scholarly journals The nature and rate of cognitive maturation from late childhood to adulthood

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A. Cromer ◽  
Adrian J. Schembri ◽  
Brian T. Harel ◽  
Paul Maruff
Keyword(s):  
Late Childhood ◽  
Cognitive Maturation

Exposure to Chinese Famine in the Early Life, Adulthood Obesity Patterns, and the Incidence of Hypertension: A 22-Year Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Jibin Jin ◽  
Yue Peng ◽  
Yongjie Chen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Late Childhood ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
General Obesity ◽  
Antihypertensive Medications ◽  
Childhood Exposure ◽  
Famine Exposure ◽  
Obesity Hypertension

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Little is known regarding the joint associations of famine exposure and obesity patterns with the incidence of hypertension. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We defined famine exposure cohorts as follows: nonexposure (born between 1962 and 1965), fetal life exposure (born between 1959 and 1961), early childhood exposure (born between 1956 and 1958), midchildhood exposure (born between 1953 and 1955), and late childhood exposure (born between 1949 and 1952). Obesity patterns were defined as follows: G−/A−: subjects without neither general obesity nor abdominal obesity; G+/A− or G−/A+: subjects with either general obesity or abdominal obesity; G+/A+: subjects with both general obesity and abdominal obesity. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or current treatment with antihypertensive medications. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There were 5,235 individuals participating in this study. In the subjects with general or abdominal obesity, famine exposure was associated with a lower risk of hypertension. In males with G−/A−, famine exposures in the midchildhood (<i>p</i> = 0.048; HR: 0.700; HR 95% CI: 0.491–0.998) and late childhood (<i>p</i> = 0.002; HR: 0.560; HR 95% CI: 0.374–0.840) were associated with a lower incidence of hypertension. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The coexistence of famine exposure and obesity patterns was associated with the incidence of hypertension.

scholarly journals Twin-To-Twin Transfusion Syndrome Donor and Recipient and Their Subsequent Cognitive Functioning in Late Childhood as Juvenile Athletes—A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2545
Author(s):  
Ilona Bidzan-Bluma
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Late Childhood ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Motor Functioning ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
History Of

Objective: It is estimated that twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) occurs in 10–15% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. One of the fetuses takes on the role of donor and the other of recipient. The treatment administered involves serial amnioreduction and laser photocoagulation of the communicating blood vessels. After TTTS, children may have deficiencies in psychomotor functioning, in particular in cognitive functions, expressive language, and motor skills. Few scientific reports indicate that twins after TTTS do not demonstrate significant differences in tests which measure intellectual functioning. Methods: The cognitive functioning of twins in the late childhood period was compared using the following tools: an analysis of their medical history, an interview with their parents, and neuropsychological tests allowing the evaluation of their whole profile of cognitive functions. Case Study: Cognitive functioning in the late childhood period was analyzed in a pair of 11-year-old male twins (juvenile athletes), a donor and a recipient, who had developed TTTS syndrome in the prenatal period. Results: Comparison of the cognitive functioning profile of the donor and recipient revealed that children with a history of TTTS develop normally in terms of cognitive and motor functioning in late childhood. A comparative analysis of the donor and recipient was more favorable for the recipient, who had a higher level of general intelligence, visual–motor memory, and semantic fluency. Conclusions: The fact that both the donor and the recipient chose to pursue athletics suggests that gross motor skills are their strongest suit. Playing sports as a method of rehabilitation of cognitive function of children born prematurely after TTTS could contribute to the improvement of cognitive functioning.

Early and late childhood telomere length predict subclinical atherosclerosis at age 14 yrs. – The CardioCAPS study

2019 ◽  
Vol 278 ◽  
pp. 250-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Y. Barraclough ◽  
Michael R. Skilton ◽  
Frances L. Garden ◽  
Brett G. Toelle ◽  
Guy B. Marks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Telomere Length ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Late Childhood

scholarly journals Maternal dietary quality, inflammatory potential and offspring adiposity throughout childhood: a pooled analysis of 7 European cohorts (ALPHABET consortium)

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Wei Chen ◽  
Adrien Aubert ◽  
Jonathan Y. Bernard ◽  
Cyrus Cooper ◽  
Liesbeth Duijts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Late Childhood ◽  
Dash Score ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Offspring Adiposity ◽  
Age And Sex

AbstractIntroductionThe foetal programming hypothesis posits that optimising early life factors e.g. maternal diets can help avert the burden of adverse childhood outcomes e.g. childhood obesity. To improve applicability to public health messaging, we investigated whether maternal whole diet quality and inflammatory potential influence childhood adiposity in a large consortium.MethodsWe harmonized and pooled individual participant data from up to 8,769 mother-child pairs in 7 European mother-offspring cohorts. Maternal early-, late-, and whole-pregnancy dietary quality and inflammatory potential were assessed with Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII), respectively. Primary outcome was childhood overweight and obesity (OWOB), defined as age- and sex-specific body-mass-index-z score (BMIz) > 85th percentile based on WHO growth standard. Secondary outcomes were sum-of-skinfold-thickness (SST), fat-mass-index (FMI) and fat-free-mass-index (FFMI) in available cohorts. Outcomes were assessed in early- [mean (SD) age: 2.8 (0.3) y], mid- [6.2 (0.6) y], and late-childhood [10.6 (1.2) y]. We used multivariable regression analyses to assess the associations of maternal E-DII and DASH with offspring adiposity outcomes in cohort-specific analyses, with subsequent random-effects meta-analyses. Analyses were adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, lifestyle factors, energy intake, educational attainment, offspring age and sex.ResultsA more pro-inflammatory maternal diet, indicated by higher E-DII, was associated with a higher risk of offspring late-childhood OWOB [pooled-OR (95% CI) comparing highest vs. lowest E-DII quartiles: 1.22 (1.01,1.47) for whole-pregnancy and 1.38 (1.05,1.83) for early-pregnancy; both P < 0.05]. Moreover, higher late-pregnancy E-DII was associated with higher mid-childhood FMI [pooled-β (95% CI): 0.11 (0.003,0.22) kg/m2; P < 0.05]; trending association was observed for whole-pregnancy E-DII [0.12 (-0.01,0.25) kg/m2; P = 0.07]. A higher maternal dietary quality, indicated by higher DASH score, showed a trending inverse association with late-childhood OWOB (pooled-OR (95% CI) comparing highest vs. lowest DASH quartiles: 0.58 (0.32,1.02; P = 0.06). Higher early-pregnancy DASH was associated with lower late-childhood SST [pooled-β (95% CI): -1.9 (-3.6,-0.1) cm; P < 0.05] and tended to be associated with lower late-childhood FMI [-0.34 (-0.71,0.04) kg/m2; P = 0.08]. Higher whole-pregnancy DASH tended to associate with lower early-childhood SST [-0.33 (-0.72,0.06) cm; P = 0.10]. Results were similar when modelling DASH and E-DII continuously.DiscussionAnalysis of pooled data suggests that pro-inflammatory, low-quality maternal antenatal diets may influence offspring body composition and obesity risk, especially during mid- or late-childhood. Due to variation of data availability at each timepoint, our results should be interpreted with caution. Because most associations were observed at mid-childhood or later, future studies will benefit from a longer follow-up.

Preschoolers’ Intimate Partner Violence Exposure and Their Speeded Control Abilities Eight Years Later: A Longitudinal Mediation Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110358
Author(s):  
Hannah M. Clark ◽  
Andrew C. Grogan-Kaylor ◽  
Maria M. Galano ◽  
Sara F. Stein ◽  
Sandra A. Graham-Bermann
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Late Childhood ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
Environmental Threats

Executive functioning (EF), or a set of related cognitive skills that facilitate goal-oriented behavior, is a critical aspect of adaptive development. Mounting research indicates that exposure to environmental threats during the preschool years jeopardizes EF; however, the extent and mechanisms through which early exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) influences children’s EF are unknown. Using data from an eight-year longitudinal investigation of mothers who had experienced IPV and their preschool-aged children (N = 120), this study examined the relative influence of recent and remote IPV exposure on speeded control—a component of EF influenced by processing speed—in late childhood. Results indicated that preschoolers’ IPV exposure had a significant negative impact on their speeded control eight years later, and this relation was mediated by the remote effects of IPV on their mothers. Specifically, IPV was positively associated with maternal depression, which in turn contributed to greater use of negative parenting strategies when children were of preschool age. Children’s IPV exposure during late childhood was not predictive of their concurrent speeded control. These findings lend further evidence to the notion that the preschool years are a sensitive period for the mastery of EF skills and that IPV exposure is a distinct risk factor that can have protracted effects on children’s cognitive development. Further, this study points to modifiable environmental risk factors, which, through targeted prevention and intervention efforts, could promote EF across the lifespan.

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