scholarly journals Assessment of Gaseous Emissions from Cattle Abattoir Wastes in Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ngwabie ◽  
Andrew VanderZaag ◽  
Paulicle Nji ◽  
Gerald Tembong ◽  
Theodore Chenwi
Keyword(s):  
Biogas Production ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Waste Storage ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Female Cattle

Abattoirs are potentially a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Measurements were conducted in a beef cattle abattoir located in Bamenda, Cameroon, to characterise waste production and quantify GHG emissions. A male and female cattle were randomly selected on each day for waste measurement over a period of two weeks. Waste from each cattle was quantified by collecting all the intestinal/stomach contents after slaughtering and determining the mass of dry matter (DM) and volatile solids (VS). Emissions from the outdoor solid waste storage heap was measured using flux chambers. The average cattle weight was 420 kg and the average intestinal/stomach waste was 37 ± 6 kg cattle−1, half of which was dumped outdoor in a heap, while the rest was discarded with wastewater into a stream. The DM produced was 4.19 ± 0.85 kg cattle−1, representing 11% of the wastes, and the VS produced was 3.42 ± 0.82 kg cattle−1. The average ratio of waste DM to cattle weight was 1.0%, while the ratio of waste VS to cattle weight was 0.8%. Modelled CH4 emissions from the total waste was estimated at 37.84 ± 8 g CH4 cattle−1 with a range of 27.57–56.03 g CH4 cattle−1. Measured GHG emission from the outdoor heap was 5.89 ± 4.78 mg CH4 m−2 min−1, 0.137 ± 0.151 mg N2O m−2 min−1, and 95 ± 83 mg CO2 m−2 min−1. The total GHG (CH4 + N2O) emission rate was 229 mg CO2e m−2 min−1, indicating that CH4 contributes 82% of the total GHG. Improved waste management strategies, such as anaerobic digestion for biogas production or using covers over waste heaps, would help abattoirs mitigate GHG emissions.

Towards a benchmarking tool for minimizing wastewater utility greenhouse gas footprints

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 2483-2495 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Guo ◽  
J. Porro ◽  
K. R. Sharma ◽  
Y. Amerlinck ◽  
L. Benedetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N2o Production ◽  
Average Value ◽  
And Control

A benchmark simulation model, which includes a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)-wide model and a rising main sewer model, is proposed for testing mitigation strategies to reduce the system's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The sewer model was run to predict methane emissions, and its output was used as the WWTP model input. An activated sludge model for GHG (ASMG) was used to describe nitrous oxide (N2O) generation and release in activated sludge process. N2O production through both heterotrophic and autotrophic pathways was included. Other GHG emissions were estimated using empirical relationships. Different scenarios were evaluated comparing GHG emissions, effluent quality and energy consumption. Aeration control played a clear role in N2O emissions, through concentrations and distributions of dissolved oxygen (DO) along the length of the bioreactor. The average value of N2O emission under dynamic influent cannot be simulated by a steady-state model subjected to a similar influent quality, stressing the importance of dynamic simulation and control. As the GHG models have yet to be validated, these results carry a degree of uncertainty; however, they fulfilled the objective of this study, i.e. to demonstrate the potential of a dynamic system-wide modelling and benchmarking approach for balancing water quality, operational costs and GHG emissions.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions from crop rotations including wheat, rapeseed and dry pea

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 9289-9314 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Jeuffroy ◽  
E. Baranger ◽  
B. Carrouée ◽  
E. de Chezelles ◽  
M. Gosme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Biological Fixation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N2o Fluxes

Abstract. Approximately 65% of anthropogenic emissions of N2O, a potent greenhouse gas, originate from soils at global scale, and particularly after N fertilisation of the main crops in Europe. Thanks to their capacity to fix atmospheric N2 through biological fixation, legumes allow to reduce N fertilizer use, and possibly N2O emission. Nevertheless, the decomposition of crop organic matter during the crop cycle and during the residue decomposition, and possibly the N fixation process itself, could lead to N2O emissions. The objective of this study was to quantify N2O emissions from a dry pea crop (Pisum sativum, harvested at maturity) and from the subsequent crops in comparison with N2O emissions from wheat and oilseed-rape crops, fertilized or not, in various rotations. A field experiment was conducted during 4 consecutive years, aiming at comparing the emissions during the pea crop, in comparison with those during the wheat (fertilized or not) or oilseed rape crops, and after the pea crop, in comparison with other preceding crops. N2O fluxes were measured using static chambers. In spite of low N2O fluxes, mainly linked with the site soil characteristics, fluxes during the crop were significantly lower for pea and unfertilized wheat than for fertilized wheat and oilseed rape. The effect of the preceding crop was not significant, while soil mineral N at harvest was higher after pea. These results, combined with the emission reduction allowed by the production and transport of the N fertiliser not applied on the pea crop, should be confirmed in a larger range of soil types. Nevertheless, they demonstrate the absence of N2O emission linked to the symbiotic N fixation process, and allow us to estimate the decrease of N2O emissions to 20–25% by including one pea crop in a three-year rotation. At a larger scale, this reduction of GHG emissions at field level has to be cumulated with the reduction of GHG emissions linked with the lower level of production and transport of the N fertiliser not applied on the pea crop.

scholarly journals Soil N2O emissions after perennial legume termination in an alfalfa-wheat crop rotation system under Mediterranean conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Trozzo ◽  
Matteo Francioni ◽  
Ayaka Wenhong Kishimoto-Mo ◽  
Lucia Foresi ◽  
Michele Bianchelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Alfalfa Field ◽  
Perennial Legume

Agricultural activities are potential sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the most important non-carbon-dioxide GHGs. Perennial legumes such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) have potential roles for reduction of soil GHG emissions as part of crop rotation systems. However, the implications of perennial legume termination by tillage and subsequent soil incorporation of the residues for reduced GHG emissions have been poorly examined in Mediterranean environments. With the aim to assess the magnitude of soil N2O emissions (important for the definition of mitigation strategies) after perennial legume termination in alfalfa-wheat crop rotation systems in a Mediterranean environment, we defined the hypothesis that alfalfa termination by tillage with incorporation of the crop residues will increase soil N2O emissions during the subsequent wheat season. To test this hypothesis, closed static chambers were used in a field–plot experiment, using a complete randomised block design with three replicates. Soil N2O emissions were monitored across 33 sampling dates from October 2017 to July 2018, as a comparison between an original 6-year-old alfalfa field (‘continuous alfalfa’) and alfalfa termination followed by wheat (‘alfalfa+ wheat’). The soil N2O emission fluxes varied markedly across the treatments and throughout the monitoring period (from – 0.02±0.01 to 0.53±0.14 g N-N2O ha–1 h–1, and from 0.02±0.07 to 0.37±0.11 g N-N2O ha–1 h–1 for continuous alfalfa and alfalfa+wheat, respectively), generally following the changes in soil temperature. Several soil N2O emission peaks were recorded for both treatments, which mainly coincided with rainfall and with increased soil water content. In the 2 months following alfalfa termination, alfalfa+wheat showed higher cumulative weekly soil N2O emissions compared to continuous alfalfa. Following alfalfa termination for alfalfa+wheat, the increased cumulative weekly soil N2O emissions appeared to be due to asynchrony between nitrogen (N) released into the soil from mineralisation of the alfalfa residues and N uptake by the wheat. Despite these initial high soil N2O emissions for alfalfa+wheat, the seasonal cumulative soil N2O emissions were not significantly different (0.77±0.09 vs 0.85±0.18 kg N-N2O ha–1 for continuous alfalfa and alfalfa+wheat, respectively). These data suggest that legume perennial crop termination in alfalfa–wheat rotation systems does not lead to significant loss of N2O from the soil. The alfalfa termination by tillage performed in autumn might, on the one hand, have slowed the mineralisation process, and might, on the other hand, have synchronised the N release by the mineralised crop residues, with the N uptake by the wheat reducing the soil N2O emissions.

scholarly journals Influence of Aeration Method on Gaseous Emissions and the Losses of the Carbon and Nitrogen during Cow Manure Composting

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11639
Author(s):  
Youling Wang ◽  
Huizhen Qiu ◽  
Mengchan Li ◽  
Philip Ghanney
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Principal Pathway ◽  
Cumulative Co2 Emissions

The objective of this research was to explore the effects of different aeration methods on NH3 and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the losses of carbon and nitrogen from composting of cow manure and corn stalks in the laboratory-scale reactors. Here, we designed three treatments, including continuous aerated treatment C1 (aeration rates 0.21 L·kg−1 dry matter (DM)·min−1) and intermittent aerated treatments I1 (aeration rates 0.42 L·kg−1 DM·min−1; aerate 10 min, stop 10 min) and I2 (aeration rates 0.84 L·kg−1 DM·min−1; aerate 5 min, stop 15 min). The results showed that the physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH values, and germination index) of composting products met the requirements of maturity and sanitation. Compared with continuous aerated treatment C1, the cumulative NH3 emissions of I1 and I2 treatments decreased by 24.37% and 19.27%, while the cumulative CO2 emissions decreased by 13.01% and 20.72%. On the contrary, the cumulative N2O emissions of I1 and I2 treatments increased by 22.22% and 43.14%. CO2 emission was the principal pathway for the TOC losses, which comprised over 65% of TOC losses. C1 treatment had the highest TOC losses due to its highest cumulative CO2 emissions. The TN losses of I1 and I2 treatments reduced 9.07% and 6.1% compared to C1 treatment, so the intermittent aerated modes could reduce the TN loss. Due to the potential for mitigation of gaseous emissions, I1 treatment was recommended to be used in aerobic composting of cow manure.

scholarly journals Optimizing Nitrogen and Residue Management to Reduce GHG Emissions while Maintaining Crop Yield: A Case Study in a Mono-Cropping System of Northeast China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 5015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianzheng Li ◽  
Zhongkui Luo ◽  
Yingchun Wang ◽  
Hu Li ◽  
Hongtao Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
N2o Emissions

Reducing the use of nitrogen fertilizers and returning straw to field are being promoted in northeast China (NEC). In this paper, the agricultural production system model (APSIM) was applied to assess the long-term variations of crop yield and soil GHG emissions in a maize mono-cropping system of NEC, and the simulation results were combined with lifecycle assessment to estimate annual GHG emissions (GHGL) and GHG emission intensity (GHGI, GHG emissions per unit yield) of different agricultural practices. Under current farmers’ practice, emissions due to machinery input (including production, transportation, repair, and maintenance) and soil organic carbon (SOC) decline accounted for 15% of GHGL, while emissions from nitrogen fertilizer input (production and transportation) and direct N2O emissions from soil accounted for the majority (~60% of GHGL). Current farmers’ practice in terms of N application and residue management are nearly optimal for crop production but not for climate change mitigation. Reducing N input by 13% and increasing straw retention by 20% can maintain crop yield and SOC, and also reduce GHGL and GHGI by 13% and 11%, respectively. However, it is not feasible to incorporate the straw used as household fuel into soil, which could incur substantial fossil CO2 emissions of 3.98 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 resulting from the substitution of coal for straw. APSIM was successful in simulating crop yield, N2O emissions, and SOC change in NEC, and our results highlight opportunities to further optimize management strategies (especially for the nitrogen and straw management) to reduce GHG emissions while maintaining crop yield.

scholarly journals Flooding-related increases in CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from a temperate coastal grassland ecosystem

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2611-2626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanuel W. Gebremichael ◽  
Bruce Osborne ◽  
Patrick Orr
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Grassland Ecosystem ◽  
Standing Water ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Q10 Values

Abstract. Given their increasing trend in Europe, an understanding of the role that flooding events play in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will be important for improved assessments of local and regional GHG budgets. This study presents the results of an analysis of the CO2 and N2O fluxes from a coastal grassland ecosystem affected by episodic flooding that was of either a relatively short (SFS) or long (LFS) duration. Compared to the SFS, the annual CO2 and N2O emissions were 1.4 and 1.3 times higher at the LFS, respectively. Mean CO2 emissions during the period of standing water were 144 ± 18.18 and 111 ± 9.51 mg CO2–C m−2 h−1, respectively, for the LFS and SFS sites. During the growing season, when there was no standing water, the CO2 emissions were significantly larger from the LFS (244 ± 24.88 mg CO2–C m−2 h−1) than the SFS (183 ± 14.90 mg CO2–C m−2 h−1). Fluxes of N2O ranged from −0.37 to 0.65 mg N2O–N m−2 h−1 at the LFS and from −0.50 to 0.55 mg N2O–N m−2 h−1 at the SFS, with the larger emissions associated with the presence of standing water at the LFS but during the growing season at the SFS. Overall, soil temperature and moisture were identified as the main drivers of the seasonal changes in CO2 fluxes, but neither adequately explained the variations in N2O fluxes. Analysis of total C, N, microbial biomass and Q10 values indicated that the higher CO2 emissions from the LFS were linked to the flooding-associated influx of nutrients and alterations in soil microbial populations. These results demonstrate that annual CO2 and N2O emissions can be higher in longer-term flooded sites that receive significant amounts of nutrients, although this may depend on the restriction of diffusional limitations due to the presence of standing water to periods of the year when the potential for gaseous emissions are low.

scholarly journals Irrigation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Review of Field-Based Studies

Soil Systems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anish Sapkota ◽  
Amir Haghverdi ◽  
Claudia C. E. Avila ◽  
Samantha C. Ying
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Ch4 Emissions

Irrigation practices can greatly influence greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of their control on soil microbial activity and substrate supply. However, the effects of different irrigation management practices, such as flood irrigations versus reduced volume methods, including drip and sprinkler irrigation, on GHG emissions are still poorly understood. Therefore, this review was performed to investigate the effects of different irrigation management strategies on the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) by synthesizing existing research that either directly or indirectly examined the effects of at least two irrigation rates on GHG emissions within a single field-based study. Out of thirty-two articles selected for review, reduced irrigation was found to be effective in lowering the rate of CH4 emissions, while flood irrigation had the highest CH4 emission. The rate of CO2 emission increased mostly under low irrigation, and the effect of irrigation strategies on N2O emissions were inconsistent, though a majority of studies reported low N2O emissions in continuously flooded field treatments. The global warming potential (GWP) demonstrated that reduced or water-saving irrigation strategies have the potential to decrease the effect of GHG emissions. In general, GWP was higher for the field that was continuously flooded. The major finding from this review is that optimizing irrigation may help to reduce CH4 emissions and net GWP. However, more field research assessing the effect of varying rates of irrigation on the emission of GHGs from the agricultural field is warranted.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emission reduction in temperate biochar-amended soils

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Felber ◽  
R. Hüppi ◽  
J. Leifeld ◽  
A. Neftel
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Pyrolysis Product ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Glucose Addition

Abstract. Biochar, a pyrolysis product of organic residues, is an amendment for agricultural soils to improve soil fertility, sequester CO2 and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In highly weathered tropical soils laboratory incubations of soil-biochar mixtures revealed substantial reductions for nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). In contrast, evidence is scarce for temperate soils. In a three-factorial laboratory incubation experiment two different temperate agricultural soils were amended with green waste and coffee grounds biochar. N2O and CO2 emissions were measured at the beginning and end of a three month incubation. The experiments were conducted under three different conditions (no additional nutrients, glucose addition, and nitrate and glucose addition) representing different field conditions. We found mean N2O emission reductions of 60 % compared to soils without addition of biochar. The reduction depended on biochar type and soil type as well as on the age of the samples. CO2 emissions were slightly reduced, too. NO3– but not NH4+ concentrations were significantly reduced shortly after biochar incorporation. Despite the highly significant suppression of N2O emissions biochar effects should not be transferred one-to-one to field conditions but need to be tested accordingly.

scholarly journals Effects of Environmental Drivers and Agricultural Management on Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Márton Dencső ◽  
Ágota Horel ◽  
Igor Bogunovic ◽  
Eszter Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Agricultural Management ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
N2o Emissions

Understanding the roles of natural drivers and anthropogenic activities in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of arable fields is crucial for adopting the most appropriate agricultural management. This study investigated the effect of two tillage treatments of mouldboard ploughing (MP) and no-tillage (NT), and the environmental factors (soil water content and temperature, carbon content and nitrogen forms) on soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The research was conducted on chernozem soil under winter wheat cultivation. Besides field monitoring, several laboratory experiments took place to examine the effects of environmental drivers and fertilization management on soil GHG emissions. We observed no significant difference between the CO2 emission of MP and NT during a full year period. Nevertheless, significant differences were found in the sub-periods (more particularly during vegetation and then after harvest). NT had higher CO2 emission than MP in all laboratory experiments (p < 0.001) and in the after harvest period of the field trial, measured on bare soil (p < 0.0001). NT had significantly higher N2O emission both under laboratory (p < 0.0001) and field conditions (p < 0.0081). Different fertilization showed no distinguishable effect on N2O emission in the laboratory. This study confirms that N2O emission of the arable field depended more on soil water content than soil temperature, and vice-versa for CO2 emission.

scholarly journals Legumes increase grassland productivity with no effect on nitrous oxide emissions

2019 ◽  
Vol 446 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 163-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arlete S. Barneze ◽  
Jeanette Whitaker ◽  
Niall P. McNamara ◽  
Nicholas J. Ostle
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Grassland Productivity

Abstract Aims Grasslands are important agricultural production systems, where ecosystem functioning is affected by land management practices. Grass-legume mixtures are commonly cultivated to increase grassland productivity while reducing the need for nitrogen (N) fertiliser. However, little is known about the effect of this increase in productivity on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in grass-legume mixtures. The aim of this study was to investigate interactions between the proportion of legumes in grass-legume mixtures and N-fertiliser addition on productivity and GHG emissions. We tested the hypotheses that an increase in the relative proportion of legumes would increase plant productivity and decrease GHG emissions, and the magnitude of these effects would be reduced by N-fertiliser addition. Methods This was tested in a controlled environment mesocosm experiment with one grass and one legume species grown in mixtures in different proportions, with or without N-fertiliser. The effects on N cycling processes were assessed by measurement of above- and below-ground biomass, shoot N uptake, soil physico-chemical properties and GHG emissions. Results Above-ground productivity and shoot N uptake were greater in legume-grass mixtures compared to grass or legume monocultures, in fertilised and unfertilised soils. However, we found no effect of legume proportion on N2O emissions, total soil N or mineral-N in fertilised or unfertilised soils. Conclusions This study shows that the inclusion of legumes in grass-legume mixtures positively affected productivity, however N cycle were in the short-term unaffected and mainly affected by nitrogen fertilisation. Legumes can be used in grassland management strategies to mitigate climate change by reducing crop demand for N-fertilisers.

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