fungal biodegradation of genetically modified and lignin-altered quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2011.144 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Richard Giles ◽

Ilona Peszlen ◽

Perry Peralta ◽

Hou-Min Chang ◽

Roberta Farrell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Populus Tremuloides ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

Quaking Aspen ◽

Transgenic Trees ◽

Postia Placenta ◽

G Ratio

AbstractBetter access to wood carbohydrates as a result of reduced, or altered, lignin is a goal of biopulping, as well as biofuel research. In the present article, woods from three transgenic trees and one wild-type quaking aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.) were analyzed in terms of mass loss of cellulose and lignin after incubation with lignocellulolytic fungi. The transgenic trees had reduced lignin content through transfer of an antisense -4CL gene, elevated syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio through insertion of a sense CAld5H gene and low lignin content and elevated S/G ratio through simultaneous insertion of -4CL and CAld5H genes, respectively. The lignocellulolytic fungi employed were a lignin-selective white rot fungusCeriporiopsis subvermispora, a simultaneous white rot fungusTrametes versicolorand a brown rot fungusPostia placenta. Reduced lignin degradation was observed in woods with increased S/G ratios indicating that this analytical feature influences decay resistance, regardless of the fungal decay mechanism.

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Lipid and lignin composition of woods from different eucalypt species

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2007.030 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 165-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Jorge Rencoret ◽

Ana Gutiérrez ◽

José C. del Río

Keyword(s):

Eucalyptus Globulus ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Kraft Pulping ◽

Medium Length ◽

Eucalypt Species ◽

Kraft Cooking ◽

Lignin Composition ◽

G Ratio ◽

Cooking Conditions

Abstract The lipid and lignin compositions of woods from the eucalypt species Eucalyptus globulus, E. nitens, E. maidenii, E. grandis, and E. dunnii have been characterized. The lipid composition was analyzed by GC and GC/MS using short- and medium-length high-temperature capillary columns, which allowed the detection of intact high-molecular-weight compounds. Similar lipid compositions were observed in all eucalypt woods, which were dominated by sitosterol, sitosterol esters and sitosteryl 3β-D-glucopyranoside. These substance classes are mainly responsible for pitch deposition during kraft pulping of eucalypt wood. However, some quantitative differences were found in the abundance of different lipid classes, with wood from E. globulus containing the lowest amounts of these pitch-forming compounds. The lignins of all eucalypt woods were analyzed in situ (without previous isolation) by pyrolysis-GC/MS. A predominance of syringyl (S) over guaiacyl (G) lignin units was observed and the S/G ratio was in the range from 2.7 to 4.1. E. globulus wood had the highest S/G ratio, a finding that, together with its low lignin content, explains its easy delignification under kraft cooking conditions.

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Pretreatment of Marasmius sp. on Biopulping of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches

Modern Applied Science ◽

10.5539/mas.v9n7p1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hendro Risdianto ◽

Susi Sugesty

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Lignin Peroxidase ◽

Manganese Peroxidase ◽

Lignin Content ◽

White Rot Fungi ◽

Kappa Number ◽

White Rot ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Degrading Enzymes

White rot fungi have an ability to degrade lignin by employing lignin-degrading enzymes i.e Lignin Peroxidase, Manganese Peroxidase and Laccase. Therefore, the fungi can be utilized on the pretreatment of biomass in pulp making (biopulping) and biobleaching. In this study, the pretreatment using White Rot Fungi of Marasmius sp. has been conducted on the the Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFBs). Marasmius sp. has been grown on EFBs for 30 days. The results showed that the lignin content could be removed by 35.94%. However, cellulose and hemicelluloses relatively did not show any changes in the EFBs. From the pulping process, the pretreatment exhibited the Kappa Number of 31.10. Compared to no pretreatment of white rot fungi, the Kappa Number obtained was 38.63. This result demonstrated a promising process for a green pulp making.

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