scholarly journals Individual Differences in Relational Learning and Analogical Reasoning: A Computational Model of Longitudinal Change

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonidas A. A. Doumas ◽  
Robert G. Morrison ◽  
Lindsey E. Richland
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Relational Learning ◽  
Longitudinal Change

scholarly journals Information-theoretic Modeling of Perceived Musical Complexity

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Sauvé ◽  
Marcus T. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Probabilistic Prediction ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Musical Background ◽  
Musical Excerpts ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Perceived Complexity

What makes a piece of music appear complex to a listener? This research extends previous work by Eerola (2016), examining information content generated by a computational model of auditory expectation (IDyOM) based on statistical learning and probabilistic prediction as an empirical definition of perceived musical complexity. We systematically manipulated the melody, rhythm, and harmony of short polyphonic musical excerpts using the model to ensure that these manipulations systematically varied information content in the intended direction. Complexity ratings collected from 28 participants were found to positively correlate most strongly with melodic and harmonic information content, which corresponded to descriptive musical features such as the proportion of out-of-key notes and tonal ambiguity. When individual differences were considered, these explained more variance than the manipulated predictors. Musical background was not a significant predictor of complexity ratings. The results support information content, as implemented by IDyOM, as an information-theoretic measure of complexity as well as extending IDyOM's range of applications to perceived complexity.

scholarly journals Pupil Diameter Tracks the Exploration–Exploitation Trade-off during Analogical Reasoning and Explains Individual Differences in Fluid Intelligence

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor R. Hayes ◽  
Alexander A. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Pupillary Response ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Verbal Protocols ◽  
Exploration And Exploitation

The ability to adaptively shift between exploration and exploitation control states is critical for optimizing behavioral performance. Converging evidence from primate electrophysiology and computational neural modeling has suggested that this ability may be mediated by the broad norepinephrine projections emanating from the locus coeruleus (LC) [Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: Adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28, 403–450, 2005]. There is also evidence that pupil diameter covaries systematically with LC activity. Although imperfect and indirect, this link makes pupillometry a useful tool for studying the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system in humans and in high-level tasks. Here, we present a novel paradigm that examines how the pupillary response during exploration and exploitation covaries with individual differences in fluid intelligence during analogical reasoning on Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices. Pupillometry was used as a noninvasive proxy for LC activity, and concurrent think-aloud verbal protocols were used to identify exploratory and exploitative solution periods. This novel combination of pupillometry and verbal protocols from 40 participants revealed a decrease in pupil diameter during exploitation and an increase during exploration. The temporal dynamics of the pupillary response was characterized by a steep increase during the transition to exploratory periods, sustained dilation for many seconds afterward, and followed by gradual return to baseline. Moreover, the individual differences in the relative magnitude of pupillary dilation accounted for 16% of the variance in Advanced Progressive Matrices scores. Assuming that pupil diameter is a valid index of LC activity, these results establish promising preliminary connections between the literature on locus coeruleus norepinephrine-mediated cognitive control and the literature on analogical reasoning and fluid intelligence.

scholarly journals Individual differences: Either relational learning or item-specific learning in a same/different task

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Elmore ◽  
A. A. Wright ◽  
J. J. Rivera ◽  
J. S. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Relational Learning ◽  
Specific Learning

Long-term consistency despite cross-seasonal changes in personality traits of common waxbills

Behaviour ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 157 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 781-806
Author(s):  
Soraia Guerra ◽  
Ana Cristina R. Gomes ◽  
Gonçalo C. Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Longitudinal Change ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Proactive Behaviour

Abstract Tests of long-term consistency in personality differences are not abundant. We studied personality in common waxbills (Estrilda astrild) from one Autumn to the next, and also from Autumn to a subsequent Spring, using a behavioural assay for their proactive-reactive personality axis (mirror test) and for tonic immobility. From one Autumn to the next, individual differences were consistent and the population median behaviours did not change, indicating long-term stability of personality differences. From Autumn to Spring, behavioural differences remained consistent, despite the population shifting to more proactive behaviour and individual differences being accentuated in the proactive-reactive personality axis. This increase in personality differences was not found between the two previous Autumns, suggesting a seasonal rather than longitudinal change, and a possible role for personality differences during the Spring breeding season. We conclude that waxbill personality differences are stable in the long term, despite changes in behaviour between Autumn and Spring.

Interpretation of instructions: A source of individual differences in analogical reasoning

Intelligence ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Bisanz ◽  
Gay L. Bisanz ◽  
Jo-Anne LeFevre
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Analogical Reasoning

Interpretation-driven mapping: A framework for conducting search and rerepresentation in parallel for computational analogy in design

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazjon Grace ◽  
John Gero ◽  
Rob Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Reasoning Systems ◽  
Mapping Process ◽  
Representational Change ◽  
Visual Analogy

AbstractThis paper presents a framework for the interactions between the processes of mapping and rerepresentation within analogy making. Analogical reasoning systems for use in design tasks require representations that are open to being reinterpreted. The framework, interpretation-driven mapping, casts the process of constructing an analogical relationship as requiring iterative, parallel interactions between mapping and interpreting. This paper argues that this interpretation-driven approach focuses research on a fundamental problem in analogy making: how do the representations that make new mappings possible emerge during the mapping process? The framework is useful for both describing existing analogy-making models and designing future ones. The paper presents a computational model informed by the framework Idiom, which learns ways to reinterpret the representations of objects as it maps between them. The results of an implementation in the domain of visual analogy are presented to demonstrate its feasibility. Analogies constructed by the system are presented as examples. The interpretation-driven mapping framework is then used to compare representational change in Idiom to that in three previously published systems.

Individual differences in analogical reasoning revealed by multivariate task-based functional brain imaging

NeuroImage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 993-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubi Hammer ◽  
Erick J. Paul ◽  
Charles H. Hillman ◽  
Arthur F. Kramer ◽  
Neal J. Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Functional Brain
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