scholarly journals Testing Relations of Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence and the Incremental Predictive Validity of Conscientiousness and Its Facets on Career Success in a Small Sample of German and Swiss Workers

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priska Hagmann-von Arx ◽  
Jasmin T. Gygi ◽  
Rebekka Weidmann ◽  
Alexander Grob
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Career Success ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Incremental Predictive Validity

Intelligence trajectories in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis: An 8-year longitudinal analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Cheng ◽  
Ashleigh Lin ◽  
Stephen C. Bowden ◽  
Caroline Gao ◽  
Alison R. Yung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Ultra High Risk ◽  
Matrix Reasoning

Background: Cognitive impairment is a well-documented predictor of transition to a full-threshold psychotic disorder amongst individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis. However, less is known about whether change in cognitive functioning differs between those who do and do not transition to a psychotic disorder. Studies to date have not examined trajectories in intelligence constructs (e.g., acquired knowledge and fluid intelligence), which have demonstrated marked impairments in individuals with schizophrenia. This study aimed to examine intelligence trajectories using longitudinal data from three time-points, spanning an average of eight years.Methods: Participants (N=139) at UHR for psychosis completed the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) at each follow-up. Linear mixed-effects models mapped changes in WASI Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) and T-scores on Vocabulary, Similarities, Block Design, and Matrix Reasoning subtests.Results: The sample showed stable and improving trajectories for FSIQ and all subtests. There were no significant differences in trajectories between those who did and did not transition to psychosis and between individuals with good and poor functional outcomes. However, although not significant, the trajectories of the acquired knowledge subtests diverged between transitioned and non-transitioned individuals (β=−0.12, 95% CI [−0.29, 0.05] for Vocabulary and β=−0.14, 95% CI [−0.33, 0.05] for Similarities). Conclusions: There was no evidence for long-term deterioration in intelligence trajectories in this UHR sample. As the small sample of individuals who transitioned may have limited our ability to detect subtle differences, future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to explore potential differences in intelligence trajectories between UHR transition groups.

scholarly journals Functional Gait Assessment: Concurrent, Discriminative, and Predictive Validity in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 761-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane M. Wrisley ◽  
Neeraj A. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Fall Risk ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cutoff Score ◽  
Gait Assessment ◽  
Functional Gait ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults

BackgroundThe Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) is a reliable and valid measure of gait-related activities.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the concurrent, discriminative, and predictive validity of the FGA in community-dwelling older adults.DesignThis was a prospective cohort study.MethodsThirty-five older adults aged 60 to 90 years completed the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), Timed “Up & Go” Test (TUG), and Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) during one session. Falls were tracked by having participants complete a monthly fall calendar for 6 months. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to determine concurrent validity among the ABC, BBS, TUG, DGI, and FGA. To determine the optimum scores to classify fall risk, sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR−) were calculated for the FGA in classifying fall risk based on the published criterion scores of the DGI and TUG and for the FGA, TUG, and DGI in identifying prospective falls. Receiver operator curves with area under the curve were used to determine the effectiveness of the FGA in classifying fall risk and of the DGI, TUG, and FGA in identifying prospective falls.ResultsThe FGA correlated with the ABC (r=.053, P<.001), BBS (r=.84, P<.001), and TUG (r=−.84, P<.001). An FGA score of ≤22/30 provides both discriminative and predictive validity. The FGA (scores ≤22/30) provided 100% Sn, 72% Sp, LR+ of 3.6, and LR− of 0 to predict prospective falls.LimitationsThe study was limited by the length of time of follow-up and the small sample size that did not allow for evaluation of criterion scores by decade.ConclusionsThe FGA with a cutoff score of 22/30 is effective in classifying fall risk in older adults and predicting unexplained falls in community-dwelling older adults.

The Role of Personality in Predicting (Change in) Students’ Academic Success Across Four Years of Secondary School

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Spengler ◽  
Martin Brunner ◽  
Romain Martin ◽  
Oliver Lüdtke
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
International Student ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
International Student Assessment ◽  
Incremental Predictive Validity

Abstract. Little longitudinal research has addressed the question of whether the Big Five personality traits (i.e., O, C, E, A, N) predict educational outcomes and whether the Big Five provide incremental predictive validity for educational outcomes when prior achievement, intelligence, and academic self-concept are controlled for. Also, little is known about whether noncognitive factors are related to change in academic success, especially grades, after controlling for its stability. To address these research questions, we used data from the Luxembourg longitudinal extension of the 2009 cycle of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). We included data from two student cohorts that were followed across 4 years: The first cohort was in ninth grade when they participated in PISA (N = 240); the second cohort in 10th grade (N = 276). Correlational results showed that Conscientiousness and Openness were substantially related to subject-specific grades in Mathematics, French, and German across several school years. There was evidence for incremental predictive validity beyond intelligence and academic self-concepts. When controlling for the stability of grades, there were only small effects of all predictors on later grades. In summary, students’ personality (but also intelligence and academic self-concepts) predicted the stable part of grades rather than change.

Risk Tolerance Profiling Measure: Testing Its Reliability and Validities

2020 ◽  
pp. JFCP-19-00033
Author(s):  
Wee Kang Chung ◽  
Wing Tung Au
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Risk Profiling ◽  
Loss Data ◽  
Loss Tolerance ◽  
Investment Experience ◽  
Financial Risk Tolerance ◽  
Incremental Predictive Validity

This study examines the degree to which the customer risk profiling measure (CRPM), commonly used by financial institutions to determine loss tolerance of investors, is psychometrically valid in assessing risk tolerance and predicting anxiety after experiencing a significant investment loss. Data were collected online from 91 respondents with various investment experience, Results suggest that CPRM is significantly correlated with the Grable and Lytton's Financial Risk Tolerance Scale (G/L-RTS), a validated financial risk tolerance measure. CPRM is also able to predict anxiety after experiencing a significant investment loss. Furthermore, CRPM also demonstrates incremental predictive validity above and beyond G/L-RTS in predicting anxiety after investment loss.

Predictive validity of the START with intellectually disabled offenders

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Inett ◽  
Grace Wright ◽  
Louise Roberts ◽  
Anne Sheeran
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Characteristic Analysis ◽  
Property Damage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dynamic Risk Factors ◽  
Dynamic Risk

Purpose – Offenders with intellectual disability (ID) have been largely neglected in past forensic literature on assessment of dynamic risk factors. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the predictive validity of the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START), in a sample of males with IDs in a low-secure hospital (n=28). Design/methodology/approach – A prospective analysis was conducted, with START scores as the predictor variables, and the number of recorded aversive incidents as the outcome measure. Findings – Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that total START risk scores had a significant high predictive accuracy for incidents of physical aggression to others (area under the curve (AUC)=0.710, p<0.001) and property damage/theft (AUC=0.730, p<0.001), over a 30-day period, reducing to medium predictive validity over a 90-day period. Medium predictive validity was also identified for incidents of verbal aggression, suicide, self-harm, and stalking and intimidation. START strength scores were also predictive of overt aggression (AUC=0.716), possible reasons for this are explored. Research limitations/implications – The small sample size limits the generalisability of the findings, and further research is required. Practical implications – The paper offers preliminary support for the use of the START with ID offenders in low-secure settings. Given the lack of validation of any previous dynamic risk assessment tools, multi-disciplinary teams in such settings now have the option to use a tool which has potentially good validity with an ID population. Originality/value – This study represents the first attempt to examine the predictive validity of the START with ID offenders, and a step forward in the understanding of dynamic risk factors for violence in this population. The significant predictive relationship with incidents of physical aggression and property damage offers clinicians a preliminary evidence base supporting its use in low-secure settings.

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