scholarly journals The Contributions of Updating in Working Memory Sub-Processes for Sight-Reading Music Beyond Age and Practice Effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Herrero ◽  
Nuria Carriedo
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Practice Effects ◽  
Sight Reading ◽  
Reading Music

The Effects of Task Complexity and Practice on Dual-Task Interference in Visuospatial Working Memory

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Murray ◽  
Ken McFarland ◽  
Gina Geffen
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Practice Effects ◽  
Task Interference ◽  
Recent Letter ◽  
Behavioural Performance ◽  
Linear Slope ◽  
Dual Task Interference ◽  
Back Task

AbstractAlthough the n-back task has been widely applied to neuroimagery investigations of working memory (WM), the role of practice effects on behavioural performance of this task has not yet been investigated. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of task complexity and familiarity on the n-back task. Seventy-seven participants (39 male, 38 female) completed a visuospatial n-back task four times, twice in two testing sessions separated by a week. Participants were required to remember either the first, second or third (n-back) most recent letter positions in a continuous sequence and to indicate whether the current item matched or did not match the remembered position. A control task, with no working memory requirements required participants to match to a predetermined stimulus position. In both testing sessions, reaction time (RT) and error rate increased with increasing WM load. An exponential slope for RTs in the first session indicated dual-task interference at the 3-back level. However, a linear slope in the second session indicated a reduction of dual-task interference. Attenuation of interference in the second session suggested a reduction in executive demands of the task with practice. This suggested that practice effects occur within the n-back task and need to be controlled for in future neuroimagery research using the task.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Working memory training does not improve executive functioning or fluid intelligence

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110395
Author(s):  
Jose A. Rodas ◽  
Ciara Greene
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Working Memory Training ◽  
Practice Effects ◽  
Memory Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Training Task ◽  
And Control

Several studies have reported that cognitive training can lead to improvements of complex mental skills such as intelligence. However, attempts to replicate these findings have not been very successful with many studies reporting lack of transferable effects on cognitive processes unrelated to the training task. On the other hand, transfer effects on cognitive processes closely related to the training task have been more commonly reported. In this study, we investigated the effects of a frequently used working-memory training programme on fluid intelligence and specific executive functions (updating, inhibition, switching, the focus of attention, and sustained attention). We remedied common issues with previous training studies by using an active control group, using more than one instrument to assess each function, and including a larger sample size. The experimental group showed significant improvement in the training task, indicating strong practice effects. However, no evidence of training-specific transfer was found in any of the variables investigated, and we could not find any of the previous improvements reported. Participants in both the training and control group showed post-training improvements in most of the outcome variables, suggesting that practice effects can be found even when a task is only performed twice. We conclude by discussing possible explanations for the differences between our results and those reported in prior studies, and recommend that any claims of improvement should be supported by studies capable of replicating them.

scholarly journals Visual-motor activity of professional pianists at sight-reading music

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 3-26
Author(s):  
Lyubov A. Boyko ◽  
Leonid V Tereshchenko ◽  
Boris B. Velichkovsky ◽  
Alexander V. Latanov
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Sight Reading ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Reading Music

scholarly journals Working memory training does not improve executive functioning or fluid intelligence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose A. Rodas ◽  
Ciara Greene
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Working Memory Training ◽  
Practice Effects ◽  
Memory Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Training Task ◽  
And Control

Several studies have reported that cognitive training can lead to improvements of complex mental skills such as intelligence. However, attempts to replicate these findings have not been very successful with many studies reporting lack of transferable effects on cognitive processes unrelated to the training task. On the other hand, transfer effects on cognitive processes closely related to the training task have been more commonly reported. In this study, we investigated the effects of a frequently used working-memory training programme on fluid intelligence and specific executive functions (updating, inhibition, switching, the focus of attention, and sustained attention). We remedied common issues with previous training studies by using an active control group, using more than one instrument to assess each function, and including a larger sample size. The experimental group showed significant improvement in the training task, indicating strong practice effects. However, no evidence of training-specific transfer was found in any of the variables investigated, and we could not replicate any of the previous findings reported. Participants in both the training and control group showed post-training improvements in most of the outcome variables, suggesting that practice effects can be found even when a task is only performed twice. We conclude by discussing possible explanations for the differences between our results and those reported in prior studies, and recommend that any claims of improvement should be supported by studies capable of replicating them.

scholarly journals Investigation of a Model-Based Working Memory Training With and Without Distractor Inhibition and Its Comparative Efficacy: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Healthy Old Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priska Zuber ◽  
Emanuel Geiter ◽  
Dominique J.-F. de Quervain ◽  
Stefano Magon
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Practice Effects ◽  
Comparative Efficacy ◽  
Far Transfer ◽  
Distractor Inhibition ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Univariate Analyses

Background: Various working memory (WM) trainings have been tested, but differences in experimental designs, the lack of theoretical background, and the need of identifying task-related processes such as filtering efficiency limit conclusions about their comparative efficacy.Objectives: In this study, we compared the efficacy of a model-based WM training with (MB+) and without (MB) distractor inhibition on improving WM capacity to a dual n-back and active control condition.Methods: This randomized clinical trial included 123 healthy elderly adults (78 women, 45 men; aged 64.1 ± 8.3 years). All groups underwent 12 40-min training sessions over 3 weeks and four cognitive testing sessions. The first two sessions served as double baseline to account for practice effects. Primary outcome was WM capacity post-training measured by complex span tasks. Near and far transfer was assessed by simple span, n-back, visuospatial and verbal learning, processing speed, and reasoning tasks.Results: Due to preliminary termination (COVID-19), 93 subjects completed the post-training and 60 subjects the follow-up session. On a whole group level, practice effects occurred from prebaseline to baseline in WM capacity (b = 4.85, t(103) = 4.01, p < 0.001, r = 0.37). Linear mixed-effects models revealed a difference in WM capacity post-training between MB+ and MB (b = −9.62, t(82) = −2.52, p = 0.014, r = 0.27) and a trend difference between MB+ and dual n-back (b = −7.59, t(82) = −1.87, p = 0.065, r = 0.20) and control training (b = −7.08, t(82) = −1.86, p = 0.067, r = 0.20). Univariate analyses showed an increase between pre- and post-training for WM capacity within MB+ (t(22) = −3.34, p < 0.05) only. There was no difference between groups pre- and post-training regarding near and far transfer. Univariate analyses showed improved visuospatial learning within MB+ (t(21) = −3.8, p < 0.05), improved processing speed (t(23) = 2.19, p< 0.05) and n-back performance (t(23) = 2.12, p < 0.05) in MB, and improved n-back performance (t(25) = 3.83, p < 0.001) in the dual n-back training.Interpretation: A model-based WM training including filtering efficacy may be a promising approach to increase WM capacity and needs further investigation in randomized controlled studies.

Practice effects in the brain: Changes in cerebral activation after working memory practice depend on task demands

NeuroImage ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 658-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietsje D. Jolles ◽  
Meike J. Grol ◽  
Mark A. Van Buchem ◽  
Serge A.R.B. Rombouts ◽  
Eveline A. Crone
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Practice Effects ◽  
Cerebral Activation ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
The Brain

Towards a general model of skills involved in sight reading music

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard Kopiez ◽  
Ji In Lee
Keyword(s):  
General Model ◽  
Sight Reading ◽  
Reading Music

scholarly journals Effective Music Sight-Reading Training Strategies Target Visual Working Memory

Psychology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 120-125
Author(s):  
Jue Zhou ◽  
Ying Zhong ◽  
Ye Bai
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Sight Reading ◽  
Training Strategies
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