scholarly journals Executive Control in Depressive Rumination: Backward Inhibition and Non-inhibitory Switching Performance in a Modified Mixed Antisaccade Task

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara C. Y. Lo ◽  
Jeffrey C. C. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Depressive Rumination ◽  
Switching Performance ◽  
Backward Inhibition

The role of executive control in saccade generation

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 686-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane C. Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Central Executive ◽  
Function System ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Performance Deficits ◽  
System A ◽  
Saccade Generation

The Findlay & Walker model of saccade generation does not appear to account fully for saccadic performance deficits observed in schizophrenia patients. It would be enhanced by inclusion of a frontally mediated, central executive function system. A review of schizophrenia patients' antisaccade task deficits provides an example of the role of higher cortical functioning in saccade generation.

Impairments in resource allocation and executive control in children with ADHD

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Dörrenbächer ◽  
Jutta Kray
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Switching Performance ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Driving Mechanisms ◽  
Performance Variability ◽  
Variable Mode

Children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show pronounced alterations in cognitive tasks, such as a highly variable mode of responding. There is an ongoing debate about the key driving mechanisms of such alterations (e.g. specific inhibition or working memory (WM) impairments or general impairments in the allocation of energetic resources). The aim of this study was to disentangle such process-specific versus general limitations in cognitive and energetic mechanisms in children with ADHD compared to typically developed (TD) children based on the performance in a task-switching paradigm. This paradigm allows for both a common measurement and a later segregation of different executive sub-processes. Task-switching performance, including performance variability, of 26 children diagnosed with combined-type ADHD (8–13 years) was compared against the performance of 26 age-matched/IQ-matched TD children. Results revealed that compared to TD children, ADHD-diagnosed children showed alterations in performance variability during task switching, both in general (indicating disturbances in resource allocation) and conditionally on WM demands (indicating a specific WM deficit). Hence, our study provides diagnostically relevant new insights into performance impairments in children with ADHD compared to TD children. Importantly, it seems mandatory to include information on performance variability when trying to phenotype alterations in cognitive performance in ADHD.

scholarly journals Enhancement of task-switching performance with transcranial direct current stimulation over the right lateral prefrontal cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Prehn ◽  
Anja Skoglund ◽  
Tilo Strobach
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Switching Performance ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Task

AbstractSwitching between two or more tasks is a key component in our modern world. Task switching, however, requires time-consuming executive control processes and thus produces performance costs when compared to task repetitions. While executive control during task switching has been associated with activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), only few studies so far have investigated the causal relation between lPFC activation and task-switching performance by modulating lPFC activation. In these studies, the results of lPFC modulation were not conclusive or limited to the left lPFC. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation [tDCS; anodal tDCS (1 mA, 20 min) vs. cathodal tDCS (1 mA, 20 min) vs. sham tDCS (1 mA, 30 s)] over the right inferior frontal junction on task-switching performance in a well-established task-switching paradigm. In response times, we found a significant effect of tDCS Condition (atDCS, ctDCS vs. sham) on task-switching costs, indicating the modulation of task-switching performance by tDCS. In addition, we found a task-unspecific tDCS Condition effect in the first experimental session, in which participants were least familiar with the task, indicating a general enhancement of task performance in both task repetitions and task-switching trials. Taken together, our study provides evidence that the right lPFC is involved in task switching as well as in general task processing. Further studies are needed to investigate whether these findings can be translated into clinically relevant improvement in older subjects or populations with executive function impairment.

scholarly journals Depressive symptoms and cognitive control in a mixed antisaccade task: Specific effects of depressive rumination

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 886-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evi De Lissnyder ◽  
Nazanin Derakshan ◽  
Rudi De Raedt ◽  
Ernst H. W. Koster
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Depressive Rumination ◽  
Specific Effects

Changes in executive control across the life span: Examination of task-switching performance.

2001 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Cepeda ◽  
Arthur F. Kramer ◽  
Jessica C. M. Gonzalez de Sather
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Switching Performance

scholarly journals A Reproducible Neurobiology of Depressive Rumination

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Pisner ◽  
J. Shumake ◽  
C.G. Beevers ◽  
D.M. Schnyer
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Depressive Rumination ◽  
White Matter Microstructure ◽  
The Right

AbstractDepressive Rumination (DR), which involves a repetitive focus on one’s distress, has been linked to alterations in functional connectivity of the ‘triple-network’, consisting of Default-Mode, Salience, and Executive Control networks. A structural basis for these functional alterations that can dually explain DR’s persistence as a stable trait remains unexplored, however. Using diffusion and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, we investigated multimodal relationships between DR severity, white-matter microstructure, and resting-state functional connectivity in depressed adults, and then directly replicated our results in a phenotypically-matched, independent sample (total N = 78). Among the fully-replicated findings, DR severity was associated with: (a) global microstructure of the right Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus and local microstructure of distributed primary-fiber and crossing-fiber white-matter; (b) an imbalance of functional connectivity segregation and integration of the triple-network; and (c) ‘multi-layer’ associations linking these microstructural and functional connectivity biomarkers to one another. Taken together, the results provide reproducible evidence for a multi-layer, microstructural-functional network model of rumination in the depressed brain.

Executive Control in Adults Who Stutter: The Antisaccade Task

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1688-1699
Author(s):  
Zoi Gkalitsiou ◽  
Courtney Byrd ◽  
Zenzi Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Distance Data ◽  
Adults Who Stutter ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate executive control in adults who stutter (AWS) and adults who do not stutter (AWNS) via a nonspeech paradigm, wherein eye movements were monitored (i.e., antisaccade task). Processes involved in an antisaccade task include working memory, attention, and voluntary motor control, but the task primarily provides insight into inhibitory control. Method Seventeen AWS (14 men, three women; M = 23.41 years) and 17 AWNS ( M = 23.29 years) were presented with a combination of prosaccade (i.e., looking toward a target) and antisaccade (i.e., suppress a reflexive saccade toward the target and look in the opposite direction) trials. The distance of the target from the center of the screen was also manipulated (i.e., 5.5 o = short distance and 10.8 o = long distance). Data for accuracy and reaction time of the first accurate saccade were collected and analyzed. Results No difference was found between AWS and AWNS in accuracy or in reaction time. Both groups were more accurate in the prosaccade than the antisaccade trials and in the long compared to the short distance trials. Furthermore, both groups demonstrated longer saccade latencies for long compared to short distances and for antisaccade compared to prosaccade trials. Conclusions Preliminary results do not support deficits in inhibition in AWS during a motorically simple, non–speech-related oculomotor task, but additional research is warranted.

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