scholarly journals Multi-Scape Interventions to Match Spatial Scales of Demand and Supply of Ecosystem Services

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio A. Laca
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Spatial Design ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distributions ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Function

The original focus on supply of ecosystem services is shifting toward matching supply and demand. This new focus underlines the need to consider not only the amount of ecosystem services but also their spatial and temporal distributions relative to demand. Ecosystem functions and services have characteristic or salient scales that are defined by the scales at which the producing organisms or communities exist and function. Provision of ecosystem services (ES) and functions can be managed optimally by controlling the spatio-temporal distribution of landscape and community components. A simple model represents distributions of ES as kernels centered at the location of interventions such as grassland restoration or establishment of nesting habitat for pollinators. Distribution kernels allow non-habitat patches to receive ecosystem services from species they cannot support. Simulations for three contrasting ES producing organisms (bumblebees, Northern Harriers, and oak trees) show the effects of interacting distribution of interventions and demand for ES. More ES demand is met when the intervention is spread out in the landscape and demand is evenly distributed, particularly when the kernel radius is much larger than the minimum intervention required for the ES producing unit to be established. Because different functions have different reaches and saturation points, the level of ES demand met at any point in space can be modulated by controlling the spatial distribution of landscape components created by interventions. Different ES can be promoted by the same type and quantity of intervention by controlling the continuum of scales in the distribution of interventions. This work provides a conceptual and quantitative basis to consider the spatial design of interventions to match ES supply and demand.

scholarly journals MONITORING CHANGES OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES SUPPLY AND DEMAND PATTERN IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN LIAONING URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS, CHINA USING LANDSAT IMAGES

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-3 ◽  
pp. 765-770
Author(s):  
B. Li ◽  
F. Huang ◽  
S. Chang ◽  
H. Qi ◽  
H. Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Urban Agglomerations ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Indentifying the spatio-temporal patterns of ecosystem services supply and demand and the driving forces is of great significance to the regional ecological security and sustainable socio-economic development. Due to long term and high-intensity development, the ecological environment in central and southern Liaoning urban agglomerations has been greatly destroyed thereafter has restricted sustainable development in this region. Based on Landsat ETM and OLI images, land use of this urban agglomeration in 2005, 2010 and 2015 was extracted. The integrative index of multiple-ecosystem services (IMES) was used to quantify the supply (IMESs), demand (IMESd) and balance (IMESb) of multiple-ecosystem services, The spatial patterns of ecosystem services and its dynamics for the period of 2005–2015 were revealed. The multiple regression and stepwise regression analysis were used to explore relationships between ecosystem services and socioeconomic factors. The results showed that the IMESs of the region increased by 2.93 %, whereas IMESd dropped 38 %. The undersupplied area was reduced to 2. The IMESs and IMESb were mainly negatively correlated with gross domestic product (GDP), population density, foreign investment and industrial output, while GDP per capita and the number of teachers had significant positive impacts on ecosystem services supply. The positive correlation between IMESd and GDP, population density and foreign investment were found. The ecosystem services models were established. Supply and balance of multiple-ecosystem services were positively correlated with population density, but the demand was the opposite. The results can provide some reference value for the coordinately economic and ecological development in the study area.

scholarly journals A trait-based approach to ocean ecology

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1849-1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kiørboe ◽  
André Visser ◽  
Ken H Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Community Ecology ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ecosystem Structure And Function

Abstract Trait-based ecology merges evolutionary with classical population and community ecology and is a rapidly developing branch of ecology. It describes ecosystems as consisting of individuals rather than species, and characterizes individuals by few key traits that are interrelated through trade-offs. The fundamental rationale is that the spatio-temporal distribution of organisms and their functional role in ecosystems depend on their traits rather than on their taxonomical affiliation. The approach respects that interactions are between individuals, not between species or populations, and in trait-based models ecosystem structure emerges as a result of interactions between individuals and with the environments, rather than being prescribed. It offers an alternative to classical species-centric approaches and has the potential to describe complex ecosystems in simple ways and to assess the effects of environmental change on ecosystem structure and function. Here, we describe the components of the trait-based approach and apply it to describe and model marine ecosystems. Our description is illustrated with multiple examples of life in the ocean from unicellular plankton to fish.

scholarly journals Biodiversity, functional roles and ecosystem services of groundwater invertebrates

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Boulton ◽  
Graham D. Fenwick ◽  
Peter J. Hancock ◽  
Mark S. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Recent surveys of groundwater invertebrates (stygofauna) worldwide are yielding rich troves of biodiversity, with significant implications for invertebrate systematists and phylogeneticists as well as ecologists and groundwater managers. What is the ecological significance of this high biodiversity of invertebrates in some aquifers? How might it influence groundwater ecosystem services such as water purification or bioremediation? In terrestrial ecosystems, biodiversity is typically positively correlated with rates of ecosystem functions beneficial to humans (e.g. crop pollination). However, the links between biodiversity, ecosystem function, and ecosystem services in groundwater are unknown. In some aquifers, feeding, movement and excretion by diverse assemblages of stygofauna potentially enhance groundwater ecosystem services such as water purification, bioremediation and water infiltration. Further, as specific taxa apparently play ‘keystone’ roles in facilitating ecosystem services, declines in abundance or even their extinction have serious repercussions. One way to assess the functional significance of biodiversity is to identify ‘ecosystem service providers’, characterise their functional relationships, determine how service provision is affected by community structure and environmental variables, and measure the spatio-temporal scales over which these operate. Examples from Australian and New Zealand alluvial aquifers reveal knowledge gaps in understanding the functional importance of most stygofauna, hampering effective protection of currently undervalued groundwater ecosystem services.

scholarly journals Identification of Ecological Risk Zoning on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from the Perspective of Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5366
Author(s):  
Wei Shi ◽  
Fuwei Qiao ◽  
Liang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau

With the interaction of global change and human activities, the contradistinction between supply and demand of ecosystem services in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is becoming increasingly tense, which will have a profound impact on the ecological security of China and even Asia. Based on land cover data on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in 1990, 2005, and 2015, this paper estimated the supply capacity of ecosystem services using the value equivalent method, calculated the demand for ecosystem services using population density and economic density, established an ecosystem risk index based on the idea of an ecosystem service matrix to reveal the spatio-temporal pattern of the supply and demand of ecosystem services in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and identified the potential ecological risk areas arising from the imbalance between supply and demand. The results showed that: (1) In terms of the spatio-temporal pattern of land use change, the desert area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau decreased the most with 26,238.9 km2, and other types of land use increased, of which construction land increased by 131.7%; (2) In terms of the supply and demand of ecosystem services, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was mainly dominated by low-level surplus areas, accounting for 64.0%, and the deficit in some areas has worsened significantly; and (3) In terms of division pattern of ecological risk areas, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau presented characteristics of high risk in the east and low risk in the west. The high-risk area accounted for 1.1%, mainly distributed in the Huangshui Valley and the “One River and Two Tributaries” (Yarlung Zangbo River, Lhasa River, Nianchu River). The research results can provide reference for ecosystem management and policy formulation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and have important significance for realizing the coupling and coordinated development of human–land relationship in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

scholarly journals Mapping Agricultural Ecosystem Services across Scales

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubhechchha Sharma ◽  
Jennifer Hodbod ◽  
Emma Tebbs ◽  
Kristofer Chan
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
User Preference ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Agricultural Ecosystem ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Trade Offs

Given the cross-scale interactions of agricultural ecosystems, it is important to collect ecosystem service data at the multiple spatial scales they operate at. Mapping of ecosystem services helps to assess their spatial and temporal distribution and is a popular communication tool of their availability and value. For example, maps can be used to quantify distance between areas of available ecosystem services and their beneficiaries and how services fluctuate with changes in land use patterns over time, allowing identification of synergies and trade-offs. However, a lack of local context and too large a resolution can reduce the utility of these maps, whilst masking heterogeneities in access due to equity dynamics. This review identifies and summarizes eight main methods of ESS mapping found in the literature—remote sensing, biophysical modelling, agent based modelling, economic valuation, expert opinion, user preference, participatory mapping, and photo-elicitation. We consider what spatial scales these methods are utilized at and the transferability of data created by each method. The analysis concludes with a methodological framework for mapping ecosystem services, intended to help researchers identify appropriate methods for a multi-scale research design. The framework is exemplified with an overview of a research project in Ethiopia.

RÉPARTITION SPATIO-TEMPORELLE DES PRÉSENCES D’AILÉS D’APHIS GOSSYPII (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) EN CULTURE COTONNIÈRE (MALVACEAE)

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léonide Célini ◽  
Jean Vaillant
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Edge Effect ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Significant Edge ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractThe spatio-temporal distribution of cotton plants, Gossypium hirsutum L., infested with Aphis gossypii (Glover) winged adults, is described in a plot located in Bangui, Central African Republic. Each cotton plant growing in the plot was examined visually for a short period of time to ascertain the presence or absence of A. gossypii and to construct weekly infestation maps. Tests of autocorrelation and dispersion were carried out at different spatial scales by means of Monte Carlo procedures on embedded counting grids. Edge effect tests were also carried out. The statistical analyses show significant overdispersion of the infested plants and positive spatial autocorrelation. Positive temporal autocorrelation and significant edge effect are detected intermittently throughout the season.

scholarly journals The spatio-temporal distribution of COVID-19 infection in England between January and June 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Elson ◽  
Tilman M. Davies ◽  
Iain R. Lake ◽  
Roberto Vivancos ◽  
Paula B. Blomquist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract The spatio-temporal dynamics of an outbreak provide important insights to help direct public health resources intended to control transmission. They also provide a focus for detailed epidemiological studies and allow the timing and impact of interventions to be assessed. A common approach is to aggregate case data to administrative regions. Whilst providing a good visual impression of change over space, this method masks spatial variation and assumes that disease risk is constant across space. Risk factors for COVID-19 (e.g. population density, deprivation and ethnicity) vary from place to place across England so it follows that risk will also vary spatially. Kernel density estimation compares the spatial distribution of cases relative to the underlying population, unfettered by arbitrary geographical boundaries, to produce a continuous estimate of spatially varying risk. Using test results from healthcare settings in England (Pillar 1 of the UK Government testing strategy) and freely available methods and software, we estimated the spatial and spatio-temporal risk of COVID-19 infection across England for the first 6 months of 2020. Widespread transmission was underway when partial lockdown measures were introduced on 23 March 2020 and the greatest risk erred towards large urban areas. The rapid growth phase of the outbreak coincided with multiple introductions to England from the European mainland. The spatio-temporal risk was highly labile throughout. In terms of controlling transmission, the most important practical application of our results is the accurate identification of areas within regions that may require tailored intervention strategies. We recommend that this approach is absorbed into routine surveillance outputs in England. Further risk characterisation using widespread community testing (Pillar 2) data is needed as is the increased use of predictive spatial models at fine spatial scales.

scholarly journals The quest for a mechanistic understanding of biodiversity–ecosystem services relationships

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1817) ◽  
pp. 20151348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Duncan ◽  
Julian R. Thompson ◽  
Nathalie Pettorelli
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Ecological Research ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Species Characteristics ◽  
Policy Agendas ◽  
Research And Policy

Ecosystem services (ES) approaches to biodiversity conservation are currently high on the ecological research and policy agendas. However, despite a wealth of studies into biodiversity's role in maintaining ES (B–ES relationships) across landscapes, we still lack generalities in the nature and strengths of these linkages. Reasons for this are manifold, but can largely be attributed to (i) a lack of adherence to definitions and thus a confusion between final ES and the ecosystem functions (EFs) underpinning them, (ii) a focus on uninformative biodiversity indices and singular hypotheses and (iii) top-down analyses across large spatial scales and overlooking of context-dependency. The biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (B–EF) field provides an alternate context for examining biodiversity's mechanistic role in shaping ES, focusing on species' characteristics that may drive EFs via multiple mechanisms across contexts. Despite acknowledgements of a need for B–ES research to look towards underlying B–EF linkages, the connections between these areas of research remains weak. With this review, we pull together recent B–EF findings to identify key areas for future developments in B–ES research. We highlight a means by which B–ES research may begin to identify how and when multiple underlying B–EF relationships may scale to final ES delivery and trade-offs.

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