scholarly journals A Validation of Automatically-Generated Areas-of-Interest in Videos of a Face for Eye-Tracking Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy S. Hessels ◽  
Jeroen S. Benjamins ◽  
Tim H. W. Cornelissen ◽  
Ignace T. C. Hooge
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Areas Of Interest

The Use of Eye Tracking to Discern the Threshold at Which Metopic Orbitofrontal Deformity Attracts Attention

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1392-1401
Author(s):  
Mark P. Pressler ◽  
Emily L. Geisler ◽  
Rami R. Hallac ◽  
James R. Seaward ◽  
Alex A. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Average Dwell Time ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Introduction and Objectives: Surgical treatment for trigonocephaly aims to eliminate a stigmatizing deformity, yet the severity that captures unwanted attention is unknown. Surgeons intervene at different points of severity, eliciting controversy. This study used eye tracking to investigate when deformity is perceived. Material and Methods: Three-dimensional photogrammetric images of a normal child and a child with trigonocephaly were mathematically deformed, in 10% increments, to create a spectrum of 11 images. These images were shown to participants using an eye tracker. Participants’ gaze patterns were analyzed, and participants were asked if each image looked “normal” or “abnormal.” Results: Sixty-six graduate students were recruited. Average dwell time toward pathologic areas of interest (AOIs) increased proportionally, from 0.77 ± 0.33 seconds at 0% deformity to 1.08 ± 0.75 seconds at 100% deformity ( P < .0001). A majority of participants did not agree an image looked “abnormal” until 90% deformity from any angle. Conclusion: Eye tracking can be used as a proxy for attention threshold toward orbitofrontal deformity. The amount of attention toward orbitofrontal AOIs increased proportionally with severity. Participants did not generally agree there was “abnormality” until deformity was severe. This study supports the assertion that surgical intervention may be best reserved for more severe deformity.

scholarly journals Eye Tracking Technology in Detecting the Switch Cost in the Intra-sentential Code-Switching Contexts

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Liqin Wu ◽  
Cuihua Xi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Reading Efficiency ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Switch cost and cost site have been controversial issues in the code-switching studies. This research conducted an eye tracking experiment on eight bilingual subjects to measure their switch cost and cost site in comprehending the intra-sentential code-switching (Chinese and English) and the unilingual (pure Chinese) stimuli. The English words and their Chinese translations or equivalents were assumed as the key words in either a unilingual or an intra-sentential code-switching paragraph. These key words were located as areas of interest (AOI) with the same height and consisted of three word-frequency levels. After the experiment, the subjects were required to do a comprehension test to ensure their real understanding of the English words. Their performances in two different reading contexts were compared by adopting a paired sample t-test. Their eye movement data were validated by using 2 x 3 repeated measures ANOVA. It was revealed that: 1) the subjects’ scores in the intra-sentential code-switching contexts were higher than those in the unilingual ones, i.e. reading efficiency increased in the intra-sentential code-switching contexts; 2) word frequency had little effect on word recognition speed in the intra-sentential code-switching contexts, i.e., the least frequently used words did not necessarily take the subjects’ more time or vice versa; 3) even if a switch cost occurred(on rare occasions), it was not necessarily at the switching site, and low frequency words in alternating languages did impair performance even when the switch occurred at a sentence boundary.

scholarly journals A Unique Visual Attention Profile Associated With the FMR1 Premutation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Winston ◽  
Kritika Nayar ◽  
Emily Landau ◽  
Nell Maltman ◽  
John Sideris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Picture Book ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Fmr1 Premutation ◽  
Tracking Tasks ◽  
Neurocognitive Profile ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Atypical visual attention patterns have been observed among carriers of the fragile X mental retardation gene (FMR1) premutation (PM), with some similarities to visual attention patterns observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and among clinically unaffected relatives of individuals with ASD. Patterns of visual attention could constitute biomarkers that can help to inform the neurocognitive profile of the PM, and that potentially span diagnostic boundaries. This study examined patterns of eye movement across an array of fixation measurements from three distinct eye-tracking tasks in order to investigate potentially overlapping profiles of visual attention among PM carriers, ASD parents, and parent controls. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine whether variables constituting a PM-specific looking profile were able to effectively predict group membership. Participants included 65PM female carriers, 188 ASD parents, and 84 parent controls. Analyses of fixations across the eye-tracking tasks, and their corresponding areas of interest, revealed a distinct visual attention pattern in carriers of the FMR1 PM, characterized by increased fixations on the mouth when viewing faces, more intense focus on bodies in socially complex scenes, and decreased fixations on salient characters and faces while narrating a wordless picture book. This set of variables was able to successfully differentiate individuals with the PM from controls (Sensitivity = 0.76, Specificity = 0.85, Accuracy = 0.77) as well as from ASD parents (Sensitivity = 0.70, Specificity = 0.80, Accuracy = 0.72), but did not show a strong distinction between ASD parents and controls (Accuracy = 0.62), indicating that this set of variables comprises a profile that is unique to PM carriers. Regarding predictive power, fixations toward the mouth when viewing faces was able to differentiate PM carriers from both ASD parents and controls, whereas fixations toward other social stimuli did not differentiate PM carriers from ASD parents, highlighting some overlap in visual attention patterns that could point toward shared neurobiological mechanisms. Results demonstrate a profile of visual attention that appears strongly associated with the FMR1 PM in women, and may constitute a meaningful biomarker.

Identification of Temporally Varying Areas of Interest in Long-Duration Eye-Tracking Data Sets

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiviraj K. Muthumanickam ◽  
Katerina Vrotsou ◽  
Aida Nordman ◽  
Jimmy Johansson ◽  
Matthew Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Child and adult readers’ processing of foreign elements in translated South African picturebooks

Target ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haidee Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Children's Literature ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Adult Readers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Reading Study

The tension between domesticating and foreignising translation strategies is particularly strongly felt in the translation of children’s literature, and has been a key issue in many studies of such literature. However, despite the pervasiveness of the concepts, there is little existing empirical research investigating how child (and adult) readers of translated children’s books process and respond to for eignised elements in translation. This means that scholars’ arguments in favour of either domestication or foreignisation in the translation of children’s literature are often based on intuition and personal experience, with no substantial empirical basis. This article presents the findings of an experiment undertaken to investigate Afrikaans child and adult readers’ processing of and responses to potentially linguistically and culturally foreign textual elements in translated children’s picturebooks, against the background of postcolonial/neocolonial cultural and linguistic hybridity in South Africa. The paper reports the results relating to two of the research questions informing the study: Does the use of foreignised elements in translated children’s picturebooks have any significant effect on the cognitive effort involved in reading for child and adult readers? Is the comprehension of child and adult readers affected by the use of for eignised elements in translated children’s picturebooks? A reading study utilising eye-tracking was conducted, involving both child and adult participants reading manipulated domesticated and foreignised versions of pages from two picturebooks translated from English to Afrikaans. To answer research question (1), data obtained by means of eye-tracking were analysed for dwell time, fixation count, first fixation duration and glances count for areas of interest (AOIs) reflecting domesticating or foreignising translation strategies. In order to answer question (2), short structured questionnaires or interviews with participants were used, focusing on the degree of comprehension of the two texts. Overall, the findings of the experiment demonstrate that while there are perceptible effects on processing and comprehension associated with the use of foreignising strategies, these effects are not straightforward or uniform, with notable differences not only for different AOIs, but also for child and adult readers.

Areas of Interest as a Signal Detection Problem in Behavioral Eye-Tracking Research

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob L. Orquin ◽  
Nathaniel J. S. Ashby ◽  
Alasdair D. F. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Detection Problem ◽  
Areas Of Interest

scholarly journals Use of Eye-Tracking Technology by Medical Students Taking the Objective Structured Clinical Examination: Descriptive Study

10.2196/17719 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. e17719
Author(s):  
M D Grima-Murcia ◽  
Francisco Sanchez-Ferrer ◽  
Jose Manuel Ramos-Rincón ◽  
Eduardo Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Objective Structured Clinical Examination ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Clinical Competencies ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Technology

Background The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is a test used throughout Spain to evaluate the clinical competencies, decision making, problem solving, and other skills of sixth-year medical students. Objective The main goal of this study is to explore the possible applications and utility of portable eye-tracking systems in the setting of the OSCE, particularly questions associated with attention and engagement. Methods We used a portable Tobii Glasses 2 eye tracker, which allows real-time monitoring of where the students were looking and records the voice and ambient sounds. We then performed a qualitative and a quantitative analysis of the fields of vision and gaze points attracting attention as well as the visual itinerary. Results Eye-tracking technology was used in the OSCE with no major issues. This portable system was of the greatest value in the patient simulators and mannequin stations, where interaction with the simulated patient or areas of interest in the mannequin can be quantified. This technology proved useful to better identify the areas of interest in the medical images provided. Conclusions Portable eye trackers offer the opportunity to improve the objective evaluation of candidates and the self-evaluation of the stations used as well as medical simulations by examiners. We suggest that this technology has enough resolution to identify where a student is looking at and could be useful for developing new approaches for evaluating specific aspects of clinical competencies.

scholarly journals Computer-generated facial areas of interest in eye tracking research: A simulation study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Vehlen ◽  
William Standard ◽  
Gregor Domes
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Voronoi Tessellation ◽  
Data Accuracy ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Type I Errors ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Type Ii Errors ◽  
The Impact

Advances in eye tracking technology have enabled the development of interactive experimental setups to study social attention. Since these setups differ substantially from the eye tracker manufacturer’s test conditions, validation is essential with regard to data quality and other factors potentially threatening data validity. In this study, we evaluated the impact of data accuracy and areas of interest (AOIs) size on the classification of simulated gaze data. We defined AOIs of different sizes using the Limited-Radius Voronoi-Tessellation (LRVT) method, and simulated gaze data for facial target points with varying data accuracy. As hypothesized, we found that data accuracy and AOI size had strong effects on gaze classification. In addition, these effects were not independent and differed for falsely classified gaze inside AOIs (Type I errors) and falsely classified gaze outside the predefined AOIs (Type II errors). The results indicate that smaller AOIs generally minimize false classifications as long as data accuracy is good enough. For studies with lower data accuracy, Type II errors can still be compensated to some extent by using larger AOIs, but at the cost of an increased probability of Type I errors. Proper estimation of data accuracy is therefore essential for making informed decisions regarding the size of AOIs.

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