scholarly journals An ERP Study of the Temporal Course of Gender–Color Stroop Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingli Li ◽  
Juan Du ◽  
Qingfang Song ◽  
Sina Wu ◽  
Lihong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Chinese College Students ◽  
Modified Stroop ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
Temporal Course

Pink and blue colors have been found to associate with gender stereotypes in previous Western studies. The purpose of the present study was to explore the neuropsychological processing basis of this effect in contemporary Chinese society. We presented stereotypically masculine or feminine occupation words in either pink or blue colors to Chinese college students in a modified Stroop paradigm, in which participants were asked to classify each occupation word by gender as quickly and accurately as possible. Event-related potential (ERP) signals were concurrently recorded in order to identify the temporal dynamics of gender stereotypical interference effect. The behavioral results showed that pink–masculine stimuli elicited a longer response time and lower accuracy than blue–masculine stimuli in the participants, while no such differences were observed between pink–feminine and blue–feminine conditions. The ERP results further revealed distinctive neural processing stages for pink–masculine stimuli (i.e., in comparison to the other three types of stimuli) in P200, N300, N400, and P600. Overall, our results suggested that pink but not blue was a “gendered” color in Chinese culture. Moreover, our ERP findings contributed to the understanding of the neural mechanism underlying the processing of gender–color stereotypes.

The many faces of suzhi in the Chinese organization and society

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Upton-McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mainland Chinese ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Expatriate Managers ◽  
The Many ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to explore the Chinese concept of suzhi and how it relates to behavioral standards within mainland Chinese society and the workplace. The article provides a general discussion of suzhi and its inherent elements to act as a foundation for the education of expatriate managers and executives and for future research by Chinese human resource management (HRM) scholars. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws on the author's first-hand experience and observations from five years of living and working abroad in mainland China with Chinese companies and executives. Findings – The concept of suzhi in China is a reflection of multiple behavioral standards throughout China. And while suzhi's roots are in ancient Chinese culture and Confucianism, it is also subject to influence and change. Practical implications – The paper may serve as a foundation both for expatriate managers seeking to improve HRM practices in foreign companies in China and future scholars who wish to conduct further research on suzhi and Chinese behavioral standards as they can be applied to the workplace. Originality/value – This is an attempt to enlighten expatriate managers and executives in China on the concept of suzhi and its implication for HRM in China.

scholarly journals In-Law and Mate Preferences in Chinese Society and the Role of Traditional Cultural Values

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 147470491773051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingke Guo ◽  
Yujie Li ◽  
Shushuang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Parental Influence ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Genetic Quality ◽  
Parental Preferences ◽  
Parent Child

Using 347 parent–child dyads as participants, this study directly examined in-law and mate preferences in a typical collectivist culture. The results showed (1) traits indicating social status and parental investment were more highly valued by the parents, while traits indicating genetic quality and traits related to romantic love were more highly valued by the children. (2) Parental preferences were moderated by gender of the in-laws. Good earning capacity was more preferred by parents in a son-in-law, traits connoting genetic quality and reproductive fitness were more preferred by parents in a daughter-in-law. (3) There was more convergence in in-law and mate preferences in Chinese culture than in Western cultures. (4) Traditional cultural values (i.e., filial piety) can be used as a predictor of traditional mate preferences and less parent–child divergences. Additionally, greater preference for kind and understanding by parents than by children as well as by daughters than by sons, and greater preference for social status by the daughters’ than by the sons’ parents have not been observed in the rating and the ranking instrument. These findings illustrated how culture handles the parent–child disagreement over mating by authorizing greater parental influence on children’s mating decisions.

scholarly journals Rapid orienting of spatial attention toward and away from aggressive voices

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Burra ◽  
Dirk Kerzel ◽  
David Munoz ◽  
Didier Grandjean ◽  
Leonardo Ceravolo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Auditory Spatial Attention ◽  
Vocal Signals

Salient vocalizations, especially aggressive voices, are believed to attract attention due to an automatic threat detection system. However, studies assessing the temporal dynamics of auditory spatial attention to aggressive voices are missing. Using event-related potential markers of auditory spatial attention (N2ac and LPCpc), we show that attentional processing of threatening vocal signals is enhanced at two different stages of auditory processing. As early as 200 ms post stimulus onset, attentional orienting/engagement is enhanced for threatening as compared to happy vocal signals. Subsequently, as early as 400 ms post stimulus onset, the reorienting of auditory attention to the center of the screen (or disengagement from the target) is enhanced. This latter effect is consistent with the need to optimize perception by balancing the intake of stimulation from left and right auditory space. Our results extend the scope of theories from the visual to the auditory modality by showing that threatening stimuli also bias early spatial attention in the auditory modality. Although not the focus of the present work, we observed that the attentional enhancement was more pronounced in female than male participants.

Neural correlates of pride and joy recognition in early childhood

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yue Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Positive Component ◽  
Negative Component ◽  
Late Positive Component ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Insight Into

I investigated neural processing during the recognition of pride and joy in early childhood using the event-related potential (ERP) technique. Electroencephalography recording was taken of 21 children aged between 4 and 6 years. They were shown photographs of familiar peers and strangers whose facial expressions displayed the emotion of either pride or joy. ERPs were recorded for the children's judgment of the expression of these two emotions when an image was presented. The results demonstrate that the neural dynamics during children's recognition of pride and joy involve three stages: The early negative component is spontaneously responsive to familiar faces, the midlatency negative central component is responsive to expression of familiar faces, and the late positive component marks greater extended processing of an expression of pride. These findings provide new insight into the neural mechanism of pride and joy recognition in children aged 4 to 6 years.

scholarly journals Acute Exposure to the Cold Pressor Stress Impairs Working Memory Functions: An Electrophysiological Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zengyou Xin ◽  
Simeng Gu ◽  
Lei Yi ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Fushun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Treatment Session ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Information Encoding ◽  
Lower Accuracy

The results of previous literature focusing on the effects of acute stress on human working memory (WM) are equivocal. The present study explored the effects of acute stress on human WM processing using event-related potential (ERP) techniques. Twenty-four healthy participants were submitted to stressful treatments and control treatment at different times. Cold pressor stress (CPS) was used as stressful treatment, while warm water was used as the control treatment before the WM task. Exposure to CPS was associated with a significant increase in blood pressure and salivary cortisol. After the 3-min resting period, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) for the CPS session significantly increased relative to the control treatment session (all p ≤ 0.01), and data also showed a significant increase of 20-min post-treatment cortisol concentration (p < 0.001) for CPS. Data from the CPS session showed significantly longer reaction times, lower accuracy, and WM capacity scores than that of the control treatment session. Interestingly, a difference between the two sessions was also found in N2pc and the late contralateral delay activity (late CDA) components. Specifically, although non-significant main effects of treatment were found for N2pc amplitudes, there was a significant interaction between treatments and stimuli conditions (processing load) [F(2,46) = 3.872, p = 0.028, η2 p = 0.14], which showed a pronounced trend toward equalization of N2pc amplitude across stimuli conditions during the CPS session clearly different from that of control treatment. As for amplitudes for late CDA, a nearly significant main effect of Treatment was found (p = 0.069). That is, the mean amplitude of the late CDA (−2.56 ± 0.27) for CPS treatment was slightly larger than that (−2.27 ± 0.22) for warm water treatment. To summarize, this study not only reported performance impairments in the WM task during CPS trials but also provided high temporal resolution evidence for the detrimental effects of acute stress on processes of information encoding and maintenance.

scholarly journals Early Top–Down Control of Visual Processing Predicts Working Memory Performance

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1224-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. Rutman ◽  
Wesley C. Clapp ◽  
James Z. Chadick ◽  
Adam Gazzaley
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Sensory Neural

Selective attention confers a behavioral benefit on both perceptual and working memory (WM) performance, often attributed to top–down modulation of sensory neural processing. However, the direct relationship between early activity modulation in sensory cortices during selective encoding and subsequent WM performance has not been established. To explore the influence of selective attention on WM recognition, we used electroencephalography to study the temporal dynamics of top–down modulation in a selective, delayed-recognition paradigm. Participants were presented with overlapped, “double-exposed” images of faces and natural scenes, and were instructed to either remember the face or the scene while simultaneously ignoring the other stimulus. Here, we present evidence that the degree to which participants modulate the early P100 (97–129 msec) event-related potential during selective stimulus encoding significantly correlates with their subsequent WM recognition. These results contribute to our evolving understanding of the mechanistic overlap between attention and memory.

Two Processes for Recognition Memory in Children of Early School Age: An Event-related Potential Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Mecklinger ◽  
Nicole Brunnemann ◽  
Kerstin Kipp
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Response Condition ◽  
Early School ◽  
Familiarity And Recollection ◽  
Recognition Judgments ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Memory Network

We examined the ERP correlates of familiarity and recollection and their development in 8- to 10-year-old children and a control group of young adults. Capitalizing on the different temporal dynamics of familiarity and recollection, we tested recognition memory in both groups with a speeded and nonspeeded response condition. Consistent with the view that familiarity is available earlier than recollection and by this more relevant for speeded recognition judgments, adults and children showed an early frontal old/new effect, the putative ERP correlate of familiarity in the speeded response condition. No parietal old/new effect, the putative ERP correlate of recollection was obtained in the speeded condition in neither group. Conversely, in the nonspeeded condition, both groups showed the parietal old/new effect, and a frontal effect was additionally observed for adults. In light of the generally lower memory accuracy of the children, these data suggested that children use a weaker and less matured version of the same explicit memory network used by adults in which familiarity and recollection differentially contribute to speeded and nonspeeded recognition memory judgments.

Non-Target Language Processing in Chinese-English Bilinguals: A Study of Event-Related Potential

2012 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 935-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Meng Fan ◽  
Bing Sun ◽  
Ruiming Wang ◽  
Lei Mo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Mixed List ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Language Condition ◽  
Chinese And English

The event-related brain potential (ERP) technique was used to investigate the neural mechanism of non-target language processing in Chinese-English bilinguals. Participants were presented with a mixed list of Chinese and English words and required to make conceptual decisions for words in one language and ignore words in the other non-target language. Regardless of whether the non-target word was in Chinese or English, the ERPs they elicited were modulated by word frequency, suggesting that their meaning had been accessed. The N400 peak was delayed in the English as the non-target language condition, probably because participants were less proficient in English. The results suggest that the non-target language can be processed during conceptual tasks with participants' proficiency in this language being a critical factor.

scholarly journals Indexing the graded allocation of visuospatial attention using anticipatory alpha oscillations

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 1318-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian C. Gould ◽  
Matthew F. Rushworth ◽  
Anna C. Nobre
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Response Preparation ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Alpha Oscillations ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Eeg Data

Lateralization in the desynchronization of anticipatory occipitoparietal alpha (8–12 Hz) oscillations has been implicated in the allocation of selective visuospatial attention. Previous studies have demonstrated that small changes in the lateralization of alpha-band activity are predictive of behavioral performance but have not directly investigated how flexibly alpha lateralization is linked to top-down attentional goals. To address this question, we presented participants with cues providing varying degrees of spatial certainty about the location at which a target would appear. Time-frequency analysis of EEG data demonstrated that manipulating spatial certainty led to graded changes in the extent to which alpha oscillations were lateralized over the occipitoparietal cortex during the cue-target interval. We found that individual differences in alpha desynchronization contralateral to attention predicted reaction times, event-related potential measures of perceptual processing of targets, and beta-band (15–25 Hz) activity typically associated with response preparation. These results support the hypothesis that anticipatory alpha modulation is a plausible neural mechanism underlying the allocation of visuospatial attention and is under flexible top-down control.

Irritancy Expectancy Alters Odor Perception: Evidence From Olfactory Event-Related Potential Research

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 2749-2756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Bulsing ◽  
Monique A. M. Smeets ◽  
Christian Gemeinhardt ◽  
Martin Laverman ◽  
Benno Schuster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Sensory Irritation ◽  
Odor Perception ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Temporal Course ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Relevant Context

The aim of the present research was to investigate the influences of cognition on temporal processing of olfactory information in a health-relevant context. We investigated whether expecting an odor to cause adverse health effects alters perception of that odor. An irritation-free odor (Study 1: H2S; Study 2: phenyl ethyl alcohol [PEA]) was presented after which participants expected to experience either adverse sensory irritation (caused by intranasal CO2 presentation) in one condition or no adverse effects in another condition, depending on a previously presented visual cue. Olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) were measured to assess effects of expectations on the temporal course of olfactory processing. When participants expected irritancy after perceiving the odor of H2S, N1 and P3 peak amplitude and N1 latency were increased and shortened, respectively, suggesting more intense and faster processing of the odor as well as effects on salience and anticipation of sensory irritation. When the odor was PEA, only the N1 amplitude was increased. These results, obtained with OERP, provide converging evidence for comparable conclusions regarding the influence of cognition on odor perception reached with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, the results suggest that a priori hedonic valence of an odor affects how susceptible the olfactory percept is to modulation via expectations.

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