scholarly journals Investigating Fast Mapping Task Components: No Evidence for the Role of Semantic Referent nor Semantic Inference in Healthy Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Cooper ◽  
Andrea Greve ◽  
Richard N. Henson
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Fast Mapping ◽  
Semantic Inference ◽  
Mapping Task ◽  
Semantic Referent

scholarly journals Investigating Fast Mapping task components: no evidence for the role of semantic referent nor semantic inference in healthy adults

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Cooper ◽  
Andrea Greve ◽  
Richard Henson
Keyword(s):  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Fast Mapping ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Semantic Inference ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Memory Rehabilitation ◽  
Semantic Referent

Fast Mapping (FM) is an incidental learning process that is hypothesised to allow rapid, cortical-based memory formation, independent of the normal, hippocampally-dependent episodic memory system. It is believed to underlie the rapid vocabulary learning in infants that occurs separately from intentional memorisation strategies. Interest in adult FM learningwas stimulated by a report in which adults with amnesia following hippocampal damage showed a normal ability to learn new object-name associations after an incidental FM task,despite their impaired memory under a conventional intentional memorisation task. This remarkable finding has important implications for memory rehabilitation, and has led to a number of neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies in other patients and controls. Given this growing interest in adult FM, we conducted four behavioural experiments with healthy adults (N=24 young or older adults in Experiment 1-3 using within-participantdesigns; N=195 young adults in Experiment 4 using a between-participant design) that attempted to dissect which component(s) of the FM task are important for memory. Two key components of the FM task have been claimed to support FM learning: i) provision of a known semantic referent and ii) requirement that the new association be inferred. Experiment  1 provided no evidence that removing the semantic referent impaired memory performance, while Experiment 2 provided no evidence that removing the semantic inference impaired performance. Experiment 3 was a replication of Experiment 2 with older participants, basedon the hypothesis (from studies of amnesic individuals) that FM would be more effective following the hippocampal atrophy typical of increasing age, but again found no evidence that semantic inference is beneficial. Given potential concerns about contamination between tasks when each participant performed multiple variants of the FM task, we ran a final between-participant design in which each participant only ever did one condition. Despite  80% power and despite being able to detect better memory following intentional memorisation in the explicit encoding (EE) control condition than in each of the FMconditions, we again found no evidence of differences between any FM conditions. We  conclude that there is no evidence that the components hypothesized to be critical for FM are relevant to healthy adults.

scholarly journals The Role of Audiovisual Speech in Fast-Mapping and Novel Word Retention in Monolingual and Bilingual 24-Month-Olds

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Drew Weatherhead ◽  
Maria M. Arredondo ◽  
Loreto Nácar Garcia ◽  
Janet F. Werker
Keyword(s):  
Audiovisual Speech ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Fast Mapping ◽  
Linguistic Support ◽  
Word Retention ◽  
Mapping Task ◽  
Novel Words

Three experiments examined the role of audiovisual speech on 24-month-old monolingual and bilinguals’ performance in a fast-mapping task. In all three experiments, toddlers were exposed to familiar trials which tested their knowledge of known word–referent pairs, disambiguation trials in which novel word–referent pairs were indirectly learned, and retention trials which probed their recognition of the newly-learned word–referent pairs. In Experiment 1 (n = 48), lip movements were present during familiar and disambiguation trials, but not retention trials. In Experiment 2 (n = 48), lip movements were present during all three trial types. In Experiment 3 (bilinguals only, n = 24), a still face with no lip movements was present in all three trial types. While toddlers succeeded in the familiar and disambiguation trials of every experiment, success in the retention trials was only found in Experiment 2. This work suggests that the extra-linguistic support provided by lip movements improved the learning and recognition of the novel words.

scholarly journals Congruent Validity of Resting Energy Expenditure Predictive Equations in Young Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Amaro-Gahete ◽  
Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado ◽  
Juan Alcantara ◽  
Borja Martinez-Tellez ◽  
Victoria Muñoz-Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Predictive Equations ◽  
Resting Energy

Having valid and reliable resting energy expenditure (REE) estimations is crucial to establish reachable goals for dietary and exercise interventions. However, most of the REE predictive equations were developed some time ago and, as the body composition of the current population has changed, it is highly relevant to assess the validity of REE predictive equations in contemporary young adults. In addition, little is known about the role of sex and weight status on the validity of these predictive equations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of sex and weight status in congruent validity of REE predictive equations in young adults. A total of 132 young healthy adults (67.4% women, 18–26 years old) participated in the study. We measured REE by indirect calorimetry strictly following the standard procedures, and we compared it to 45 predictive equations. The most accurate equations were the following: (i) the Schofield and the “Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization/United Nations” (FAO/WHO/UNU) equations in normal weight men; (ii) the Mifflin and FAO/WHO/UNU equations in normal weight women; (iii) the Livingston and Korth equations in overweight men; (iv) the Johnstone and Frankenfield equations in overweight women; (v) the Owen and Bernstein equations in obese men; and (vi) the Owen equation in obese women. In conclusion, the results of this study show that the best equation to estimate REE depends on sex and weight status in young healthy adults.

scholarly journals Rapid acquisition through fast mapping: stable memory over time and role of prior knowledge

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 177-189
Author(s):  
Cuihong Li ◽  
Zhongyu Hu ◽  
Jiongjiong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Fast Mapping ◽  
Rapid Acquisition ◽  
Stable Memory ◽  
Over Time

Effects of grammatical category and morphology on fast mapping in typically developing and late talking toddlers

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Rujas ◽  
Marta Casla ◽  
Sonia Mariscal ◽  
Miguel Lázaro López-Villaseñor ◽  
Eva Murillo Sanz
Keyword(s):  
Extension Phase ◽  
Lexical Acquisition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Fast Mapping ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Late Talkers ◽  
Mapping Task

The purpose of this study was to examine early fast mapping abilities in late talkers (LT) and typically developing (TD) Spanish-speaking children by considering the effect of different variables on fast mapping (age, vocabulary level, grammatical category and number morphology). Thirty-eight Spanish-speaking children were assessed at three times (21 to 24 months at the beginning of the study). A group of LT was matched in age with a TD control group. They completed a fast mapping task with a disambiguation phase and an extension phase. Results show that vocabulary level and age interact with grammatical category and number morphology. TD children’s performance was significantly higher than LT children’s, but these differences decreased with age. Results suggest that the incorporation of new labels does not work automatically; some children may need repeated exposures to word–referent pairings. Longitudinal results suggest the importance of looking at the dynamics of lexical acquisition in addition to vocabulary size.

Should we suppress or reappraise our stress?: the moderating role of reappraisal on cortisol reactivity and recovery in healthy adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Raymond ◽  
Marie-France Marin ◽  
Robert-Paul Juster ◽  
Sonia J. Lupien
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Cortisol Reactivity ◽  
Moderating Role

The Role of Nitric Oxide in Skin Blood Flow Increases Due to Vibration in Healthy Adults and Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen Maloney-Hinds ◽  
Jerrold S. Petrofsky ◽  
Grenith Zimmerman ◽  
David A. Hessinger
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Healthy Adults

The Type, but Not the Amount, of Information Available Influences Toddlers' Fast Mapping and Retention of New Words

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn W. Brady ◽  
Judith C. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Word Learning ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Fast Mapping ◽  
New Words ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Significant Rate ◽  
Mapping Task ◽  
Novel Words

Purpose The authors of this study examined whether the type and number of word-learning cues affect how children infer and retain word-meaning mappings and whether the use of these cues changes with age. Method Forty-eight 18- to 36-month-old children with typical language participated in a fast-mapping task in which 6 novel words were presented with 3 types of cues to the words' referents, either singly or in pairs. One day later, children were tested for retention of the novel words. Results By 24 months of age, children correctly inferred the referents of the novel words at a significant level. Children retained the meanings of words at a significant rate by 30 months of age. Children retained the first 3 of the 6 word-meaning mappings by 24 months of age. For both fast mapping and retention, the efficacy of different cue types changed with development, but children were equally successful whether the novel words were presented with 1 or 2 cues. Conclusion The type of information available to children at fast mapping affects their ability to both form and retain word-meaning associations. Providing children with more information in the form of paired cues had no effect on either fast mapping or retention.

scholarly journals Role Of Gender In Anti-oxidant Response To A Bout Of Aerobic Exercise In Healthy Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 431
Author(s):  
Anam Ahmad ◽  
Zoe Morris ◽  
Lisa M.K. Chin ◽  
Rebekah Feng ◽  
Leo Saligan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Anti Oxidant
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