scholarly journals Network Analysis Reveals a Common Host–Pathogen Interaction Pattern in Arabidopsis Immune Responses

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Li ◽  
Yuan Zhou ◽  
Ziding Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Interaction Pattern ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Host Pathogen

scholarly journals The Role of Macrophages in the Host’s Defense against Sporothrix schenckii

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 905
Author(s):  
Estela Ruiz-Baca ◽  
Armando Pérez-Torres ◽  
Yolanda Romo-Lozano ◽  
Daniel Cervantes-García ◽  
Carlos A. Alba-Fierro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Macrophage Cell ◽  
Cell Recruitment ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Interaction Processes ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Molecular Patterns

The role of immune cells associated with sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is not yet fully clarified. Macrophages through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Sporothrix, engulf it, activate respiratory burst, and secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory biological mediators to control infection. It is important to consider that the characteristics associated with S. schenckii and/or the host may influence macrophage polarization (M1/M2), cell recruitment, and the type of immune response (1, 2, and 17). Currently, with the use of new monocyte-macrophage cell lines, it is possible to evaluate different host–pathogen interaction processes, which allows for the proposal of new mechanisms in human sporotrichosis. Therefore, in order to contribute to the understanding of these host–pathogen interactions, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the immune responses induced by macrophage-S. schenckii interactions, as well as the PRRs and PAMPs involved during the recognition of S. schenckii that favor the immune evasion by the fungus.

scholarly journals New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2407
Author(s):  
Nancy Rüger ◽  
Hicham Sid ◽  
Jochen Meens ◽  
Michael P. Szostak ◽  
Wolfgang Baumgärtner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Organ Cultures ◽  
Avian Metapneumovirus ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Host Pathogen

Respiratory pathogens are a health threat for poultry. Co-infections lead to the exacerbation of clinical symptoms and lesions. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallispeticum) and Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV) are two avian respiratory pathogens that co-circulate worldwide. The knowledge about the host–pathogen interaction of M. gallispeticum and AMPV in the chicken respiratory tract is limited. We aimed to investigate how co-infections affect the pathogenesis of the respiratory disease and whether the order of invading pathogens leads to changes in host–pathogen interaction. We used chicken tracheal organ cultures (TOC) to investigate pathogen invasion and replication, lesion development, and selected innate immune responses, such as interferon (IFN) α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IFNλ mRNA expression levels. We performed mono-inoculations (AMPV or M. gallispeticum) or dual-inoculations in two orders with a 24-h interval between the first and second pathogen. Dual-inoculations compared to mono-inoculations resulted in more severe host reactions. Pre-infection with AMPV followed by M. gallispeticum resulted in prolonged viral replication, more significant innate immune responses, and lesions (p < 0.05). AMPV as the secondary pathogen impaired the bacterial attachment process. Consequently, the M. gallispeticum replication was delayed, the innate immune response was less pronounced, and lesions appeared later. Our results suggest a competing process in co-infections and offer new insights in disease processes.

scholarly journals Host–Pathogen Interaction in Invasive Salmonellosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e1002933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna K. de Jong ◽  
Chris M. Parry ◽  
Tom van der Poll ◽  
W. Joost Wiersinga
Keyword(s):  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Host Pathogen

scholarly journals Scaling laws describe memories of host–pathogen riposte in the HIV population

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (7) ◽  
pp. 1965-1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Barton ◽  
Mehran Kardar ◽  
Arup K. Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Solvable Model ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Immune Selection ◽  
Exactly Solvable ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Human Immune

The enormous genetic diversity and mutability of HIV has prevented effective control of this virus by natural immune responses or vaccination. Evolution of the circulating HIV population has thus occurred in response to diverse, ultimately ineffective, immune selection pressures that randomly change from host to host. We show that the interplay between the diversity of human immune responses and the ways that HIV mutates to evade them results in distinct sets of sequences defined by similar collectively coupled mutations. Scaling laws that relate these sets of sequences resemble those observed in linguistics and other branches of inquiry, and dynamics reminiscent of neural networks are observed. Like neural networks that store memories of past stimulation, the circulating HIV population stores memories of host–pathogen combat won by the virus. We describe an exactly solvable model that captures the main qualitative features of the sets of sequences and a simple mechanistic model for the origin of the observed scaling laws. Our results define collective mutational pathways used by HIV to evade human immune responses, which could guide vaccine design.

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