scholarly journals Chalcone Isomerase a Key Enzyme for Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Ophiorrhiza japonica

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Sun ◽  
Huan Shen ◽  
Hui Xu ◽  
Xiaoxin Tang ◽  
Ming Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Chalcone Isomerase ◽  
Key Enzyme

scholarly journals Isolating an active and inactive CACTA transposon from lettuce color mutants and characterizing their family

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csanad Gurdon ◽  
Alexander Kozik ◽  
Rong Tao ◽  
Alexander Poulev ◽  
Isabel Armas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Mobile Element ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Relative Expression Level ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Natural Derivative ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Transposon Insertions

Abstract Dietary flavonoids play an important role in human nutrition and health. Flavonoid biosynthesis genes have recently been identified in lettuce (Lactuca sativa); however, few mutants have been characterized. We now report the causative mutations in Green Super Lettuce (GSL), a natural light green mutant derived from red cultivar NAR; and GSL-Dark Green (GSL-DG), an olive-green natural derivative of GSL. GSL harbors CACTA 1 (LsC1), a 3.9-kb active nonautonomous CACTA superfamily transposon inserted in the 5′ untranslated region of anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), a gene coding for a key enzyme in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Both terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) of this transposon were intact, enabling somatic excision of the mobile element, which led to the restoration of ANS expression and the accumulation of red anthocyanins in sectors on otherwise green leaves. GSL-DG harbors CACTA 2 (LsC2), a 1.1-kb truncated copy of LsC1 that lacks one of the TIRs, rendering the transposon inactive. RNA-sequencing and reverse transcription quantitative PCR of NAR, GSL, and GSL-DG indicated the relative expression level of ANS was strongly influenced by the transposon insertions. Analysis of flavonoid content indicated leaf cyanidin levels correlated positively with ANS expression. Bioinformatic analysis of the cv Salinas lettuce reference genome led to the discovery and characterization of an LsC1 transposon family with a putative transposon copy number greater than 1,700. Homologs of tnpA and tnpD, the genes encoding two proteins necessary for activation of transposition of CACTA elements, were also identified in the lettuce genome.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of Chalcone Isomerase Genes Involved in Flavonoid Production in Dracaena cambodiana

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahong Zhu ◽  
Wan Zhao ◽  
Rongshuang Li ◽  
Dong Guo ◽  
Huiliang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Chalcone Isomerase ◽  
Enzyme Activity Assay ◽  
Dragon’S Blood ◽  
Dracaena Cambodiana ◽  
Key Enzyme

Dragon’s blood is a traditional medicine in which flavonoids are the main bioactive compounds; however, the underlying formation mechanism of dragon’s blood remains largely poorly understood. Chalcone isomerase (CHI) is the key enzyme in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. However, CHI family genes are not well understood in Dracaena cambodiana Pierre ex Gagnep, an important source plant of dragon’s blood. In this study, 11 CHI family genes were identified from D. cambodiana, and they were classified into three types. Evolutionary and transcriptional profiling analysis revealed that DcCHI1 and DcCHI4 might be involved in flavonoid production. Both DcCHI1 and DcCHI4 displayed low expression levels in stem under normal growth conditions and were induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BA, synthetic cytokinin), ultraviolet-B (UV-B), and wounding. The recombinant proteins DcCHI1 and DcCHI4 were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by His-Bind resin chromatography. Enzyme activity assay indicated that DcCHI1 catalyzed the formation of naringenin from naringenin chalcone, while DcCHI4 lacked this catalytic activity. Overexpression of DcCHI1 or DcCHI4 enhanced the flavonoid production in D. cambodiana and tobacco. These findings implied that DcCHI1 and DcCHI4 play important roles in flavonoid production. Thus, our study will not only contribute to better understand the function and expression regulation of CHI family genes involved in flavonoid production in D. cambodiana but also lay the foundation for developing the effective inducer of dragon’s blood.

scholarly journals Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of a Novel UDP-Glucose:Anthocyanin 3′-O-Glucosyltransferase, a Key Enzyme for Blue Anthocyanin Biosynthesis, from Gentian

2003 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 1652-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masako Fukuchi-Mizutani ◽  
Hiroaki Okuhara ◽  
Yuko Fukui ◽  
Masahiro Nakao ◽  
Yukihisa Katsumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Key Enzyme

FvbHLH9 Functions as a Positive Regulator of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis by Forming a HY5–bHLH9 Transcription Complex in Strawberry Fruits

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Pengbo Xu ◽  
Guanqun Chen ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
Zhongchi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Positive Regulator ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Synergistic Regulation ◽  
Transient Overexpression

Abstract Anthocyanin accumulation is transcriptionally regulated by the MYB–bHLH–WD40 complex. Light is indispensable for anthocyanin accumulation, and light-inducible MYB and HY5 were considered to promote anthocyanin accumulation in many fruits. Whether and how light-inducible bHLH transcription factor and HY5 regulate anthocyanin synthesis in strawberry is unknown. In this study, we identified a bHLH transcription factor, FvbHLH9, which was induced by light as well as FvHY5, and found that, similar to FvHY5, the transient overexpression and interference FvbHLH9 in strawberry fruits can promote and decrease anthocyanin accumulation, respectively, indicating FvbHLH9 functions as a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Furthermore, we confirmed that both FvHY5 and FvbHLH9 specifically bind to the promoter region of some key enzyme genes, including FvDFR, and the expression of FvDFR was activated through the heterodimer formation between FvHY5 and FvbHLH9. Finally, we confirmed that FvbHLH9-promoted anthocyanin accumulation is dependent on HY5–bHLH heterodimerisation in Arabidopsis. Our findings provide insights into a mechanism involving the synergistic regulation of light-dependent coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis via a HY5–bHLH heterodimer formed by the interaction of FvHY5 and FvbHLH9 in strawberry fruits.

scholarly journals Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of the Rice Chalcone Isomerase Family

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2064
Author(s):  
Sang-Il Park ◽  
Hye-Lin Park ◽  
Seong-Hee Bhoo ◽  
Sang-Won Lee ◽  
Man-Ho Cho
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Chalcone Isomerase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Activity Assay ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Bona Fide

Chalcone isomerase (CHI) is a key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis. In plants, CHIs occur in multigene families, and they are divided into four types, types I–IV. Type I and II CHIs are bona fide CHIs with CHI activity, and type III and IV CHIs are non-catalytic members with different functions. Rice contains seven CHI family genes (OsCHIs). Molecular analysis suggested that OsCHI3 is a type I CHI, and the other OsCHIs were classified into types III and IV. To elucidate their biochemical functions, OsCHI1, OsCHI3, OsCHI6, and OsCHI7 were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant OsCHI proteins were purified. An activity assay of recombinant OsCHIs showed that OsCHI3 catalyzed the isomerization of naringenin chalcone and isoliquiritigenin, whereas the other recombinant OsCHIs had no CHI activity. OsCHI3 also exhibited a strong preference to naringenin chalcone compared to isoliquiritigenin, which agrees well with the catalytic properties of type I CHIs. These results ascertain OsCHI3 to be a bona fide CHI in rice. OsCHI3 and the other OsCHIs were expressed constitutively throughout the rice growth period and different tissues. OsCHI3 expression was induced immediately in response to ultra-violet (UV) stress, suggesting its involvement in the biosynthesis of sakuranetin, a flavonoid phytoalexin in rice.

scholarly journals The effect of a novel powerful ABA mimic on the improvement of color in grapes and its mechanism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Ding ◽  
Chuanliang Che ◽  
Zhihong Xu ◽  
Xiaoying Du ◽  
Junkai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Grape Varieties ◽  
Aba Receptors

AbstractPigment content is an important quality attribute in the grape industry, and anthocyanins are the major fruit pigments. iso-PhABA is a novel and excellent ABA analog capable of the antimetabolic inactivation of ABA. In this study, we found that iso-PhABA improved the coloration of grape berries more obviously than ABA at concentrations of 2 mg/L and 5 mg/L in two grape varieties in China. iso-PhABA treatment enhanced the anthocyanin content in the two grape varieties; specifically, the anthocyanin and delphinidin contents increased in both the ‘Jufeng’ and ‘Xiahei’ varieties. An enzymatic activity test showed that iso-PhABA significantly promoted four key enzyme activities catalyzing anthocyanin biosynthesis. We also determined the affinity between iso-PhABA and ABA receptors using ABA as a control. The results indicated that iso-PhABA had significantly to moderately higher affinities for some ABA receptors, including PYR1, PYL2, PYL1, PYL3 and PYL10, which resulted in higher inhibition of the PP2C HAB1 in the presence of iso-PhABA than in the presence of ABA. iso-PhABA treatment increased the content of soluble sugars and grape yield without any apparent accompanying adverse effects on the quality of the grapes.

scholarly journals Characterisation of chalcone isomerase gene isolated from Pueraria montana var.lobata plant

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Thi Bich Ngoc Tran ◽  
◽  
Tien Dung Nguyen ◽  
Thi Thu Hue Huynh ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Alpha Helix ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Chalcone Isomerase ◽  
Bioinformatic Tools ◽  
Pueraria Montana ◽  
Complete Protein ◽  
Conserved Amino Acids

Chalcone isomerase (CHI) is well-known as an important enzyme in the biosynthetic pathways such as flavonoid, isoflavonoid, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. The enzyme was investigated in some kinds of plants in Fabaceae but no research was conducted about the CHI gene of Pueraria montana var. lobata (P. lobata) in Vietnam. In order to provide more information and characterisation of the gene, our study isolated the CHI gene by RT-PCR and Sangersequencing. The sequence of the CHIgene was analysed with nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences to find the main domains. A full-length CDS of CHI gene from P. lobata is 672 bp encoded 224 amino acids. By using bioinformatic tools to compare, the isolated gene shared 99.7% homology with the same species reference (code D63577.1). Two different nucleotides in the gene were altered the amino acids in the protein, but the differences have not happened in active sites. Additionally, the conserved amino acids related to active catalysis of a hydrogen bond network also appeared in the P. lobataCHI gene. SWISS-MODEL was used to build the complete protein modeling showing that P. lobataCHI protein was the most similar with CHI of Medicago sativa - was defined structure in which all alpha-helix and beta-helix were completelyhomologies.

scholarly journals A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Purple and Yellow Fleshed Potato Tubers Reveals Long Non-coding RNAs and their Targets Functioned in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruimin Tang ◽  
Haitao Dong ◽  
Wanyi Wu ◽  
Cailiang Zhao ◽  
Xiaoyun Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Regulatory Relationship ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract Background: Purple fleshed potato tubers accumulate large amounts of anthocyanin content, servicing as functional foods and high-value feedstock. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play an important role in anthocyanin synthesis by regulating gene expression in various action modes. However, the mechanism underlying anthocyanin accumulation mediated by lncRNAs in underground organs remains unclear.Results: To excavate the differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE lncRNAs) between purple and yellow fleshed potato tubers, the transcriptome sequencing was performed and a total of 1421 DE lncRNAs were identified. Gene Ontology and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analyses showed that the target genes of these DE lncRNAs were involved in diverse biological processes and pathways for anthocyanin biosynthesis, reflecting the functional diversity of the corresponding lncRNAs. A lncRNA-mRNA interaction network was created based on their correlation to investigate the regulatory relationship among them. Notably, lncRNAs like XLOC_060098 and XLOC_017372 might contribute to anthocyanin synthesis by targeting the key enzyme genes and transcription factor genes in the pathway. Conclusions: The construction of expression profiling of DE lncRNAs and lncRNA-mRNA relationship network is helpful for further unraveling the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in anthocyanin synthesis in potato tubers, and provides theory basis for the cultivation of functional potato varieties and the improvement of nutritional quality of other underground crops.

Tryptophan-Niacin Metabolism in Rat with Puromycin Aminonucleoside-Induced Nephrosis

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukari Egashira ◽  
Shin Nagaki ◽  
Hiroo Sanada
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Puromycin Aminonucleoside ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Key Enzyme

We investigated the change of tryptophan-niacin metabolism in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside PAN-induced nephrosis, the mechanisms responsible for their change of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, and the role of the kidney in tryptophan-niacin conversion. PAN-treated rats were intraperitoneally injected once with a 1.0% (w/v) solution of PAN at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The collection of 24-hour urine was conducted 8 days after PAN injection. Daily urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, liver and blood NAD, and key enzyme activities of tryptophan-niacin metabolism were determined. In PAN-treated rats, the sum of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites was significantly lower compared with controls. The kidneyα-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) activity in the PAN-treated group was significantly decreased by 50%, compared with the control group. Although kidney ACMSD activity was reduced, the conversion of tryptophan to niacin tended to be lower in the PAN-treated rats. A decrease in urinary excretion of niacin and the conversion of tryptophan to niacin in nephrotic rats may contribute to a low level of blood tryptophan. The role of kidney ACMSD activity may be minimal concerning tryptophan-niacin conversion under this experimental condition.

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