scholarly journals Eating Disorders Impact on Vigilance and Decision Making of a Community Sample of Treatment Naive Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Young Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Palazzo Nazar ◽  
Amanda Pompeu Trindade ◽  
Monica Leslie ◽  
Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz ◽  
Joseph Sergeant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Treatment Naïve

scholarly journals Shifting uncertainty intolerance: methylphenidate and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alekhya Mandali ◽  
Arjun Sethi ◽  
Mara Cercignani ◽  
Neil A. Harrison ◽  
Valerie Voon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Risky Choice ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Risky Choices ◽  
Cardinal Symptom

AbstractRisk evaluation is a critical component of decision making. Risk tolerance is relevant in both daily decisions and pathological disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), where impulsivity is a cardinal symptom. Methylphenidate, a commonly prescribed drug in ADHD, improves attention but has mixed reports on risk-based decision making. Using a double-blinded placebo protocol, we studied the risk attitudes of ADHD patients and age-matched healthy volunteers while performing the 2-step sequential learning task and examined the effect of methylphenidate on their choices. We then applied a novel computational analysis using the hierarchical drift–diffusion model to extract parameters such as threshold (‘a’—amount of evidence accumulated before making a decision), drift rate (‘v’—information processing speed) and response bias (‘z’ apriori bias towards a specific choice) focusing specifically on risky choice preference. Critically, we show that ADHD patients on placebo have an apriori bias towards risky choices compared to controls. Furthermore, methylphenidate enhanced preference towards risky choices (higher apriori bias) in both groups but had a significantly greater effect in the patient population independent of clinical scores. Thus, methylphenidate appears to shift tolerance towards risky uncertain choices possibly mediated by prefrontal dopaminergic and noradrenergic modulation. We emphasise the utility of computational models in detecting underlying processes. Our findings have implications for subtle yet differential effects of methylphenidate on ADHD compared to healthy population.

scholarly journals Risk of suicide attempts in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide longitudinal study

2018 ◽  
Vol 212 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Lin Huang ◽  
Han-Ting Wei ◽  
Ju-Wei Hsu ◽  
Ya-Mei Bai ◽  
Tung-Ping Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

BackgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increases the risk of suicidal behaviours through psychiatric comorbidities; however, a significant direct association has not been observed between ADHD and suicide attempts.AimsTo evaluate the risk of suicide attempt in adolescents and young adults with ADHD.MethodUsing a nationwide, population-based insurance claims database, this longitudinal cohort study enrolled 20 574 adolescents and young adults with ADHD and 61 722 age- and gender-matched controls between 2001 and 2009. Any suicide attempt was identified from enrolment to 31 December 2011. The association between ADHD medications and the likelihood of suicide attempt was assessed.ResultsADHD was an independent risk factor for any suicide attempt (hazard ratio = 3.84, 95% CI = 3.19–4.62) and repeated suicide attempts (hazard ratio = 6.52, 95% CI = 4.46–9.53). Subgroup analyses of men, women, adolescents and young adults demonstrated the same trend. Methylphenidate or atomoxetine treatment did not increase the risk of suicide attempt or repeated suicide attempts. Long-term methylphenidate treatment was associated with a significantly decreased risk of repeated suicide attempts in men (hazard ratio = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.22–0.97).ConclusionADHD was a risk factor for suicide attempt and a stronger predictor of repeated suicide attempts, independent of comorbidities. Further investigation is warranted to explore the mechanism underlying the association between ADHD and suicidal behaviours.Declaration of interestNone.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document