scholarly journals Impact of Energy Dependence on Ground Level and Avionic SEE Rate Prediction When Applying Standard Test Procedures

Aerospace ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Matteo Cecchetto ◽  
Rubén García Alía ◽  
Frédéric Wrobel
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Fissile Material ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Commercial Flight

Single event effects (SEEs) in ground level and avionic applications are mainly induced by neutrons and protons, of which the relative contribution of the latter is larger with increasing altitude. Currently, there are two main applicable standards—JEDEC JESD89A for ground level and IEC 62396 for avionics—that address the procedure for testing and qualifying electronics for these environments. In this work, we extracted terrestrial spectra at different altitudes from simulations and compared them with data available from the standards. Second, we computed the SEE rate using different approaches for three static random access memory (SRAM) types, which present a strong SEE response dependence with energy. Due to the presence of tungsten, a fissile material when interacting with high energy hadrons, the neutron and proton SEE cross sections do not saturate after 200 MeV, but still increase up to several GeV. For these memories, we found standard procedures could underestimate the SEE rate by a factor of up to 4-even in ground level applications—and up to 12 times at 12 km. Moreover, for such memories, the contribution from high energy protons is able to play a significant role, comparable to that of neutrons, even at commercial flight altitudes, and greater at higher altitudes.

scholarly journals SEE Sensitivity Evaluation for Commercial 16 nm SRAM-FPGA

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Cai ◽  
Shuai Gao ◽  
Peixiong Zhao ◽  
Jian Yu ◽  
Kai Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Radiation Sensitivity ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Radiation Environment ◽  
Single Event

Radiation effects can induce severe and diverse soft errors in digital circuits and systems. A Xilinx commercial 16 nm FinFET static random-access memory (SRAM)-based field-programmable gate array (FPGA) was selected to evaluate the radiation sensitivity and promote the space application of FinFET ultra large-scale integrated circuits (ULSI). Picosecond pulsed laser and high energy heavy ions were employed for irradiation. Before the tests, SRAM-based configure RAMs (CRAMs) were initialized and configured. The 100% embedded block RAMs (BRAMs) were utilized based on the Vivado implementation of the compiled hardware description language. No hard error was observed in both the laser and heavy-ion test. The thresholds for laser-induced single event upset (SEU) were ~3.5 nJ, and the SEU cross-sections were correlated positively to the laser’s energy. Multi-bit upsets were measured in heavy-ion and high-energy laser irradiation. Moreover, latch-up and functional interrupt phenomena were common, especially in the heavy-ion tests. The single event effect results for the 16 nm FinFET process were significant, and some radiation tolerance strategies were required in a radiation environment.

Analysis of the representativeness and relative severity of ASTM C672 and NQ 2621-900 standard procedures in evaluating concrete scaling resistance

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1471-1482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Houehanou ◽  
Richard Gagné ◽  
Marc Jolin
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Pretreatment Period ◽  
Realistic Assessment ◽  
Scaling Resistance ◽  
Key Parameter

The aim of this study is to gain an understanding of the representativeness and relative severity of ASTM C672 and NQ 2621-900 standard test procedures in evaluating the scaling resistance of concrete incorporating various proportions of fly ash (25% and 35%), slag (25% and 35%), and silica fume (1% and 2%). Length of curing and presaturation of samples were varied before starting the freeze–thaw tests. Laboratory durability of tested concrete was compared with that of similar concrete after 4 years of service life. Results show that the length of the moist pretreatment period is a key parameter in scaling resistance of laboratory-tested concrete. A 28-day period of moist curing appears to be optimal and leads to more realistic assessment of the actual scaling resistance of concrete. The use of a draining-bottom mold had no significant effect on the scaling resistance of the concretes in this study.

Yield Enhancement Study: Process Variation and Design Margins Leading to Timing Issues in the RAM

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srikanth Perungulam ◽  
Scott Wills ◽  
Greg Mekras
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Digital Signal Processor ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Stage Separation ◽  
Study Process

Abstract This paper illustrates a yield enhancement effort on a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) where random columns in the Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) were found to be failing. In this SRAM circuit, sense amps are designed with a two-stage separation and latch sequence. In the failing devices the bit line and bit_bar line were not separated far enough in voltage before latching got triggered. The design team determined that the sense amp was being turned on too quickly. The final conclusion was that a marginal sense amp design, combined with process deviations, would result in this type of failure. The possible process issues were narrowed to variations of via resistances on the bit and bit_bar lines. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) inspection of the the Focused Ion Beam (FIB) cross sections followed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) showed the presence of contaminants at the bottom of the vias causing resistance variations.

scholarly journals Total cross sections of eγ → $$ eX\overline{X} $$ processes with X = μ, γ, e via multiloop methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman N. Lee ◽  
Alexey A. Lyubyakin ◽  
Vyacheslav A. Stotsky
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Elliptic Integral ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Complete Elliptic Integral ◽  
Total Cross Sections ◽  
Multiloop Calculation ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Analytical Expressions

Abstract Using modern multiloop calculation methods, we derive the analytical expressions for the total cross sections of the processes e−γ →$$ {e}^{-}X\overline{X} $$ e − X X ¯ with X = μ, γ or e at arbitrary energies. For the first two processes our results are expressed via classical polylogarithms. The cross section of e−γ → e−e−e+ is represented as a one-fold integral of complete elliptic integral K and logarithms. Using our results, we calculate the threshold and high-energy asymptotics and compare them with available results.

SPALLATION YIELDS FROM HIGH ENERGY PROTON BOMBARDMENT OF HEAVY ELEMENTS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Collective Effects ◽  
Comparison With Experiment ◽  
Energy Proton ◽  
Stringent Test ◽  
Neutron Evaporation ◽  
Nuclear Processes ◽  
Mev Protons

The Monte Carlo calculations of McManus and Sharp (unpublished) for the prompt nuclear processes occurring upon bombardment of heavy elements by 400 Mev. protons are combined with a description of the subsequent neutron evaporation to determine spallation cross sections for comparison with experiment. The model employed is a schematic one which suppresses the detailed characteristics of individual nuclei, but gives the over-all behavior to be expected. Many-particle and collective effects such as alpha particle emission and fission are ignored. The computed cross sections are presented in a variety of different graphical forms which illustrate quantitatively the qualitative picture of high energy reactions first given by Serber (1947). The calculations are in general agreement with existing data when fission is not an important effect, but the agreement does not imply a very stringent test of the various features of the model.

scholarly journals Vector boson fusion at multi-TeV muon colliders

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Costantini ◽  
Federico De Lillo ◽  
Fabio Maltoni ◽  
Luca Mantani ◽  
Olivier Mattelaer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Vector Boson ◽  
High Energy ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Vector Boson Fusion ◽  
Weak Boson ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lepton Colliders ◽  
Muon Colliders ◽  
New Phenomena

Abstract High-energy lepton colliders with a centre-of-mass energy in the multi-TeV range are currently considered among the most challenging and far-reaching future accelerator projects. Studies performed so far have mostly focused on the reach for new phenomena in lepton-antilepton annihilation channels. In this work we observe that starting from collider energies of a few TeV, electroweak (EW) vector boson fusion/scattering (VBF) at lepton colliders becomes the dominant production mode for all Standard Model processes relevant to studying the EW sector. In many cases we find that this also holds for new physics. We quantify the size and the growth of VBF cross sections with collider energy for a number of SM and new physics processes. By considering luminosity scenarios achievable at a muon collider, we conclude that such a machine would effectively be a “high-luminosity weak boson collider,” and subsequently offer a wide range of opportunities to precisely measure EW and Higgs couplings as well as discover new particles.

scholarly journals Saturation effects in SIDIS at very forward rapidities

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Iancu ◽  
A. H. Mueller ◽  
D. N. Triantafyllopoulos ◽  
S. Y. Wei
Keyword(s):  
Inelastic Scattering ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Virtual Photon ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Quark Distribution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Longitudinal Momentum ◽  
Black Disk ◽  
Gluon Saturation

Abstract Using the dipole picture for electron-nucleus deep inelastic scattering at small Bjorken x, we study the effects of gluon saturation in the nuclear target on the cross-section for SIDIS (single inclusive hadron, or jet, production). We argue that the sensitivity of this process to gluon saturation can be enhanced by tagging on a hadron (or jet) which carries a large fraction z ≃ 1 of the longitudinal momentum of the virtual photon. This opens the possibility to study gluon saturation in relatively hard processes, where the virtuality Q2 is (much) larger than the target saturation momentum $$ {Q}_s^2 $$ Q s 2 , but such that z(1 − z)Q2 ≲ $$ {Q}_s^2 $$ Q s 2 . Working in the limit z(1 − z)Q2 ≪ $$ {Q}_s^2 $$ Q s 2 , we predict new phenomena which would signal saturation in the SIDIS cross-section. For sufficiently low transverse momenta k⊥ ≪ Qs of the produced particle, the dominant contribution comes from elastic scattering in the black disk limit, which exposes the unintegrated quark distribution in the virtual photon. For larger momenta k⊥ ≳ Qs, inelastic collisions take the leading role. They explore gluon saturation via multiple scattering, leading to a Gaussian distribution in k⊥ centred around Qs. When z(1 − z)Q2 ≪ Q2, this results in a Cronin peak in the nuclear modification factor (the RpA ratio) at moderate values of x. With decreasing x, this peak is washed out by the high-energy evolution and replaced by nuclear suppression (RpA< 1) up to large momenta k⊥ ≫ Qs. Still for z(1 − z)Q2 ≪ $$ {Q}_s^2 $$ Q s 2 , we also compute SIDIS cross-sections integrated over k⊥. We find that both elastic and inelastic scattering are controlled by the black disk limit, so they yield similar contributions, of zeroth order in the QCD coupling.

Total Cross Sections of Liquefied Gases for High-Energy Neutrons

1954 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hillman ◽  
R. H. Stahl ◽  
N. F. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Total Cross Sections
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