scholarly journals Risk Perception and Protective Behaviors During the Rise of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Savadori ◽  
Marco Lauriola
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Protective Behavior ◽  
Protective Behaviors ◽  
Social Closeness ◽  
Cultural Worldviews

Risk perception is important in determining health-protective behavior. During the rise of the COVID-19 epidemic, we tested a comprehensive structural equation model of risk perception to explain adherence to protective behaviors in a crisis context using a survey of 572 Italian citizens. We identified two categories of protective behaviors, labeled promoting hygiene and cleaning, and avoiding social closeness. Social norms and risk perceptions were the more proximal antecedents of both categories. Cultural worldviews, affect, and experience of COVID-19 were the more distal predictors. Promoting hygiene and cleaning was triggered by the negative affective attitude toward coronavirus and mediated by an affective appraisal of risk. The deliberate dimension of risk perception (perceived likelihood) predicted only avoiding social closeness. Social norms predicted both types of behaviors and mediated the relations of cultural worldviews. Individualism (vs. communitarianism), more than hierarchy (vs. egalitarianism), shaped the affective evaluation of coronavirus. The model was an acceptable fit to the data and accounted for 20% and 29% of the variance in promoting hygiene and cleaning, and avoiding social closeness, respectively. The findings were robust to the effect of sociodemographic factors (age, gender, education, socioeconomic status, and zone of the country). Taken together, our findings confirmed the empirical distinction between affective and deliberate processes in risk perception, supported the validity of the affect heuristic, and highlighted the role of social norms as an account for why individualistic people were less likely to follow the prescribed health-protective behaviors. Implications for risk communication are discussed.

Perception of Knowledge of the Risk of the COVID -19 Pandemic Regarding Touring Intentions and Tourism Travel Recommendations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 929
Author(s):  
Rudyanto RUDYANTO ◽  
Rudy PRAMONO ◽  
Juliana JULIANA
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychological Risks

Tourists consider the costs, energy, and safety of the COVID-19 pandemic that is currently hitting the world globally. Tourism travel is expected to remain the primary choice for economic recovery and improving family relations. This study uses Respondent-Driven Sampling and Snowball Sampling to collect 432 respondents via social media and the internet. This study used a structural equation model (SEM) to examine risk perceptions of risk-averse attitudes by mediating knowledge of pandemic risk, tourism travel, and travel intentions. The results showed that most of the prospective tourists showed a preference for tourism. Tourists pay attention to the dangers of performance, costs, time, tourism destinations, while the social-psychological risks posed by the COVID-19 pandemic have a low impact. The nature and behaviour of tourists to avoid pandemic risk cause pandemic risk to be less effective in reducing tourists' intention to travel. Understanding pandemic risk effectively reduces risk perceptions that potential tourists have on tourism travel. The purpose of travelling and the intent to recommend tourism travel harms risk avoidance attitudes higher than the risk perception of a pandemic. All tourism travel stakeholders must consider the mediating effect of risk perception and risk aversion attitudes in tourism.

scholarly journals The Effect of Advertising and Price Discounts on the Interest of Tourists to Stay at Hotel (Staycation) During the Covid-19 Pandemic with Health Risk Perception as Moderating Variable

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Eliza Yusnita ◽  
Akhmad Saufi ◽  
Baiq Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Price Discounts ◽  
Health Risk Perception

This study aims to analyze and determine the significance of the effect of advertising and price discounts on interest in staying at hotels (staycation) during the Covid-19 pandemic, and to determine the role of health risk perception in moderating the relationship between advertising and price discounts on interest of tourist in staying at hotels in Lombok Island. The type of research used is causal research. The population in this study is the people of the island of Lombok aged between 20 to 60 years old and above. The number of sample taken was as many as 131 people. Purposive sampling technique was adapted to determine the sample, and data was analyzed using SEM-PLS (Structural Equation Model – Partial Least Square) analysis on the SmartPLS version 2.0 application. The results showed that advertising and price discounts had a significant effect on people's interest to stay at hotels in Lombok, however health risk perceptions did not moderate the effect of advertising and price discounts on interest in staying. Therefore, future researchers can conduct further research on the subject by considering various factors and also on different research areas.

An Explanatory Model of Problematic Internet Use of Southern Spanish University Students

2021 ◽  
pp. 089443932199865
Author(s):  
José-María Romero-Rodríguez ◽  
José-Antonio Marín-Marín ◽  
Francisco-Javier Hinojo-Lucena ◽  
Gerardo Gómez-García
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Problematic Internet Use ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Cross Sectional

The problematic Internet use (PIU) has become a topic of special relevance since it is a problem that affects the whole world. It has been detected that the population at greatest risk is university students along with adolescents. At the same time, Spain is one of the countries with the highest PIU rate. The purposes of this article were to analyze the presence and degree of Internet addiction among university students and to check the sociodemographic factors that influence the PIU. To this end, 13 hypotheses were put forward and contrasted using a structural equation model. The study adopted a cross-sectional approach by applying the Internet addiction test to a sample of undergraduate students in southern Spain ( n = 1,013). The results indicated a prevalence of PIU among students of almost 12.5% and with a moderate degree of addiction. In turn, the following hypotheses that had a significant effect on the PIU were supported: gender; field of knowledge; living in the parents’ home; Internet daily use for leisure; Internet daily use for academic purposes; number of social networks; sexual orientation; marital status. Finally, the main findings of the study were reviewed, and the main recommendations and implications for mitigating the negative effects of technology and enhancing the positive ones were established.

scholarly journals Acceptability of COVID-19 Vaccines and Protective Behavior among Adults in Taiwan: Associations between Risk Perception and Willingness to Vaccinate against COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5579
Author(s):  
Feng-Jen Tsai ◽  
Hsiu-Wen Yang ◽  
Chia-Ping Lin ◽  
Jeffrey Zen Liu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Personal Health ◽  
College Level ◽  
Protective Behavior ◽  
Protective Behaviors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
To Receive

This study aims to evaluate acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines and the impact of risk perception on vaccine acceptance and personal health protective behaviors in Taiwan. A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted from 19 to 30 October 2020; 1020 participants were included in the final analysis; chi-square and logistic regression analyses were conducted. In total, 52.7% of participants were willing to receive COVID-19 vaccines, 63.5% perceived the severity of COVID-19 in Taiwan as “not serious”, and nearly 40% were worried about COVID-19 infection. Participants with higher perceived severity of COVID-19 had significantly higher odds of refusing the vaccine (OR = 1.546), while those worried about infection had lower odds of poor health protective behaviors (OR = 0.685). Vaccine refusal reasons included “the EUA process is not strict enough” (48.7%) and “side effects” (30.3%). Those who had previously refused other vaccinations were 2.44 times more likely to refuse the COVID-19 vaccines. Participants’ age had an influence on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. In general, the Taiwanese public’s acceptance of the vaccine was lower than that in other high-income countries. Elderly participants and those with college-level education and above who had previously refused vaccines had lower willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Risk perception was positively associated with personal health protective behaviors but negatively associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.

scholarly journals Gender as moderator of the influence of tourists’ risk perception on destination image and visit intentions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Rosa Carballo ◽  
Carmelo Javier León ◽  
María Magdalena Carballo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Destination Image ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Behavioural Intentions ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to study the influence of gender on the theoretical and empirical relationships between tourists’ risk perceptions and both destination image and behavioural intentions. Design/methodology/approach An empirical study was carried out with potential tourists at home in Germany and the UK considering travelling to Spain, Egypt, Morocco, Brazil, Colombia and Indonesia. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling with multi-group analysis. Findings Results show that gender moderates the theoretical relationships between risk perception and both destination image and behavioural intentions. Risk perception is higher for women than for men and depends on the type of risks and the characteristics of the destination. Women are more likely than men to reduce their visit to a destination whenever there is an increase in their risk perceptions. However, the influence of risk perception on destination image is higher for men than for women. Thus, results prove there are significant gender differences in the theoretical relationships between risk perceptions and destination image and visiting intentions. Originality/value This paper provides new evidence on the gender differences in risk perceptions in tourism and their impact on destination image and visiting intentions, showing that whenever there are higher risks at a tourist destination women do change more than men their behavioural intentions. The results are useful for designing risk management and promotion policies at destinations that avoid the masculinisation bias, thereby considering the impact of gender differences on travel behaviour and consumption decisions.

scholarly journals Organic Cotton Clothing Purchase Behavior: A Comparative Study of Consumers in the United States and Bangladesh

Textiles ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-386
Author(s):  
Md Nakib Ul Hasan ◽  
Chuanlan Liu ◽  
Bulbul Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Organic Cotton ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Purchase Behaviors

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the differences and similarities of organic cotton clothing (OCC) purchase behaviors of the consumers who lie at the top and the bottom of the apparel supply chain. The influences of consumers’ sustainability knowledge and social norms on consumers’ attitudes and purchase intentions were examined to understand within the framework of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). Sample data were collected from the United States and Bangladesh and, finally, 136 useable responses were used for the data analysis. Among the useable responses, 85 samples were from the US (containing 91.76% female participants and 4.71% male participants) and 51 responses were from the Bangladesh sample (containing 7.84% female participants and 88.24% male participants). A structural equation model was conducted to test the proposed hypotheses. Findings showed that for US consumers, sustainability knowledge was a powerful predictor of positive attitudes towards OCC, while for Bangladeshi consumers, it was not. In the context of social norms, Bangladeshi consumers demonstrated a strong positive attitudes formation whereas American consumers were found to display less strong relationships. OCC marketers and retailers should concentrate on educating consumers about the real benefits of organic cotton consumption by disseminating proper information about organic cotton fiber and its processing.

scholarly journals Subhealth Risk Perception Scale: Development and Validation of a New Measure

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jiangjie Sun ◽  
Xueli Jiang ◽  
Yufei Gao ◽  
Chengsen He ◽  
Mingxin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Coefficient Method

Background. To develop an individual’s physical subhealth risk perception scale and evaluate its reliability and validity, so as to provide a measurement tool for individual physical health risk. Methods. A questionnaire on the perception risk of physical subhealth was developed. Using a random sampling method, 785 people in the Anhui provincial physical examination centre were selected as the research participants. Of the questionnaires returned, 770 were valid, giving an effective rate of 98%. Firstly, the Pearson correlation coefficient method was used to study the correlation of 35 items in the initial scale, and then, polychoric factor structure analysis was carried out by using the Pratt D matrix to optimize the item structure. The Cronbach’α coefficient method was used to test the internal consistency reliability, and a structural equation model was used to explore the construct validity of the scale. The discriminant validity of the scale was obtained by factor analysis. A general linear model was used to analyse the relationship between the clinical manifestations of physical subhealth and the level of risk perception, and the convergent validity of the scale was evaluated. Results. All the data of 35 items were significantly correlated at the 0.01 level. The correlation coefficients between a1 and a2, a3 and a4, b1 and b2, b2 and b3, c4 and c5, c5 and c6, c6 and c7, c8 and c9, d1 and d2, d2 and d3, e5 and e6, g1 and g2, g2 and g3, and g2 and g4 were greater than 0.6. The items with correlation coefficients greater than 0.6 were reduced by a Pratt D matrix. The resulting physical subhealth risk perception scale covers five factors with a total of 18 items. The Cronbach’α coefficient of the scale was 0.889, and the Cronbach’α coefficients of the five factors F1-F5 were 0.780, 0.825, 0.801, 0.736, and 0.704, respectively. Structural equation model analysis showed that χ 2 / df = 3.43 , p < 0.001 , RMSEA = 0.08 , GFI = 0.88 , NFI = 0.84 , AGFI = 0.84 , and CFI = 0.88 . Factor analysis showed that factors F1–F5 had significant correlations ( p < 0.01 ), and the correlation coefficients were less than the corresponding square root value of AVE. Based on the subhealth clinical manifestations of the participants, the general linear model was used to explore the convergent validity of the scale, and the results indicated that the scale passed the convergent validity test. Conclusions. We propose a physical subhealth risk perception scale amounting to 18 items, which includes five dimensions: health knowledge (2 items), risk perception (5 items), trust selection (4 items), information channel (4 items), and social groups (3 items). The reliability and validity of the physical subhealth risk perception scale are acceptable. Applying the scale into practice has potential to improve the overall public health level.

scholarly journals Employees’ Emotional, Cognitive, and Behavioral Responses to Increasing Statutory Retirement Ages

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jaap Oude Mulders ◽  
Kène Henkens ◽  
Hendrik P. van Dalen
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Age Discrimination ◽  
Proactive Behavior ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
The Social

Increasing statutory retirement ages around the world are forcing employees to prolong their working lives. We study the different ways in which mid- and late-career workers respond to such changes. We distinguish between negative emotions about working longer, cognitive engagement with prolonged employment, and proactive behavior to facilitate longer working lives. We analyze data from 1,351 employees aged 40-66 from the Netherlands. We estimate a structural equation model to identify in which ways experiences of age discrimination, accessibility of accommodative HR facilities, and social norms in the workers’ social networks are related to the three different types of responses. Results show that when employees do not experience age discrimination, when their employer offers easily accessible accommodative HR facilities, and the social norms support prolonged employment, employees have fewer negative emotional reactions and are more likely to behaviorally respond to facilitate longer working lives. When these contexts are misaligned, the reverse is generally found. We also find socioeconomic differences in the ways employees respond to the prospect of prolonged employment. This study shows the importance of supportive contexts at different levels—societally, in organizations, and in individuals’ own lives—for policy changes such as increasing statutory retirement ages to be effective. Different responses between different socioeconomic groups may lead to growing long-term inequality.

scholarly journals Determinants of Smart City Commitment among Citizens from a Middle City in Argentina

Smart Cities ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1113-1129
Author(s):  
María Verónica Alderete
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Model ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Labor Condition ◽  
Ict Use ◽  
The City

This paper aims to examine the determinants of smart-city commitment across individuals from Bahía Blanca, Argentina. Literature has identified different factors explaining citizens’ commitment to smart cities, such as education, age, labor condition, and other more subjective factors, such as trust and awareness about the smart-city concept. A mediator factor of smart commitment is e-readiness or digital readiness, that is, the level of preparedness to properly exploit internet opportunities such as e-government and e-commerce. To achieve this goal, we used a survey conducted on 97 citizens (followers of the Moderniza Bahía Facebook) from the city of Bahía Blanca, Argentina. By estimating a structural equation model, we found that higher levels of ICT use are associated with higher levels of smart-city commitment and that higher awareness of the smart-city concept is related to higher levels of smart-city commitment. Sociodemographic factors such as age and labor condition also explain ICT use.

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