scholarly journals Teachers' Implicit Attitudes Toward Students From Different Social Groups: A Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ineke M. Pit-ten Cate ◽  
Sabine Glock
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Attitudes Toward Students

scholarly journals The relationship between implicit intergroup attitudes and beliefs

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (13) ◽  
pp. 5862-5871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedek Kurdi ◽  
Thomas C. Mann ◽  
Tessa E. S. Charlesworth ◽  
Mahzarin R. Banaji
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Specific Trait ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Explicit Measures

Intergroup attitudes (evaluations) are generalized valence attributions to social groups (e.g., white–bad/Asian–good), whereas intergroup beliefs (stereotypes) are specific trait attributions to social groups (e.g., white–dumb/Asian–smart). When explicit (self-report) measures are used, attitudes toward and beliefs about the same social group are often related to each other but can also be dissociated. The present work used three approaches (correlational, experimental, and archival) to conduct a systematic investigation of the relationship between implicit (indirectly revealed) intergroup attitudes and beliefs. In study 1 (n= 1,942), we found significant correlations and, in some cases, evidence for redundancy, between Implicit Association Tests (IATs) measuring attitudes toward and beliefs about the same social groups (meanr= 0.31, 95% confidence interval: [0.24; 0.39]). In study 2 (n= 383), manipulating attitudes via evaluative conditioning produced parallel changes in belief IATs, demonstrating that implicit attitudes can causally drive implicit beliefs when information about the specific semantic trait is absent. In study 3, we used word embeddings derived from a large corpus of online text to show that the relative distance of 22 social groups from positive vs. negative words (reflecting generalized attitudes) was highly correlated with their distance from warm vs. cold, and even competent vs. incompetent, words (reflecting specific beliefs). Overall, these studies provide convergent evidence for tight connections between implicit attitudes and beliefs, suggesting that the dissociations observed using explicit measures may arise uniquely from deliberate judgment processes.

Defining Stereotypes and Stereotyping

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-30
Author(s):  
Katherine Puddifoot
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Pragmatic Argument ◽  
Normative Conception ◽  
Normative Account

How Stereotypes Deceives Us aims to illuminate the conditions under which stereotypes and stereotyping lead to misperceptions and misjudgements, but what exactly are stereotypes and what is stereotyping? This chapter defends the definitions of stereotypes and stereotyping that are adopted throughout this book. In particular, this chapter defends a non-normative conception of stereotyping, according to which stereotypes can be accurate or inaccurate, and stereotyping can be distorting or non-distorting. Existing arguments in favour of the non-normative account are critically evaluated before a pragmatic argument is presented and defended. It is argued that stereotypes should be defined as comparative social attitudes that make distinctions between social groups. Reasons are given for accepting that social attitudes other than beliefs, including implicit attitudes, should count as stereotypes.

Meta-analysis of Research on Class Size and Its Relationship to Attitudes and Instruction

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Lee Smith ◽  
Gene V Glass
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Climate ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Logarithmic Model ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
School Participation ◽  
Attitudes Toward Students ◽  
Statistical Integration ◽  
Integration Analysis

Features of 59 studies of this relationship were coded and quantified and 371 findings were transformed into a common metric for statistical integration. Analysis, based on a logarithmic model, revealed a substantial relationship between class size and teacher and pupil attitudes as well as instruction. Favorable teacher effects (workload, morale, attitudes toward students) are associated with smaller classes as are favorable effects on students (self-concept, interest in school, participation). Smaller classes are associated with greater attempts to individualize instruction and better classroom climate. The results complement those of a previous meta-analysis that showed positive effects of class size on achievement.

scholarly journals The association between implicit attitudes toward physical activity and physical activity behavior: A systematic review and correlational meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Chevance ◽  
Bernard Paquito ◽  
Pier-Eric Chamberland ◽  
Amanda L. Rebar
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Physical Activity Behavior ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Analytical Strategies ◽  
Activity Behavior

As a result of recent calls to attend to the implicit processes that regulate health behaviors, the study of implicit attitudes and physical activity behavior has grown rapidly in the past decade. The aim of this study was to summarize existing evidence on the extent to which implicit attitudes toward physical activity are associated with physical activity behavior. A systematic literature review was performed to retrieve studies reporting both a measure of implicit attitudes and physical activity. For the meta-analysis, effect size (Pearson’s r) were extracted from eligible studies or retrieved from authors. A total of 26 independent studies, and 55 effect sizes, were eligible. There was a small, significant, and positive correlation between implicit attitudes and physical activity, a finding replicated across multiple meta-analytical strategies with sensitivity analyses applied. This association was not significantly moderated by study design or objective, participants’ age or other characteristics, or measures of implicit attitudes or physical activity. This meta-analysis provides evidence that implicit attitudes toward physical activity are positively associated with physical activity in adults to a small degree.

scholarly journals Health Equity in the Effectiveness of Web-Based Health Interventions for the Self-Care of People With Chronic Health Conditions: Systematic Review (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Turnbull ◽  
Christie Cabral ◽  
Alastair Hay ◽  
Patricia J Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
Gender And Health ◽  
Minority Ethnic

BACKGROUND Web-based self-care interventions have the potential to reduce health inequalities by removing barriers to access to health care. However, there is a lack of evidence about the equalizing effects of these interventions on chronic conditions. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the differences in the effectiveness of web-based behavioral change interventions for the self-care of high burden chronic health conditions (eg, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], diabetes, and osteoarthritis) across socioeconomic and cultural groups. METHODS A systematic review was conducted, following Cochrane review guidelines. We conducted searches in Ovid Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases. Studies with any quantitative design were included (published between January 1, 2006, and February 20, 2019) if they investigated web-based self-care interventions targeting asthma, COPD, diabetes, and osteoarthritis; were conducted in any high-income country; and reported variations in health, behavior, or psychosocial outcomes across social groups. Study outcomes were investigated for heterogeneity, and the possibility of a meta-analysis was explored. A narrative synthesis was provided together with a novel figure that was developed for this review, displaying heterogeneous outcomes. RESULTS Overall, 7346 records were screened and 18 studies were included, most of which had a high or critical risk of bias. Important study features and essential data were often not reported. The meta-analysis was not possible due to the heterogeneity of outcomes. There was evidence that intervention effectiveness was modified by participants’ social characteristics. Minority ethnic groups were found to benefit more from interventions than majority ethnic groups. Single studies with variable quality showed that those with higher education, who were employed, and adolescents with divorced parents benefited more from interventions. The evidence for differences by age, gender, and health literacy was conflicting (eg, in some instances, older people benefited more, and in others, younger people benefited more). There was no evidence of differences in income, numeracy, or household size. CONCLUSIONS There was evidence that web-based self-care interventions for chronic conditions can be advantageous for some social groups (ie, minority ethnic groups, adolescents with divorced parents) and disadvantageous for other (ie, low education, unemployed) social groups who have historically experienced health inequity. However, these findings should be treated with caution as most of the evidence came from a small number of low-quality studies. The findings for gender and health literacy were mixed across studies on diabetes, and the findings for age were mixed across studies on asthma, COPD, and diabetes. There was no evidence that income, numeracy, or the number of people living in the household modified intervention effectiveness. We conclude that there appear to be interaction effects, which warrant exploration in future research, and recommend a priori consideration of the predicted interaction effects.

Zjawisko stereotypizacji, uprzedzeń i dyskryminacji „eurosierot” w świetle wyników ośmiu badań eksperymentalnych i podsumowującej metaanalizy

2021 ◽  
pp. 129-149
Author(s):  
Sławomir Trusz
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Cohen’S D ◽  
Educational Implications ◽  
Linguistic Relativism ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination ◽  
Cohen's D ◽  
Three Factor

Referring to the children of circular migrants as Euro-orphans could arouse implicit negative attitudes, serving as an essential source of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination against them. Based on: (1) the three-factor theory of attitude, (2) the automatisation of cognitive, emotional and behavioural processes concept, and (3) the linguistic relativism theory, and the aforementioned assumption was tested in eight experiments (n = 160 subjects), and the gathered data were summarised in the meta-analysis. It turned out that contact with the term “Euro-orphan” (vs. “child”) was the source of negative attitudes among 73% of participants (Cohen’s d = 0.693). The strongest effect was recorded in the behavioural (1.195), affective (0.556) and cognitive domain of attitude (0.309). The observed regularities and their practical (educational) implications were discussed in the light of the theory of stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination of various social groups.

scholarly journals Health Equity in the Effectiveness of Web-Based Health Interventions for the Self-Care of People With Chronic Health Conditions: Systematic Review

10.2196/17849 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. e17849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Turnbull ◽  
Christie Cabral ◽  
Alastair Hay ◽  
Patricia J Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
Gender And Health ◽  
Minority Ethnic

Background Web-based self-care interventions have the potential to reduce health inequalities by removing barriers to access to health care. However, there is a lack of evidence about the equalizing effects of these interventions on chronic conditions. Objective This study investigated the differences in the effectiveness of web-based behavioral change interventions for the self-care of high burden chronic health conditions (eg, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], diabetes, and osteoarthritis) across socioeconomic and cultural groups. Methods A systematic review was conducted, following Cochrane review guidelines. We conducted searches in Ovid Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases. Studies with any quantitative design were included (published between January 1, 2006, and February 20, 2019) if they investigated web-based self-care interventions targeting asthma, COPD, diabetes, and osteoarthritis; were conducted in any high-income country; and reported variations in health, behavior, or psychosocial outcomes across social groups. Study outcomes were investigated for heterogeneity, and the possibility of a meta-analysis was explored. A narrative synthesis was provided together with a novel figure that was developed for this review, displaying heterogeneous outcomes. Results Overall, 7346 records were screened and 18 studies were included, most of which had a high or critical risk of bias. Important study features and essential data were often not reported. The meta-analysis was not possible due to the heterogeneity of outcomes. There was evidence that intervention effectiveness was modified by participants’ social characteristics. Minority ethnic groups were found to benefit more from interventions than majority ethnic groups. Single studies with variable quality showed that those with higher education, who were employed, and adolescents with divorced parents benefited more from interventions. The evidence for differences by age, gender, and health literacy was conflicting (eg, in some instances, older people benefited more, and in others, younger people benefited more). There was no evidence of differences in income, numeracy, or household size. Conclusions There was evidence that web-based self-care interventions for chronic conditions can be advantageous for some social groups (ie, minority ethnic groups, adolescents with divorced parents) and disadvantageous for other (ie, low education, unemployed) social groups who have historically experienced health inequity. However, these findings should be treated with caution as most of the evidence came from a small number of low-quality studies. The findings for gender and health literacy were mixed across studies on diabetes, and the findings for age were mixed across studies on asthma, COPD, and diabetes. There was no evidence that income, numeracy, or the number of people living in the household modified intervention effectiveness. We conclude that there appear to be interaction effects, which warrant exploration in future research, and recommend a priori consideration of the predicted interaction effects. Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42017056163; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=56163

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document